天津市2018届高考英语二轮复习第三部分阅读理解专题十七词义猜测课件.pptx

专题十七词义猜测,-2-,考情概览考试说明指出:正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步,也是理解文章的基础。但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思,其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义,才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外,阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词,但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力,是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力,因此也是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力。词义猜测题主要是测试考生根据上下文判断生词或新短语意义的能力。阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。事实上,阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。考生可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义。,-3-,1.词义猜测题常见的命题方式有以下几种(1)Theword“.”inthepassagemeans.(2)Theword“.”couldbebestreplacedby.(3)Whichofthefollowingisnearest/closestinmeaningtotheword“.”?(4)Theword“.”probablyrefersto.(5)Accordingtothepassage,theword“.”isknownas.2.词义猜测题解题策略(1)根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义这种情况下,生词往往出现在前面,定义或解释跟在生词的后面,也可由or或破折号引出,因此只要找准并正确理解生词的释义,生词的含义也就清楚了。释义部分可以是单词、短语,也可以是列举的句子。在做这类题时,要注意生词与复述部分往往构成同位语,在句中多用逗号(,)、破折号()、冒号(:)、分号(;)等来连接。,-4-,【典例分析】(2017天津卷,C)Thismonth,Germanystransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆).Theywoulddefinethedriversroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.,-5-,46.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D.Asituationwheredriversroleisnotclear.词义猜测题。根据第一段的最后一句可知,交通部长的提议将会明确司机的责任。根据第二段的“.thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.”可知,这个提议旨在处理半自主驾驶与完全自主驾驶之间的不明确的情形,故选D项。,-6-,(2)根据搭配、对比关系猜测词义分析句子结构、辨别句子成分、分清搭配关系,是判断词义的前提,通过搭配关系可以确定画线名词指代的对象是人还是物。另外,转折词but,让步/条件状语从句以及unlike,inspiteof,despite,however等一些介词和副词(短语)都可以构成意义上的对比关系。,-7-,【典例分析】Anotherbeneficialaspectofgroupexerciseistheinformationalsupportparticipantsreceivefromtheinstructor.Manypeoplefearthegymbecausetheyfeellostanddontwanttoembarrassthemselves.Ifyoufeelyoucanrelate,thengrouptrainingisanevenbetteroptionforyou.Itsagreatopportunitytolearnmoreaboutfitnessthroughtheclearinstructionandsupervision(监管)ofafitnessinstructor.Ifyouretiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored,youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthatllkeepyourworkoutontrack.Dontletfitnessfrightenyou!,-8-,73.Theunderlinedword“upbeat”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans“”.A.cheerfulB.averageC.seriousD.temporary词义猜测题。根据前面出现的“becomingbored”可判断,作者建议你参加一个活泼愉快的健身班。该词的含义应该与“bored”相反,故选择A项。,-9-,(3)利用构词法猜测词义根据前缀猜测词义如:Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?根据词根educational(教育的),结合前缀co-(共同,一起),我们便可以猜出co-educational意为“男女同校教育的”。根据后缀猜测词义如:Itsaquiet,comfortablehoteloverlooking(俯瞰)thebayinanuncommercializedCornishfishingvillageonEnglandsmostsoutherlypoint.后缀-ise/-ize意为“使成为,使化”,结合词根commercial(商业的),不难猜出uncommercialized意为“未被商业化的”。,-10-,【典例分析】(Q=Question;A=Answer)SituationQ:Ifsomeonesitsrightnexttomeinanemptymovietheater,isitrudetomove?A:Maybe,butnobodywillfaultyouforit.Chancesarethattheclosesitterdoesntrealizehedisturbsyou,sohemaymissyourannoyance.Youundoubtedlyarentthefirstpersonhesmetwhoneedsenoughroom.Forgivehisbadjudgment,movequietlyandenjoytheshow.,-11-,SituationQ:IfIusetherestroomatastore,doIneedtobuysomething?A:Considerfrequencyandurgency.Isthisaone-timethingoranemergency?Ifso,youdonthavetobuyanything,butitwouldbekindifyoudid.However,ifyouregularlyusetherestroomatthisplace,thenyouareacustomer,andyoushouldactlikeone.SituationQ:Ifsomeoneistalkingloudlyonthebus,isthereanicewaytoaskhimtokeepitdown?A:No.Tryothermeans:1)Stareathimuntilhegetsawareofitandquietsdown.2)Liftyourfingerinasilencemotion(动作)andsmile.3)Putonearphonesandignorehim.,-12-,SituationQ:IfIremembermyfriendsbirthdayadaylate,shouldIapologizeorjustwishherahappybirthdaylikenothinghappened?A:Thisisthereasonwhythewordbelatedwasinvented.“Happybelatedbirthday!”isshortfor:“Well,IknowIforgot,butthenIremembered.Forgivemeandhappybirthday.”SituationQ:CanIlieaboutseeingatextbecauseIwastoobusyorlazytorespond(回复)toit?A:Dontlie.Receivingatextdoesnotmeanyouneedtorespondtoit.Whywasteaperfectlygoodliewhenthetruthwillserve?“Yes,”youcansayifeverasked,“Isawit.”Noexplanationisneededastowhyyoudontrespond.,-13-,Theunderlinedword“belated”inSituationprobablymeans.A.predictedB.returnedC.cancelledD.delayed词义猜测题。由第四个情景对话(Q:)中的“adaylate”及画线词belated本身中的词根late可以推出答案为D项delayed“拖延的,迟到的”。,-14-,根据复合词的各部分猜测词义如:Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Well-designedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward(别扭的)handpositions.well-designed或许是个生词,但我们分析该词的结构后,就能推测出其含义。它由well(好,优秀)和design(设计)两部分组成,合在一起便是“设计精巧的”之意。Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilledlabor.Becauseofthis,mostpeoplethinkthatcraft(手艺)nolongerexists.根据合成词中的mass(大量的)和produce(生产),我们可以推测mass-produced的意思是“大批量生产的,大规模生产的”。,-15-,(4)根据上下文信息判断词义根据上下文信息猜测词义题占此类题的绝大部分,做题时既要注意画线词前的信息,也要注意画线词后的信息,有时有参考价值的信息会延伸到上下段落中。,-16-,【典例分析】(2017全国卷,D)Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill(蒸馏器)isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,itsanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceitsallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area55sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainerperhapsjustadrinkingcuptocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.,-17-,Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatchersproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsupandoutthesideofthehole.,-18-,33.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2referto?A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.词义猜测题。从文章第二段的“Toconstructaworkingstill.”和画线词后的productivity可推断出画线部分指的是thestill。故选B项。,-19-,(5)根据常识判断词义根据常识猜测词义时,要注意“度”,即:要在忠于原文信息的前提下,适当借助经验和常识来猜测词义,不能脱离原文中的实际进行夸大的猜测。【典例分析】Peoplearentwalkinganymoreiftheycanfigureoutawaytoavoidit.IfeltsuperioraboutthismatteruntiltheotherdayItookmycartomailasmallparcel.Thejourneyisamatterof281steps.ButIusedthecar.AndIwasntinanyhurry,either.Ihadmerelybecomeonemorevictimofanationalsickness:motorosis.,-20-,ItisanillnesstowhichIhadthoughtmyselfimmune(免疫的),forIwasbredinthetraditionofgoingtoplacesonmyowntwolegs.Atthattime,weregarded25milesasagooddayswalkandtheabilitytocoversuchadistanceintenhoursasasignofstrengthandskill.Itdidnotoccurtousthatwalkingwasahardship.Andtheeffectwaslasting.WhenIwas45yearsoldIracedandbeatateenagefootballplayerthe168stepsuptheStatueofLiberty.Suchenterprisestodayareregardedbymanymiddle-agedpersonsasbadfortheheart.Butawell-knownBritishphysician,SirAdolpheAbrahams,pointedoutrecentlythatheartsandbodiesneedproperexercise.Apersonwhoavoidsexerciseismorelikelytohaveillnessesthanonewhoexercisesregularly.Andwalkingisanidealformofexercisethemostfamiliarandnaturalofall.,-21-,ItwasHenryThoreauwhoshowedmankindtherichnessofgoingonfoot.Themanwalkingcanlearnthetrees,flowers,insects,birdsandanimals,thesignificanceofseasons,theveryfeelofhimselfasalivingcreatureinalivingworld.Hecannotlearninacar.Thecarisaconvenientmeansoftransport,butwehavemadeitourwayoflife.ManypeopledontdaretoapproachNatureanymore;tothemtheworldtheywereborntoenjoyisallthreat.Tothemsecurityisasteelriverthunderingonaconcreteroad.Andmuchoftheirthinkingtakesplacewhilewaitingforthetrafficlighttoturngreen.Isaythatthegreenofforestsisthemindsbestlight.Andnonebutthemanonfootcanevaluatewhatisbasicandeverlasting.,-22-,Whatiscomparedto“asteelriver”inParagraph6?A.Aqueueofcars.B.Arayoftrafficlight.C.Aflashoflightning.D.Astreamofpeople.词义猜测题。本段主要讲述的是人们过分依赖汽车。对他们来说,安全就是一条在混凝土路上呼啸而过的“钢铁长河”。根据常识判断asteelriver指的是一长列汽车。答案为A项。,-23-,A,B,C,Lifeistobeenjoyed.Theresnopointingivingupsomethingyouenjoyunlessyougetsomethingbackthatsevenbetter.Whenpeopleeatmorehealthfully,exercise,quitsmoking,andmanagestressbetter,theyfindthattheyfeelsomuchbetterthatitreconstructsthereasonformakingthesechangesfromfearofdyingtojoyofliving.Thelateststudiesshowthatwhenyouexerciseandeatright:YOURBRAINreceivesmorebloodflowandoxygen,soyoubecomesmarter,thinkmoreclearly,havemoreenergy,andneedlesssleep.Twostudiesshowedthatjustwalkingforthreehoursperweekforonlythreemonthscausedsomanynewneurons(神经细胞)togrowthatitactuallyincreasedthesizeofpeoplesbrains!,-24-,A,B,C,YOURFACEreceivesmorebloodflow,soyourskinglowsmoreandwrinkles(皱纹)less.Youlookyoungerandmoreattractive.Incontrast,anunhealthydiet,chronicemotionalstressandsmokingreducebloodflowtoyourfacesoyouagemorequickly.Smokingacceleratesagingbecausenicotinecausesyourarteries(动脉)tonarrowdown,whichdecreasesbloodflowtoyourfaceandmakesitwrinkleearlier.Thisiswhysmokerslookyearsolderthantheyreallyare.YOURGENESchange.InMay,astudywaspublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesshowingthatchangingyourlifestylechangesyourgenes.,-25-,A,B,C,YOURTELOMERES(染色体端粒)getlonger.Telomeresaretheendsofourchromosomes(染色体)thatcontrolhowlongwelive.Astelomeresbecomeshorter,thencellsagemorequickly,thusshorteningyourlife.Besides,oneofthemostinterestingfindingsinthestudywasthatthemothersawarenessofstresswasmoreimportantthanwhatwasreallyoccurringintheirlives.Theresearchersgavethewomenaquestionnaireandaskedthemtorateonathree-pointscalehowstressedtheyfelteachday,andhowoutofcontroltheirlivesfelttothem.Thewomenwhowereawarethattheywereunderheavystresshadsignificantlyshortenedanddamagedtelomerescomparedwiththosewhofeltmorerelaxed.Onthecontrary,someofthewomenwhofeltrelaxeddespiteraisingadisabledchildhadmorenormal-appearingtelomeres.,-26-,A,B,C,Inotherwords,ifyoufeelstressed,youarestressed;ifyoufeelfine,youarefine.,【语篇导读】本文是一篇调查报告。最新研究发现,适当的锻炼、正确的饮食和愉悦的心情能给人带来很多益处。比如一个人的大脑会有更多的血液流动,带来更多的氧气,人就会思维活跃,精力更加充沛。此外,面部皱纹也会减少,看上去更年轻更漂亮。而吸烟、不恰当的饮食和不良情绪则会加速一个人的衰老和死亡。,-27-,A,B,C,1.Whichofthefollowingaregoodforlengtheningoneslife,accordingtothepassage?eathealthyfooddrinkplentyofwatertakeexercisegetupearlygotosleepearlyreleaseonesstressA.B.C.D.,A,解析细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句“Whenpeopleeatmorehealthfully,exercise,quitsmoking,andmanagestressbetter,theyfindthattheyfeelsomuchbetter.”可知A项正确。,-28-,A,B,C,2.Theunderlinedwords“yourskinglows”inParagraph3areclosestinmeaningto“”.A.yourskinbecomeswhiteasthereisplentyofsunshineB.yourskinbecomessmoothasthereismuchbloodinitC.yourskinlookspinkasyouarehealthyD.yourskinbecomessoftasyouexerciseenough,C,解析词义猜测题。根据下文“Youlookyoungerandmoreattractive.”可推测出,如果一个人看上去更年轻更漂亮的话,皮肤应该是健康的颜色,故C项正确。,-29-,A,B,C,3.Intheauthorsopinion,whenyouexerciseandeatright,youwillexperiencesomechangesEXCEPT.A.brainsbecomingclevererB.faceshavingfewerwrinklesC.arteriesturningnarrowerD.genesbeingchanged,C,解析细节理解题。由文章第三段第四句“Smokingacceleratesagingbecausenicotinecausesyourarteries(动脉)tonarrowdown”可知,是吸烟这种不健康的习惯导致动脉血管变窄,故选C项。,-30-,A,B,C,4.Fromthelastbutoneparagraphwelearnthat.A.motherswillhavemoredamagedtelomeresiftheyraiseadisabledchildB.mothersdontknowhowtohandlestresseffectivelyC.somewomenwereaskedtofilloutaquestionnaireabouteducatingchildrenD.motherspositiveattitudesarethekeytomanagingtheirstress,D,解析推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段第一句“Besides,oneofthemostinterestingfindingsinthestudywasthatthemothersawarenessofstresswasmoreimportantthanwhatwasreallyoccurringintheirlives.”以及后文的调查结果可知,母亲们对压力的积极态度是成功应对压力的关键,故D项正确。,-31-,A,B,C,5.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe.A.Eatbetter,livebetterB.Feelbetter,livelongerC.Lessstress,fewerdiseasesD.Smokemore,agesooner,B,解析主旨大意题。文章开头提出“Lifeistobeenjoyed.”,然后讲述了健康的饮食、适当的锻炼和对压力的正确处理给人们带来的益处,最后总结概括“Inotherwords,ifyoufeelstressed,youarestressed;ifyoufeelfine,youarefine.”由此可知,文章的最佳标题为B项,其他选项都是片面的。,-32-,A,B,C,WhenHabenGirmawasincollegeatLewisifthecafeteriarefusedtodothis,Iwouldsue(起诉).”Themanagerfoundherduringmealtimethenextdayandapologized,andfromthenonshereceivedthemenueachday.,-34-,A,B,C,Girmasparentsandteacherstaughtherfromanearlyagethatherlifeneednotbelimitedbyherdisabilitiesandthateachproblemhadasolution.AtherlocalpublicschoolinOakland,Calif.,shelearnedsignlanguageandBraille.Shetriedrockclimbing,skiing,bikinganddance.Yetherparentsinitiallyhesitatedwhen,duringhighschool,GirmatoldthemshewantedtovolunteerinMaliwithagroupbuildingschools.“Iwas15andIwastravelingoutsidethecountrywithoutfamily,”shesays.“Anditwasamazing.Itreallyhelpeddevelopmyconfidence.IfIcangotobuildaschoolinWestAfrica,Icangotolawschool.”GirmaisrightbecausesheisnowastudentatHarvardLawSchool.,【语篇导读】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了残疾人HabenGirma争取自身权益并不断提升自我的故事。,-35-,A,B,C,1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inParagraph2referto?A.Girmasteachers.B.Girmasclassmates.C.DisabledstudentslikeGirma.D.Thestaffintheschoolcafeteria.,D,解析代词指代题。由第二段可知,Girma要求学校自助食堂将每天每个食品站的菜单用电子邮件发送给她,但是自助食堂只有一半的时间做到。Girma就此问题投诉后,自助食堂的经理答复说食堂的工作人员很忙等。故画线词指代“学校自助食堂的工作人员”。,-36-,A,B,C,2.Girmagotthemenuasrequiredsoonafter.A.sheputforwardtheplanB.shevisitedthecafeteriamanagerC.shedeclaredthatshewouldsuethecafeteriaD.shewrotetothecafeteriamanagertocomplain,C,解析细节理解题。由第三段可知,投诉无效后,Girma声明食堂如果拒绝将每天每个食品站的菜单用电子邮件发送给她,她将依法起诉食堂。第二天食堂经理就向她道歉并答应了她的要求。,-37-,A,B,C,3.BeingtoldthatGirmawantedtovolunteerinMali,herparents.A.expresseddifferentopinionsB.stronglydisagreedontheideaC.immediatelyshowedfirmsupportD.permittedhertogoaftersomehesitation,D,解析推理判断题。由最后一段的“Yetherparentsinitiallyhesitated.”及“.Iwas15andIwastravelingoutsidethecountrywithoutfamily,shesays.”可推断,Girma的父母一开始很犹豫,后来才允许她去马里当志愿者。,-38-,A,B,C,4.ThroughthevolunteerexperienceinMali,Girma.A.becamemoreconfidentB.developedaninterestinlawC.realizedtheimportanceoftravelingD.wasdeterminedtobuildmoreschools,A,解析细节理解题。由最后一段末的“Itreallyhelpeddevelopmyconfidence.IfIcangotobuildaschoolinWestAfrica,Icangotolawschool.”可知,A项正确。,-39-,A,B,C,5.WhatcanwelearnfromGirma?A.Nevercomplain.B.Thecustomerisalwaysright.C.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.,D,解析推理判断题。通读全文可知,作为残疾人,Girma依法维护自己的权益,不断挑战自我,不让身体缺陷限制自己的发展,最终成为哈佛法学院的学生。故D项正确。,-40-,A,B,C,Ioncemetawell-knownbotanistatadinnerparty.Ihadnevertalkedwithabotanistbefore,andIfoundhimveryinteresting.Isatthereabsorbedandlistenedwhilehespokeofunusualplantsandhisexperiments(heeventoldmeastonishingfactsaboutthesimplepotato).Ihadasmallindoorgardenofmyownandhewasgoodenoughtotellmehowtosolvesomeofmyproblems.AsIsaid,wewereatadinnerparty.Theremusthavebeenadozenotherguests,butIbrokeanimportantruleofpoliteness.Iignoredeveryoneelseandtalkedforhourstothebotanist.Midnightcame.Isaidgoodnighttoeveryoneanddeparted.Thebotanistthenturnedtoourhostandsaidmanynicethingsaboutme,includingthatIwasa“mostinterestingconversationalist”.,-41-,A,B,C,Aninterestingconversationalist?Ihadsaidhardlyanythingatall.IcouldnthavesaidanythingifIhadwantedtowithoutchangingthesubject,forIdidntknowanymoreaboutplantsthanIknewaboutsharks.ButIhaddonethisonething:Ihadlistenedcarefully.IlistenedbecauseIwasreallyinterested.Andhefeltit.Naturallythatpleasedhim.Thatkindoflisteningisoneofthebestwaystoshowrespecttoothers,anditmakesthemfeelgreattoo.“Fewhumanbeings,”wroteJackWoodfordinStrangersinLove,“canresistthesweeteffectofraptattention.”Iwentevenfurtherthanthat.Iwassincereinmyadmirationandgenerousinmypraise.,-42-,A,B,C,ItoldhimthatIhadbeenhugelyentertainedandinstructed.ItoldhimIwishedIhadhisknowledge.ItoldhimthatIshouldlovetowanderthefieldswithhim.Whatsmore,itwasalltrue.AndsoIhadhimthinkingofmeasagoodconversationalistwhen,inreality,Ihadonlybeenagoodlistenerandhadencouragedhimtotalk.,【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。作者以自己的亲身经历告诉我们倾听的重要性和一个健谈的人应具备的品质。,-43-,A,B,C,1.FromParagraph1,wecanlearnthatthewriter.A.wasdeeplymovedbythebotaniststalkB.wasa