天津市2018届高考英语二轮复习第三部分阅读理解专题十六主旨大意课件.pptx

专题十六主旨大意,-2-,考情概览考试说明指出:任何一篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落,甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义,从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么(即文章的主题),亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时,文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。这类试题主要考査考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,它对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。主旨大意题主要测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题、标题或目的设题。,-3-,1.主旨大意题常见的命题方式有以下几种(1)Thebesttitleforthispassageis.(2)Thepassage/thefirstparagraphismainlyabout.(3)Whatisthemainidea/topic/purpose/subjectofthepassage?(4)Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?(5)Thepassagechieflydiscusses/dealswith.(6)Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?(7)Thepassagemainlytellsusthat.(8)Themainideaofthefirst/second/third/.paragraphprobablyis.(9)Whatsthefirst/second/third/.paragraphconcernedwith?(10)WhatdoestheauthortrytoexpressinParagraph.?,-4-,2.主旨大意题解题策略(1)归纳文章大意任何一篇文章都有自己的中心思想。不少文章在全文或各段的开头便展示出文章的中心思想。首先,抓住每个段落的中心要点,将每个段落的中心归纳综合,即可得到整篇文章的中心思想。每个段落的中心要点往往是通过主题句(TopicSentence)来体现的。考生应采取略读法,以搜寻各段主题句为目标,快速扫视全文,避免逐词理解,把注意力集中在找主要信息上,而不是过分注意细节事实。一般来说,文章的主题或中心都在第一段或最后一段表明。某一段的主题句也常出现在段首或段尾,在寻找主题句或中心段时,要注意语篇特点。有些文章无明显的主题句,但字里行间无不体现主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或者提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。,-5-,【典例分析】(2017天津卷,A)Supposeyoureinarush,feelingtired,notpayingattentiontoyourscreen,andyousendanemailthatcouldgetyouintrouble.Realisationwillprobablysetinsecondsafteryouveclicked“send”.Youfreezeinhorrorandburnwithshame.Whattodo?Herearefourcommonemailaccidents,andhowtorecover.Clicking“send”toosoonDontwasteyourtimetryingtofindoutifthereceiverhasreadityet.Writeanotheremailasswiftlyasyoucanandsenditwithabrieftitleexplainingthatthisisthecorrectversionandthepreviousversionshouldbeignored.,-6-,WritingthewrongnameThesooneryounotice,thebetter.Respondquicklyandbriefly,apologisingforyourmistake.Keepthetonemeasured:donthandleittoolightly,aspeoplecanbeoffended,especiallyifyourerrorsuggestsamisunderstandingoftheirculture(i.e.incorrectorderingofChinesenames).Clicking“replyall”unintentionallyYouaccidentallyreveal(透露)totheentirecompanywhatmenuchoicesyouwouldpreferatthestaffChristmasdinner,orwhatholidayyoudliketotake.Inthisinstance,thebestsolutionistosendaquick,light-heartedapologytoexplainyourawkwardness.Butitcanquicklyrisetosomethingworse,wheneveryonestartshitting“replyall”tojoininalongandunpleasantconversation.Inthisinstance,stepawayfromyourkeyboardtoalloweveryonetocalmdown.,-7-,SendinganoffensivemessagetoitssubjectThemostawkwardemailmistakeisusuallycommittedinanger.Youwriteanunkindmessageaboutsomeone,intendingtosendittoafriend,butaccidentallysendittothepersonyourediscussing.Inthatcase,asktospeakinpersonassoonaspossibleandsaysorry.Explainyourfrustrationscalmlyandsensiblyseeitasanopportunitytoclearupanydifficultiesyoumayhavewiththisperson.40.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Definingemailerrors.B.Reducingemailmistakes.C.Handlingemailaccidents.D.Improvingemailwriting.主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了四种常见的电子邮件事故,并给出了相应的补救措施。故选C项。,-8-,(2)概括文章标题文章的标题(title)是文章的眼睛,通过这双“眼睛”我们可以略知文章的大意。给文章加一个适当的标题,首先要把握好文章的大意。不能把文章某一段的大意看作整篇文章的大意,更不可把文章的细节看成文章的大意,从而给文章加上一个观点片面的标题。文章的标题实际上是对文章大意最简洁的概括,标题与文章大意息息相关。其次,给文章一个适当的标题还应抓住文章的主题句。因为文章的大意和文章的主题句总是一脉相承的,抓住了主题句就抓住了文章的灵魂。再次,给文章加标题应注意文章的体裁和写作目的。叙事类文章是为了记叙一件事或一个人物,表达作者的某种感情,所加标题应体现叙事类文章的特点。说明文是为了说明一个事物或过程,标题应体现说明文的特点。对于一些幽默类文章,应挖掘其深层含义,所给标题应体现文章幽默的特点。,-9-,【典例分析】(2016全国卷,D)Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(间隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingapersonsneeds.,-10-,ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.,-11-,Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.,-12-,Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatientssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing(治愈)valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.,-13-,35.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A.SoundandSilenceB.WhatItMeanstoBeSilentC.SilencetoNativeAmericansD.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold主旨大意题。通读全文内容可知,文章主要说明沉默具有文化特异性,在不同的文化中,沉默表达的含义和作用各不相同。因此B项最具概括性。,-14-,(3)总结段落大意每个段落通常都有个中心,中心思想通常会在首句体现出来,这就是常说的段落主题句。采用归纳法的段落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后,主题句会在段尾;采用演绎法的段落,先提出观点,后举例子,由一般到特殊,主题句会出现在段首,这种情况主要出现在说明文和议论文中;若作者采用由特殊到一般,然后再由一般到特殊的方式,主题句会出现在段中。有时候,作者没有明确写出主题句,需要读者根据段落的内容去归纳概括本段的大意。,-15-,【典例分析】Workingwithagroupofbaboons(狒狒)intheNamibiandesert,Dr.AleciaCarteroftheDepartmentofZoology,CambridgeUniversitysetbaboonslearningtasksinvolvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox.Somebaboonsweregiventhechancetowatchanotherbaboonwhoalreadyknewhowtosolvethetask,whileothershadtolearnforthemselves.Toworkouthowbraveoranxiousthebaboonswere,Dr.Carterpresentedthemeitherwithanovelfoodorathreatintheformofamodelofapoisonoussnake.,-16-,Shefoundthatpersonalityhadamajorimpactonlearning.Thebraverbaboonslearnt,buttheshyonesdidnotlearnthetaskalthoughtheywatchedthebaboonperformthetaskoffindingthenovelfoodjustaslongasthebraveonesdid.Ineffect,despitebeingmadeawareofwhattodo,theywerestilltooshytodowhattheexperiencedbaboondid.Thesameheldtrueforanxiousbaboonscomparedwithcalmones.Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.,-17-,Thismismatchbetweencollectingsocialinformationandusingitshowsthatpersonalityplaysakeyroleinsociallearninginanimals,somethingthathaspreviouslybeenignoredinstudiesonhowanimalslearntodothings.Thefindingsaresignificantbecausetheysuggestthatanimalsmayperformpoorlyincognitive(认知的)tasksnotbecausetheyarentcleverenoughtosolvethem,butbecausetheyaretooshyornervoustousethesocialinformation.Thefindingsmayimpacthowweunderstandtheformationofcultureinsocietiesthroughsociallearning.Ifsomeindividualsareunabletogetinformationfromothersbecausetheydontassociatewiththeknowledgeableindividuals,ortheyaretooshytousetheinformationoncetheyhaveit,informationmaynottravelbetweenallgroupmembers,preventingtheformationofaculturebasedonsociallearning.,-18-,Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThesignificanceofDr.Cartersresearch.B.ThepurposeofDr.Cartersresearch.C.ThedesignofDr.Cartersresearch.D.TheresultsofDr.Cartersresearch.段落大意题。通读第一段内容可知,该段主要介绍了艾蕾西娅卡特博士研究狒狒学习能力的方案是如何设计的。答案为C项。,-19-,A,B,C,(2017天津卷,C)Thismonth,Germanystransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆).Theywoulddefinethedriversroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.,-20-,A,B,C,Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(财产)damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheeltocheckemail,saythecarsmakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律责任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.,-21-,A,B,C,AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousaydriverlesscars,peopleexpectdriverlesscars.”Meratsays.“Youknownodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.,-22-,A,B,C,ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,”saysCalo.,【语篇导读】本文为一篇议论文。德国交通部长就无人驾驶汽车做出了一些提议,并推进了完全无人驾驶汽车的运行,那么,如果无人驾驶汽车出现交通事故,应该谁负主要责任呢?是生产商还是车主?,-23-,A,B,C,1.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D.Asituationwheredriversroleisnotclear.,D,解析词义猜测题。根据第一段的最后一句可知,交通部长的提议将会明确司机的责任。根据第二段的“.thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.”可知,这个提议旨在处理半自主驾驶与完全自主驾驶之间的不明确的情形,故选D项。,-24-,A,B,C,2.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto.A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesB.helppromotefullyautomaticdrivingC.protectdriversofallagesandracesD.preventseriouspropertydamage,B,解析推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving.”可知,道路交通法的改变将会使完全无人驾驶汽车获得许可。它将把完全无人驾驶汽车与人类司机置于一个平等的法律基础。因此,他的提议有利于推进完全无人驾驶汽车的进程,故选B项。,-25-,A,B,C,3.Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?A.Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.B.Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.C.Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.D.Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.,D,解析推理判断题。根据第七段可知,当提到“完全无人驾驶汽车”时,人们期待的是完全没有司机的汽车,也就是说,人们认为,所谓的完全无人驾驶汽车不涉及人类的责任,故选D项。,-26-,A,B,C,4.Driverlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein.A.SingaporeB.theUKC.theUSD.Germany,C,解析细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的第一句“ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.”以及“Theidea.wouldgetabsolutelynowherehere.”可知,在美国,完全无人驾驶汽车被用作公共设施是不太可能的。故选C项。,-27-,A,B,C,5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.AutonomousDriving:WhoseLiability?B.FullyAutomaticCars:ANewBreakthroughC.AutonomousVehicles:DriverRemoved!D.DriverlessCars:RootofRoadAccidents,A,解析主旨大意题。纵观全文可知,文章主要是围绕自主驾驶车辆展开的讨论,并讨论了如果出现交通事故时的法律责任归属问题。故选A项。,-28-,A,B,C,(2016天津卷,D)Failureisprobablythemostexhaustingexperienceapersoneverhas.Thereisnothingmoretiringthannotsucceeding.Weexperiencethistirednessintwoways:asstart-upfatigue(疲惫)andperformancefatigue.Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskbecauseitiseithertooboringortoodifficult.Andthelongerwedelayit,themoretiredwefeel.Suchstart-upfatigueisveryreal,evenifnotactuallyphysical,notsomethinginourmusclesandbones.Thesolutionisobviousthoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst.,-29-,A,B,C,Yearsago,Iwasaskedtowrite102essaysonthegreatideasofsomefamousauthors.Applyingmyownrule,Ideterminedtowritetheminalphabeticalorder(按字母顺序),neverlettingmyselfleaveoutatoughidea.AndIalwaysstartedthedaysworkwiththedifficulttaskofessay-writing.Experienceprovedthattheruleworks.Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle.Thoughwillingtogetstarted,wecannotseemtodothejobright.Itsdifficultiesappearsogreatthat,howeverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.Insuchasituation,IworkashardasIcanthenlettheunconscioustakeover.WhenplanningEncyclopaediaBritannica(大英百科全书),Ihadtocreateatableofcontentsbasedonthetopicsofitsarticles.Nothinglikethishadeverbeendonebefore,anddayafterdayIkeptcomingupwithsolutions,butnoneofthemworked.Myfatiguebecamealmostunbearable.,-30-,A,B,C,Oneday,mentallyexhausted,Iwrotedownallthereasonswhythisproblemcouldnotbesolved.Itriedtoconvincemyselfthatthetroublewaswiththeproblemitself,notwithme.Relieved,Isatbackinaneasychairandfellasleep.Anhourlater,Iwokeupsuddenlywiththesolutionclearlyinmind.Intheweeksthatfollowed,thesolutionwhichhadcomeupinmyunconsciousmindprovedcorrectateverystep.ThoughIworkedashardasbefore,Ifeltnofatigue.Successwasnowasexcitingasfailurehadbeendepressing.Humanbeings,Ibelieve,musttrytosucceed.Success,then,meansneverfeelingtired.,-31-,A,B,C,【语篇导读】本文为一篇夹叙夹议文。你在完成一件事情时,是否感到过疲劳?其实只要我们克服了做事情的两种疲劳启动疲劳和执行疲劳,我们就能获得成功。,-32-,A,B,C,1.Peoplewithstart-upfatiguearemostlikelyto.A.delaytasksB.workhardC.seekhelpD.acceptfailure,A,解析细节理解题。由第二段第二句“Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskbecauseitiseithertooboringortoodifficult.”可知,在前一种情况下(启动疲劳),由于任务太枯燥或是太难,我们不断推迟任务开始的时间。故选A项。,-33-,A,B,C,2.Whatdoestheauthorrecommenddoingtopreventstart-upfatigue?A.Writingessaysinstrictorder.B.Buildingupphysicalstrength.C.Leavingoutthetoughestideas.D.Dealingwiththehardesttaskfirst.,D,解析细节理解题。由第三段最后一句“Thesolutionisobviousthough.:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst.”可知,作者认为应对启动疲劳的方法是先从最困难的工作开始。故选D项。,-34-,A,B,C,3.Onwhatoccasiondoesapersonprobablysufferfromperformancefatigue?A.Beforestartingadifficulttask.B.Whenallthesolutionsfail.C.Ifthejobisratherboring.D.Afterfindingawayout.,B,解析推理判断题。根据第五段第一句可知本段讲述performancefatigue;由第三句“Itsdifficultiesappearsogreatthat,howeverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.”可推知,在我们所有的方法都不能解决难题时,人们容易产生执行疲劳。故选B项。,-35-,A,B,C,4.Accordingtotheauthor,theunconsciousmindmayhelpus.A.ignorementalproblemsB.getsomenicesleepC.gaincompletereliefD.findtherightsolution,D,解析推理判断题。由倒数第二段第二句中的“thesolutionwhichhadcomeupinmyunconsciousmindprovedcorrectateverystep.”可推知,人们在潜意识下能够想到难题的解决方法。故选D项。,-36-,A,B,C,5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.SuccessIsBuiltuponFailureB.HowtoHandlePerformanceFatigueC.GettingoverFatigue:AWaytoSuccessD.Fatigue:AnEarlySignofHealthProblems,C,解析主旨大意题。文章介绍了人们工作时会遇到两种疲劳:启动疲劳和执行疲劳。作者结合自身经历告诉读者应对这两种疲劳的方法。最后得出结论:只要克服了这两种疲劳,人们就能获得成功。故C项最适合作文章标题。,-37-,A,B,C,HollandFinleyisaseniorattheUniversityofTexasinAustin.Shehasalwaysbeenanathlete,butatayoungageshehadnoideathathergrowthasacompetitorwouldhelphersetthepathforhergrowthasastudent,leader,andcommunitymember.Hollandhasbeeninvolvedinalargenumberofsportsherwholelife,butheronsetofasthma(哮喘)inmiddleschoolcausedhertoreevaluateherathleticpursuits.Insteadofgivingup,however,shedecidedtofocusonsportsthatrequiredmorestrengththanendurance(忍耐力).,-38-,A,B,C,Hollandquicklybegancheerleadingandwakeboarding(尾流跳板运动),andeventhoughshehadtosufferfromseriousinjuries,shebecameaJr.WomensWorldChampioninwakeboardingandmadetheUTCheersquad(小队)inherfreshmanyear.Shewonthe2013CollegiateWomensNationalCableWakeboardingChampionshiptitle.,-39-,A,B,C,WhileHollandscommitmenttoathleticsisstronglyinfluentialinherlife,itishercommitmenttoserviceandthecommunitythatmakesherspecial.Shechallengesherselftoexcelfurtherintheclassroomthanshedoesonthewater,andusesherdrivetohelpothers.Convincedbythepowerofwillandcreativity,Hollandhassoughttomakeadifferenceonhercampus.ShefoundedOrangeOutreachwithinUTsStudentGovernment.OrangeOutreachplansmonthlycommunitys