俄林模型(国际经济学,克鲁格曼教材).ppt

第四章,要素与贸易：赫克歇尔-俄林模型,Slide4-2,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,前言两要素经济模型两要素经济体间国际贸易的效应对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证分析提要附录：要素价格、产品价格以及投入的选择,本章结构框架,Slide4-3,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,前言,在现实世界中,劳动生产率之间的差异可以部分地解释贸易产生的原因，而贸易的产生同样反映了国家间资源禀赋的差异。赫克歇尔-俄林理论:强调要素禀赋的差异是贸易产生的唯一动因表明比较优势是受下列因素影响的：相对要素充裕度(就国家而言)相对要素密集度(就产品而言)还被称为要素比例理论,Slide4-4,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,模型的假设条件一个国家生产两种产品：棉布和粮食.两种产品的生产需要投入两种有限供给的要素：劳动（L）和土地（T）。两个国家中，粮食的生产是土地密集型的，而棉布的生产是劳动密集型的。所有市场是完全竞争的。,两要素经济模型,Slide4-5,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,两要素经济模型,图4-1:粮食生产的要素投入组合,Slide4-6,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,要素密集度在两产品（棉布和粮食），两要素（劳动和土地）的世界中，如果在任何给定的实际工资率条件下，粮食生产中所使投入的土地-劳动比率都高于棉布生产的相应比率，那么粮食的生产是劳动密集型的,：TF/LFTC/LC比如:如果粮食的生产使用80个单位劳动力和20英亩土地，而棉布的生产使用20单位劳动和20英亩土地，那么我们就说粮食的生产是土地密集型的，而棉布的生产是劳动密集型的。,两要素经济模型,Slide4-7,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,两要素模型,图4-2:要素价格和投入选择,Slide4-8,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,要素价格斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理(效应):在要素供给保持不变的条件下，若产品的相对价格上升，那么无论用哪种产品衡量，生产该产品所密集使用的要素的名义和实际收入就会提高，而其它要素的名义和实际收入就会减少。.反之亦然。,两要素经济模型,Slide4-9,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,两要素经济模型,图4-3:要素价格和产品价格,Slide4-10,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,两要素经济模型,Slide4-11,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,如果棉布对于粮食的相对价格PC/PF上升，那么会:提高工人收入相对于土地所有者的收入，w/r。在棉布和粮食的生产中，提高土地相对于劳动的投入比率，从而提高劳动相对于土地的边际产出。由于用两种产品衡量的实际工资的提高和实际地租的减少，增强了工人的购买力而减弱土地所有者的购买力。,两要素经济模型,Slide4-12,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,资源和产出资源的配置是如何决定的？在棉布的相对价格和土地劳动供给给定的条件下，就可以确定如何把这两种资源分配到两种产品的生产中去。,两要素经济模型,Slide4-13,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,粮食生产中劳动的使用量,棉布生产中劳动使用量,棉布生产中土地使用量,粮食生产中土地使用两,两要素经济模型,图4-5:资源的配置,Slide4-14,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,当经济体的要素资源发生变化时，两种产品的产出会发生怎样的变化呢？雷布津斯基定理(效应):在商品价格既定的条件下，如果一种生产要素量增加(T或L)，那么密集使用该要素的产品的供给会增加，而其他产品的供给会减少。反之亦然。,两要素经济模型,Slide4-15,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,两要素经济模型,图4-6:土地供给增加,粮食生产中劳动使用量,棉布生产中劳动土地量,腹胀生产中土地使用量,粮食生产中土地使用量,Slide4-16,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,两要素经济模型,图4-7:要素和生产可能性,Slide4-17,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,土地（劳动）供给的增加，会使生产可能性边界向偏于粮食或棉布生产的方向扩张。资源供给的变动对生产可能性边界的偏向性效应是理解资源差异如何导致国际贸易的关键。一个国家如果生产密集使用该国相对充裕要素的产品会更有效率。,两要素经济模型,Slide4-18,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,赫克歇尔-俄林模型的假设:两个国家（本国和外国）有着:相同的偏好相同的技术不同的资源禀赋本国劳动-土地比率高于外国每个国家使用两种生产要素，有着相同的生产函数,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,Slide4-19,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,相对价格与贸易模式要素充裕度当且仅当本国可获得的劳动总量与土地总量的比率高于外国的对应比率时，即：L/TL*/T*就可以说相对外国而言，本国是一个劳动力充裕的国家（相对本国而言，外国是一个土地充裕的国家）例如:如果美国有8000万劳动力和2亿英亩土地，而英国有2000万劳动力和2以英亩土地，那么英国是劳动充裕的而美国是土地充裕的。.在这种情况下，本国的稀缺资源是土地，而外国的稀缺资源是劳动。,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,Slide4-20,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,当本国与外国相互贸易时，它们的价格会趋同。本国棉布的相对价格会提高，外国棉布的相对价格会降低。在本国，棉布相对价格的提高会带来棉布生产的增加和相对消费的减少，所以本国成为棉布的出口方和粮食的进口方。相反地，外国棉布相对价格的下降会使外国成为棉布的进口方和粮食的出口方。,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,Slide4-21,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,图4-8:贸易使相对价格趋同,Slide4-22,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,赫克歇尔-俄林定理:一个国家会出口密集使用该国充裕要素的产品，进口密集使用该国稀缺要素的产品。,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,Slide4-23,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,贸易和收入分配贸易导致相对价格趋同。对两个国家，相对价格的改变对劳动和土地的相对收入会有重要影响：在本国,棉布的相对价格上升劳动力所有者的福利状况改善而土地所有者的福利状况恶化。在外国，棉布的相对价格下降，相反的情形就会发生:劳动力所有者的福利状况恶化而土地所有者的福利状况改善国内充裕要素的所有者从贸易中获利，而稀缺要素的所有者因贸易而受损。,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,Slide4-24,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,特定要素模型与赫克歇尔-俄林模型在收入分配效应方面存在差异：生产要素对某个产业的特定性通常是一个短期问题例如:棉布的生产商不会一夜之间成为计算机生产商,但是只要有足够的时间，美国经济可以使衰落产业部门的工人转移到新兴产业部门中去。相反，贸易对土地、劳动和资本收入分配的影响基本上是长期且持久的。.,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,Slide4-25,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,要素价格均等化在没有贸易的情况下，本国的劳动力的收益会比国外的劳动力的收益少，而本国土地的收益会比国外土地的收益多。要素价格均等化定理:国际贸易会使国家间同类要素的相对和绝对收益实现完全均等化。这意味着国际贸易可替代要素的国际流动性。,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,Slide4-26,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,在现实世界中，国家贸易已经使不同国家间同类要素的价格实现均等化了吗？随意考察一下就可清楚表明回答是否定的。例如:医生、工程师、技术人员、机械师以及劳动力所有者的工资在美国和德国与在韩国和墨西哥相比要高。在这样的情况下，与其说国际贸易完全消除了，还不如说国际贸易减弱了国家间同类要素收益的差异来的更实际一点。,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,Slide4-27,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,表4-1:各国工资率的比较(美国=100),Slide4-28,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,以下三个对预期要素价格均等化至关重要的前提假设在现实中是不成立的:两个国家同时生产两种相同的产品两个国家的生产技术相同贸易使两个国家的产品价格相同要素价格均等化定理没有说明的一点是国际贸易会消除或减少单位资本收入的国际间差异。,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,Slide4-29,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,国际贸易对两要素经济的影响,表4-2:发展中国家的制成品出口(占进口国收入的百分比),Slide4-30,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的检验美国数据里昂惕夫悖论里昂惕夫发现，虽然美国是世界上资本最充裕的国家，但是美国的出口产品的资本密集度要低于美国进口产品的资本密集度。全球数据波文、利莫、斯维考斯克斯的一项研究利用大量国家的数据检验了赫克歇尔-俄林模型。.该项研究在世界范围证实了里昂惕夫悖论。,对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证检验,Slide4-31,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,表4-3:1962年美国进出口产品包含的要素,对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证检验,Slide4-32,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证检验,表4-4:检验赫克歇尔-俄林模型（美国=100）,Slide4-33,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,南北贸易的考察尽管国际贸易的整个并不能很好的由模式赫克歇尔-俄林模型来解释，但南北制造品贸易看来比较符合这一理论。丢失贸易的情况特拉夫勒1995年的一项研究表明样本国家间的技术差异是非常巨大的。,对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证检验,Slide4-34,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证检验,表4-5:1992年美国与韩国之间贸易额（单位：百万美元）,Slide4-35,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证检验,表4-6:估计技术效率，1983（美国=1）,Slide4-36,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,实证检验的含义通过对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证检验我们可以得出结论：该理论没能如人所愿成功地解释现实中的国际贸易模式。但该理论是一个分析贸易对收入分配影响的有效工具。,对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证检验,Slide4-37,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,赫克歇尔-俄林模型，是一个两产品、两要素的模型，它强调了资源禀赋在贸易中起到的作用。劳动密集型产品相对价格的上升会使收入分配急剧地向有利于劳动工人的方向转变。不论对哪种产品，即劳动的实际工资会上升而土地所有者的实际收入会减少。,提要,Slide4-38,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,在任何给定的产品价格下，生产要素的增加会使密集使用该要素的产品供给增加，而使其它不密集使用该要素的产品供给减少。赫克歇尔-俄林模型预期会出现以下的贸易模式:一个国家会出口密集使用该国充裕要素的产品，会进口密集使用该国稀缺要素的产品。,提要,Slide4-39,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,提要,一国充裕要素的所有者会从贸易中获益，而稀缺要素的所有者会因贸易而受损。在现实世界中，由于各国之间资源禀赋、生产技术上的巨大差异以及贸易壁垒的存在，要素价格的完全均等化是不存在的。对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证检验结论不统一大多数研究者认为，单以资源禀赋的差异不能很好的解释国际贸易的模式或世界要素价格。.,Slide4-40,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,附录：要素价格、产品价格以及投入选择,图4A-1:选择最佳的土地-劳动比率,Slide4-41,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,附录：要素价格、产品价格以及投入选择,图4A-2:改变工资-地租比率带来的影响,Slide4-42,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,附录：要素价格、产品价格以及要素投入比率选择,图4A-3:决定工资-地租比率,Slide4-43,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,附录：要素价格、产品价格以及要素投入比率选择,图4A-4:棉布价格上升的影响,Chapter4,ResourcesandTrade:TheHeckscher-OhlinModel,Slide4-45,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,IntroductionAModelofaTwo-FactorEconomyEffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomiesEmpiricalEvidenceontheHeckscher-OhlinModelSummaryAppendix:FactorPrices,GoodsPrices,andInputChoices,ChapterOrganization,Slide4-46,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,Introduction,Intherealworld,whiletradeispartlyexplainedbydifferencesinlaborproductivity,italsoreflectsdifferencesincountriesresources.TheHeckscher-Ohlintheory:EmphasizesresourcedifferencesastheonlysourceoftradeShowsthatcomparativeadvantageisinfluencedby:Relativefactorabundance(referstocountries)Relativefactorintensity(referstogoods)Isalsoreferredtoasthefactor-proportionstheory,Slide4-47,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,AssumptionsoftheModelAneconomycanproducetwogoods,clothandfood.Theproductionofthesegoodsrequirestwoinputsthatareinlimitedsupply;labor(L)andland(T).Productionoffoodisland-intensiveandproductionofclothislabor-intensiveinbothcountries.Perfectcompetitionprevailsinallmarkets.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Slide4-48,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Figure4-1:InputPossibilitiesinFoodProduction,Slide4-49,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,FactorIntensityInaworldoftwogoods(clothandfood)andtwofactors(laborandland),foodproductionisland-intensive,ifatanygivenwage-rentalratiotheland-laborratiousedintheproductionoffoodisgreaterthanthatusedintheproductionofcloth:TF/LFTC/LCExample:Iffoodproductionuses80workersand200acres,whileclothproductionuses20workersand20acres,thenfoodproductionisland-intensiveandclothproductionislabor-intensive.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Slide4-50,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Figure4-2:FactorPricesandInputChoices,Slide4-51,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,FactorPricesandGoodsPricesStolper-SamuelsonTheorem(effect):Iftherelativepriceofagoodincreases,holdingfactorsuppliesconstant,thenthenominalandrealreturn(intermsofbothgoods)tothefactorusedintensivelyintheproductionofthatgoodincreases,whilethenominalandrealreturn(intermsofbothgoods)totheotherfactordecreases.Thereverseisalsotrue.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Slide4-52,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Figure4-3:FactorPricesandGoodsPrices,Slide4-53,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Figure4-4:FromGoodsPricestoInputChoices,Slide4-54,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,Anincreaseinthepriceofclothrelativetothatoffood,PC/PF,will:Raisetheincomeofworkersrelativetothatoflandowners,w/r.Raisetheratiooflandtolabor,T/L,inbothclothandfoodproductionandthusraisethemarginalproductoflaborintermsofbothgoods.Raisethepurchasingpowerofworkersandlowerthepurchasingpoweroflandowners,byraisingrealwagesandloweringrealrentsintermsofbothgoods.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Slide4-55,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,ResourcesandOutputHowistheallocationofresourcesdetermined?Giventherelativepriceofclothandthesuppliesoflandandlabor,itispossibletodeterminehowmuchofeachresourcetheeconomydevotestotheproductionofeachgood.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Slide4-56,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,Laborusedinfoodproduction,Laborusedinclothproduction,Landusedinclothproduction,Landusedinfoodproduction,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Figure4-5:TheAllocationofResources,Slide4-57,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,Howdotheoutputsofthetwogoodschangewhentheeconomysresourceschange?RybczynskiTheorem(effect):Ifafactorofproduction(TorL)increases,thenthesupplyofthegoodthatusesthisfactorintensivelyincreasesandthesupplyoftheothergooddecreasesforanygivencommodityprices.Thereverseisalsotrue.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Slide4-58,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Figure4-6:AnIncreaseintheSupplyofLand,Laborusedinfoodproduction,Laborusedinclothproduction,Landusedinclothproduction,Landusedinfoodproduction,Slide4-59,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Figure4-7:ResourcesandProductionPossibilities,Slide4-60,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,Anincreaseinthesupplyofland(labor)leadstoabiasedexpansionofproductionpossibilitiestowardfood(cloth)production.Thebiasedeffectofincreases(decreases)inresourcesonproductionpossibilitiesisthekeytounderstandinghowdifferencesinresourcesgiverisetointernationaltrade.Aneconomywilltendtoberelativelyeffectiveatproducinggoodsthatareintensiveinthefactorswithwhichthecountryisrelativelywell-endowed.,AModelofaTwo-FactorEconomy,Slide4-61,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,AssumptionsoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel:Therearetwocountries(HomeandForeign)thathave:SametastesSametechnologyDifferentresourcesHomehasahigherratiooflabortolandthanForeigndoesEachcountryhasthesameproductionstructureofatwo-factoreconomy.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Slide4-62,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,RelativePricesandthePatternofTradeFactorAbundanceHomecountryislabor-abundantcomparedtoForeigncountry(andForeignisland-abundantcomparedtoHome)ifandonlyiftheratioofthetotalamountoflabortothetotalamountoflandavailableinHomeisgreaterthanthatinForeign:L/TL*/T*Example:ifAmericahas80millionworkersand200millionacres,whileBritainhas20millionworkersand20millionacres,thenBritainislabor-abundantandAmericaisland-abundant.Inthiscase,thescarcefactorinHomeislandandinForeignislabor.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Slide4-63,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,WhenHomeandForeigntradewitheachother,theirrelativepricesconverge.TherelativepriceofclothrisesinHomeanddeclinesinForeign.InHome,theriseintherelativepriceofclothleadstoariseintheproductionofclothandadeclineinrelativeconsumption,soHomebecomesanexporterofclothandanimporteroffood.Conversely,thedeclineintherelativepriceofclothinForeignleadsittobecomeanimporterofclothandanexporteroffood.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Slide4-64,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Figure4-8:TradeLeadstoaConvergenceofRelativePrices,Slide4-65,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,Heckscher-OhlinTheorem:Acountrywillexportthatcommoditywhichusesintensivelyitsabundantfactorandimportthatcommoditywhichusesintensivelyitsscarcefactor.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Slide4-66,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,TradeandtheDistributionofIncomeTradeproducesaconvergenceofrelativeprices.Changesinrelativepriceshavestrongeffectsontherelativeearningsoflaborandlandinbothcountries:InHome,wheretherelativepriceofclothrises:Laborersaremadebetteroffandlandownersaremadeworseoff.InForeign,wheretherelativepriceofclothfalls,theoppositehappens:Laborersaremadeworseoffandlandownersaremadebetteroff.Ownersofacountrysabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountrysscarcefactorslose.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Slide4-67,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,DifferencebetweenthespecificfactorsmodelandtheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelintermsofincomedistributioneffects:Thespecificityoffactorstoparticularindustriesisoftenonlyatemporaryproblem.Example:Garmentmakerscannotbecomecomputermanufacturesovernight,butgiventimetheU.S.economycanshiftitsmanufacturingemploymentfromdecliningsectorstoexpandingones.Incontrast,effectsoftradeonthedistributionofincomeamongland,labor,andcapitalaremoreorlesspermanent.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Slide4-68,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,FactorPriceEqualizationIntheabsenceoftrade:laborwouldearnlessinHomethaninForeign,andlandwouldearnmore.Factor-PriceEqualizationTheorem:Internationaltradeleadstocompleteequalizationintherelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrosscountries.Itimpliesthatinternationaltradeisasubstitutefortheinternationalmobilityoffactors.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Slide4-69,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,Hasinternationaltradeequalizedthereturnstohomogeneousfactorsindifferentcountriesintherealworld?Evencasualobservationclearlyindicatesthatithasnot.Example:Wagesaremuchhigherfordoctors,engineers,technicians,mechanicsandlaborersintheUnitedStatesandGermanythaninKoreaandMexico.Underthesecircumstances,itismorerealistictosaythatinternationaltradehasreduced,ratherthancompletelyeliminated,theinternationaldifferenceinthereturnstohomogeneousfactors.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Slide4-70,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Table4-1:ComparativeInternationalWageRates(UnitedStates=100),Slide4-71,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,Threeassumptionscrucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue:BothcountriesproducebothgoodsBothcountrieshavethesametechnologiesinproductionBothcountrieshavethesamepricesofgoodsduetotradeOnethingthefactor-priceequalizationtheoremdoesnotsayisthatinternationaltradewilleliminateorreduceinternationaldifferencesinpercapitaincomes.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Slide4-72,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,EffectsofInternationalTradeBetweenTwo-FactorEconomies,Table4-2:CompositionofDeveloping-CountryExports(PercentofTotal),Slide4-73,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,TestingtheHeckscher-OhlinModelTestsonU.S.DataLeontiefparadoxLeontieffoundthatU.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports,eventhoughtheU.S.isthemostcapital-abundantcountryintheworld.TestsonGlobalDataAstudybyBowen,Leamer,andSveikauskastestedtheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelusingdataforalargenumberofcountries.ThisstudyconfirmstheLeontiefparadoxonabroaderlevel.,EmpiricalEvidenceontheHeckscher-OhlinModel,Slide4-74,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,Table4-3:FactorContentofU.S.ExportsandImportsfor1962,EmpiricalEvidenceontheHeckscher-OhlinModel,Slide4-75,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,EmpiricalEvidenceontheHeckscher-OhlinModel,Table4-4:TestingtheHeckscher-OhlinModel,Slide4-76,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,TestsonNorth-SouthTradeNorth-SouthtradeinmanufacturesseemstofittheHeckscher-Ohlintheorymuchbetterthantheoverallpatternofinternationaltrade.TheCaseoftheMissingTradeAstudybyTreflerin1995showedthattechnologicaldifferencesacrossasampleofcountriesareverylarge.,EmpiricalEvidenceontheHeckscher-OhlinModel,Slide4-77,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,EmpiricalEvidenceontheHeckscher-OhlinModel,Table4-5:TradeBetweentheUnitedStatesandSouthKorea,1992(milliondollars),Slide4-78,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,EmpiricalEvidenceontheHeckscher-OhlinModel,Table4-6:EstimatedTechnologicalEfficiency,1983(UnitedStates=1),Slide4-79,Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.,ImplicationsoftheTestsEmpiricalevidenceontheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelhasledtothefollowingconclusions:Ithasbeenlesssuccessfulatexplainingtheactualpatternofinternationaltrade.Ithasbeenusefulasawaytoanal