阅读理解中的推理和判断.ppt

,阅读理解中的推理与判断,Guessinggame,Whatisblackwhenitiscleanandwhitewhenitisdirty?,Themoreyoutake,themoreyouleavebehind.Whatisit?,Youcanmakeme,Youcantakeme,Youcanwatchme,Butyoucanneverstopme.WhatamI?,Time.,Footprint.,Blackboard.,-Detailsaresometimesnotclearlyexplained.Youmustgetsomeinformationwithclues.,Makinganinference,中考说明要求,能根据上下文和构词法推理、理解生词的含义；能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；能根据上下文理解作者的态度、观点和意图。,2.推断作者观点或态度,阅读推理判断题,推断题分类,1.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat.2.Thewritersuggeststhat.3.Thestoryimpliesthat.4.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat.5.Whatcanweknowfromthepassage?6.Accordingtothestory,whatwillprobablyhappennext?,一、如何推断隐含意义,这类题干中通常含有infer,suggest,imply,conclude等标志性词语。,例1：2011年东城一模53.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthat_.beautyinnaturecanbeconsideredastheenemyofmodernlifeB.theresabigdifferencebetweentownandcountrynowadaysC.lifetodayiscertainlybetterthanitwas100yearsagoD.theenvironmentisasimportantasdevelopment,例1：2011年东城一模Islifereallybetterthanitwas100yearsago?Itiscertainlytruethatpeoplelivelongerthantheyusedto,travelfasterthantheycouldandownmorethingsthantheydid.Buttheystillhavetosufferfromnoise,overcrowdingandbadairwhicharestillabasicpartofmodernlife.100yearsagotherewasacleardifferencebetweentownandcountry.Butthemotorcarhaschangedallthat.Onemotorwaycantakeupahugeamountofland.Carsarealsoabasicpartofmodernlife.Butindustryandmodernlifedonothavetobeenemiesofbeauty.Wecanhavebothbeautyandprogress.Infact,weneedcleanriversandopencountrysidejustasmuchaspeopledid100yearsago.Butnowadaystheproblemisthatitsbecomingmoreandmoredifficulttohaveopenland,cleanwaterandfreshair.,技巧点拨1.全面分析2.忠实原文3.不要选择已给出的信息,练一练：2012年东城二模54.WhatcanyouinferfromParagraph2?A.Coloursinfluencepeoplesfeelingsandopinions.B.Peoplegetideasfornewproductsfromcolours.C.Newproductsarepopularbecauseofcolours.D.Mostcompaniespreferbrightcolours.,练一练：2012年东城二模“Haveyouevernoticedhowpeoplealwaysusethesamecoloursforthesamethings?”saysVerity.“Ourtoothpasteisalwayswhiteorblueormaybered.Itsnevergreen.Whynot?Forsomereasonwethinkthatblueandwhiteisclean,whilewethinkofgreenproducts(产品)asbeingabitunpleasant.Itsthesameforbusinesses.Werespectacompanywhichwritesitsnameinblueorblack,butwedontrespectonethatusespinkororange.Peoplewhodesign（设计）newproductscanusetheseideastoinfluencewhatwebuy.”,二、如何推断作者观点和态度：,1.Whatisthewritersattitudetowards.?2.Thewritersaimis.3.Inthewriterseyes,.4.Thewriterwantstotellus5.Theauthorbelieves/suggeststhat.,例2：2011年东城二模56Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthatthewriter_.A.thinksDIYisagoodwaytorelaxB.likeswatchingDIYprogrammesC.isbecominginterestedinDIYD.hasnoplantodoDIYhimself,例2：2011东城二模IguessitisnotreallysurprisingthatDIYprogrammesaresopopular.TwocommonsayingsinBritain-“anEnglishmanshomeishiscastle”and“theresnoplacelikehome”-showhowimportantourhousesaretous.Withtherecenteconomicdownturn,manypeoplecantaffordtobuyabiggerhousesotheyarelookingathowtheycanmaketheirhousebetterwithoutspendingalotofmoney.DIYistheperfectchoice.Butbecareful!Ireadareportthatsaidover230,000peoplewerehurtwhiledoinghomeimprovementsintheUKinjustoneyear,including41,000whofelloffstepsand5,800whowereseriouslyhurtbytools.Iwontbegoingdowntothehardwarestore.IdratherwatchDIYonTVwithanicecupoftea!,技巧点拨：注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。,练一练：2012通州二模52.Wecaninferthattheauthorwas_.A.pleasantforwhathisstudentshaddoneB.proudofhisstudentsdrivingskillC.unhappyforbeinglateforclassD.gladthatMargaretscarhadbeenwell,练一练：2012通州二模Thenoteread,“CallMargaretat555-6167.”Asacarinstructor(教员),Ioftengotcallsfrompeopletorepairtheircars.Idialed.Avoiceanswered,“Ihavesomethingtotellyou.”“Allright,”Ianswered,lookingattheclock.IonlyhadafewminutesbeforeIwentbacktoclass.“YesterdayIwasdrivingwhenmycarstartedactingup(出故障).Itwaslateatnight.Iwassoafraidtostopthecartothesideoftherode,butfinallymycarjustbrokedown.Isattherewonderingwhattodo.”Ireallyneededtogetbacktoclass.“Wouldyoulikemetolookatyourcar?”Iasked.“Letmefinish.Suddenly,twoyoungmencame.Ididntknowwhattheyweregoingtodo.Iwassoscared.”“Theyaskedmewhathappenedandsaidtheymightbeabletogetthecarrunningagain.Isatinthecarhopingthatthesemenwerentdoingsomethingbad.,Afewminuteslater,theystartedthecar.Itstartedrightup!TheytoldmethecarwouldbefinebutthatIshouldgetitcheckedout.”“Andyoudlikemetolookatit,right?”Iasked.“No,”thewomanwenton.“Iwassothankful.Iofferedthemmoney,buttheywouldnttakeit.Thentheytoldmetheywereformer(以前的)studentsofyours.”“What?”Iaskedinsurprise.“Whowerethey?”“Theydidnttellme.Theyjustgavemeyournameandtheschoolsnameandmademecalltothankyou.IhopeyouknowhowthankfulIam.”Ididntknowwhattosay.Ialwaystriedtoteachstudentstobehonestandotherthingsaboutlifeusewhatyouknowtohelpothers.MystudentshelpedsomeonebecauseofwhatIhadtaughttheminmyclassroom.Ihadjustgotthegreatestrewardateachercouldeverget.,三、如何推断写作目的,(1)考查整篇文章的写作目的A.Thewriterspurposeofwritingthispassageisto_.B.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle?(2)考查某处细节/某段的写作意图A.Thewriterusestheexampleoftoshowthat_.B.Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_.,例3：2012年海淀一模56.WhydoestheauthormentionHollywoodstarsinthefirstparagraph?A.Tohelpustoevaluateothers.B.Toexplainwhatthehaloeffectis.C.Toshowusthebackgroundofthestory.D.TotellusHollywoodstarsarenottrulyfriendly.,例3：2012年海淀一模The“haloeffect”isaclassicfindinginsocialpsychology.Itistheideathatgeneralevaluations(评价)aboutaperson(e.g.sheislikeable)influencejudgmentsabouttheirspecifictraits（品质）(e.g.sheisintelligent).Hollywoodstarsgivetheperfectexample.Becausetheyareoftenattractiveandlikeable,wenaturallyconsidertheyarealsointelligent,friendlyandsoon.Thatis,sometimes,nottrue.,技巧点拨常见的写作目的归纳toentertainreaderstoinformreaderstopersuadereaders注意作者对事例的态度,练一练：2012年海淀二模52.Thewriterwantstotell_.A.peoplebelievewhattheyheardB.peoplewonderwhatisimportanttothemC.peoplecanheardifferentsoundsD.peoplepaymoreattentiontowhatisimportanttothem,练一练：2012年海淀二模ANativeAmericanandhisfriendwereindowntownNewYorkCity,walkingnearTimesSquareinManhattan.Itwasduringthenoonlunchhourandthestreetswerefilledwiththenoiseofpeopleandcars.Suddenly,theNativeAmericansaid,“Ihearacricket(蟋蟀).”Hisfriendsaid,“What?Youmustbecrazy.Youcouldntpossiblyhearacricketinallofthisnoise!”“No,Imsureofit,”theNativeAmericansaid,“Iheardacricket.”“Thatscrazy,”saidthefriend.TheNativeAmericanlistenedcarefullyforamoment,andthenwalkedacrossthestreettoabigwall.Theretheysawbushes(灌木).Helookedintothebushes,andsureenough,hefoundasmallcricket.Hisfriendwasquiteamazed.“Thatsunbelievable,”saidhisfriend.“Youmusthave,superhumanears!”“No,”saidtheNativeAmerican.“Myearsarenotdifferentfromyours.Italldependsonwhatyourelisteningfor.”“Butthatcantbe!”saidthefriend.“Icouldneverhearacricketinthisnoise.”“Yes,itstrue,”camethereply.“Itdependsonwhatisreallyimportanttoyou.Here,letmeshowyou.”Hereachedintohispocket,pulledoutafewcoins,anddroppedthemonthesidewalk.Andthen,withthenoiseofthecrowdedstreetstillintheirears,theynoticedeveryheadwithin20feetturnandlooktoseeifthemoneywastheirs.“SeewhatImean?”askedtheNativeAmerican.“Italldependsonwhatsimportanttoyou.”,Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom_.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageismostlikelyapartof_.,四、如何推断文章出处,tomakepeoplelaugh;totellaninterestingexperience,tosellaproductoraservice;toattractmorevisitors/readers/audience,toadvisethepeopletoornottodosth,故事类,广告类,科普类文化类新闻报道类或社会类,Thetypesofreadingmaterials,例4：2012年昌平二模57.Whomightbethewriterofthispassage?Someonewhostudiesatpeople.B.Someonewhostudiesattesting.C.Someonewhostudiesatmaths.D.Someonewhostudiesatlanguage.58.Wherecanpeopleprobablyfindthispassage?A.Inapublicnewspaper.B.Inashortstorybook.C.Inaschoolmagazine.D.Inapersonaldiary.,例4：2012年昌平二模Eachpersonhasdifferentlearningpreferencesandwayswhichdogoodtothem,includingvisual,auditory,logical,social,solitaryortactile.Itisusefulforpeopletodiscoversomelearningstylesthatworkbestforthemorwaysthatarebetterincertainsituations.Itisalsopossibleforpeopletoworkoutnewwaysoflearninginthenearfuture.Togetthemostoutofyourtimestudying,itisveryhelpfultofindoutyourpersonallearningpreferencesandstyles.Itisverybeneficialtoknowthelearningstylesthatarebestforyouwhenselectingamajor,preparingforatestandevenselectingafuturejob.,技巧点拨