路由器与路由协议.ppt

第四章路由器与路由协议,路由器的功能与特性路由器的工作原理路由器的基本组成路由器的初始配置与管理,第四章路由器与路由协议,路由选择概述启动静态路由路由协议与算法典型路由协议的配置,第四章路由器的功能,路由处理转发数据包其它访问控制广播/组播控制WAN接入,路由器的工作原理,检查收到的包-解析目的地址并查找路由表-TTL-1-发送,RoutingTable,NET,INT,Metric,1,2,4,S0,S0,E0,1,0,0,1.0,4.0,1.3,E0,4.3,S0,2.2,E0,2.1,S0,4.1,4.2,1.1,1.2,RoutingTable,NET,INT,Metric,1,2,4,E0,S0,S0,0,0,1,路由器的工作原理,路由表包含路由器直连的网络和学习到的目的网络，可依据拓朴的变化调整,RoutedProtocol:IP,路由器的基本组成（硬件）,CPU（中央处量单元）：负责执行用户命令Flashmemory（闪存）：一种可擦写可编程的ROM内存。在许多路由器上，闪存可用来存放操作系统的镜像和路由器的配置文件副本。ROM（只读存储器）：加电诊断，引导操作系统软件。RAM（随机存储器）：存放路由表、执行分组缓冲，以及在路由器运行时为路由器配置文件提供内存I/Oport（输入/输出端口）：IP包进入和退出路由器的接口,路由器的基本组成（软件）,操作系统的镜像文件配置文件。,路由器体系结构的发展,第一代：共享总线式,CPU,内存,网卡,网卡,网卡,总线,路由器体系结构的发展,第二代：多处理器共享总线式,CPU,内存,缓存,总线,网络接口卡,从处理器,缓存,从处理器,缓存,从处理器,路由器体系结构的发展,第三代：多处理器交换式,CPU,内存,缓存,网络接口卡,从处理器,缓存,从处理器,缓存,从处理器,交换结构,路由器体系结构的发展,第四代：多转发引擎同时处理,主路由处理器,共享内存交叉开关阵列,网卡,网卡,网卡,转发引擎,转发引擎,转发引擎,制约路由器性能的因素,处理器的处理能力内存大小访问速度内部交换模块带宽,路由器的初始配置与管理,熟悉配置界面及帮助系统察看系统信息察看配置文件察看终端线察看接口状态,路由器的初始配置与管理,清除旧配置设置主机名设置密码配置接口Telnet的使用与管理配置文件与操作系统映像文件的管理,Unconfiguredversusconfiguredrouter,-SystemConfigurationDialog-Continuewithconfigurationdialog?yes/no:yesAtanypointyoumayenteraquestionmark?forhelp.Usectrl-ctoabortconfigurationdialogatanyprompt.Defaultsettingsareinsquarebrackets.,Setupmode,wg_ro_ccon0isnowavailablePressRETURNtogetstarted.,wg_ro_c,BootUpOutputfromtheRouter,Console,Setup:TheInitialConfigurationDialog,Router#setup-SystemConfigurationDialog-Continuewithconfigurationdialog?yes/no:yAtanypointyoumayenteraquestionmark?forhelp.Usectrl-ctoabortconfigurationdialogatanyprompt.Defaultsettingsareinsquarebrackets.Basicmanagementsetupconfiguresonlyenoughconnectivityformanagementofthesystem,extendedsetupwillaskyoutoconfigureeachinterfaceonthesystemWouldyouliketoenterbasicmanagementsetup?yes/no:n,SetupInterfaceSummary,First,wouldyouliketoseethecurrentinterfacesummary?yes:InterfaceIP-AddressOK?MethodStatusProtocolBRI0unassignedYESunsetadministrativelydowndownBRI0:1unassignedYESunsetadministrativelydowndownBRI0:2unassignedYESunsetadministrativelydowndownEthernet0unassignedYESunsetadministrativelydowndownSerial0unassignedYESunsetadministrativelydowndown,Interfacesfoundduringstartup,SetupGlobalParameters,Initialglobalparameters,Configuringglobalparameters:EnterhostnameRouter:wg_ro_cTheenablesecretisapasswordusedtoprotectaccesstoprivilegedEXECandconfigurationmodes.Thispassword,afterentered,becomesencryptedintheconfiguration.Enterenablesecret:ciscoTheenablepasswordisusedwhenyoudonotspecifyanenablesecretpassword,withsomeoldersoftwareversions,andsomebootimages.Enterenablepassword:sanfranThevirtualterminalpasswordisusedtoprotectaccesstotherouteroveranetworkinterface.Entervirtualterminalpassword:sanjoseConfigureSNMPNetworkManagement?no:,SetupGlobalParameters(cont.),Initialprotocolconfigurations,ConfigureLAT?yes:nConfigureAppleTalk?no:ConfigureDECnet?no:ConfigureIP?yes:ConfigureIGRProuting?yes:nConfigureRIProuting?no:ConfigureCLNS?no:ConfigureIPX?no:ConfigureVines?no:ConfigureXNS?no:ConfigureApollo?no:,SetupInterfaceParameters,BRIinterfaceneedsisdnswitch-typetobeconfiguredValidswitchtypesare:0none.OnlyifyoudontwanttoconfigureBRI.1basic-1tr6.1TR6switchtypeforGermany2basic-5ess.ATmaskis/24DoyouwanttoconfigureSerial0interface?no:,SetupScriptReviewandUse,Thefollowingconfigurationcommandscriptwascreated:hostnameRouterenablesecret5$1$/CCk$4r7zDwDNeqkxFO.kJxC3G0enablepasswordsanfranlinevty04passwordsanjosenosnmp-server!noappletalkroutingnodecnetroutingiproutingnoclnsroutingnoipxroutingnovinesroutingnoxnsroutingnoapolloroutingisdnswitch-typebasic-5ess,interfaceBRI0shutdownnoipaddress!interfaceEthernet0noshutdownipaddress1nomopenabled!interfaceSerial0shutdownnoipaddressend0GototheIOScommandpromptwithoutsavingthisconfig.1Returnbacktothesetupwithoutsavingthisconfig.2Savethisconfigurationtonvramandexit.Enteryourselection2:,Console,wg_ro_cwg_ro_cenablewg_ro_c#wg_ro_c#disablewg_ro_cwg_ro_clogout,wg_ro_ccon0isnowavailablePressRETURNtogetstarted.,Usermodeprompt,Privilegedmodeprompt,LoggingintotheRouter,Youcanabbreviateacommandtothefewestcharactersthatmakeauniquecharacterstring,RouterUserModeCommandList,wg_ro_c?Execcommands:access-enableCreateatemporaryAccess-ListentryatmsigExecuteAtmSignallingCommandscdChangecurrentdeviceclearResetfunctionsconnectOpenaterminalconnectiondirListfilesongivendevicedisableTurnoffprivilegedcommandsdisconnectDisconnectanexistingnetworkconnectionenableTurnonprivilegedcommandsexitExitfromtheEXEChelpDescriptionoftheinteractivehelpsystemlatOpenalatconnectionlockLocktheterminalloginLoginasaparticularuserlogoutExitfromtheEXEC-More-,wg_ro_c#?Execcommands:access-enableCreateatemporaryAccess-Listentryaccess-profileApplyuser-profiletointerfaceaccess-templateCreateatemporaryAccess-ListentrybfeFormanualemergencymodessettingcdChangecurrentdirectoryclearResetfunctionsclockManagethesystemclockconfigureEnterconfigurationmodeconnectOpenaterminalconnectioncopyCopyfromonefiletoanotherdebugDebuggingfunctions(seealsoundebug)deleteDeleteafiledirListfilesonafilesystemdisableTurnoffprivilegedcommandsdisconnectDisconnectanexistingnetworkconnectionenableTurnonprivilegedcommandseraseEraseafilesystemexitExitfromtheEXEChelpDescriptionoftheinteractivehelpsystem-More-,RouterPrivilegedModeCommandList,Youcancompleteacommandstringbytypingtheuniquecharacterstringthenpressingthetabkey,RouterCommandLineHelpFacilities,Context-SensitiveHelp,ConsoleErrorMessages,Identifyproblemswithroutercommandsincorrectlyenteredsothatyoucanalterorcorrectthem.,Allowsrecalloflongorcomplexcommandsorentriesforreentry,review,orcorrection.,CommandHistoryBuffer,Providesalistofcommandsandtheargumentsassociatedwithaspecificcommand.,RouterContext-SensitiveHelp,Router#,clok,TranslatingCLOK,%Unknowncommandorcomputername,orunabletofindcomputeraddress,Router#,cl?,clearclock,Router#,clock,%Incompletecommand.,Router#,clock?,setSetthetimeanddate,Router#,clockset,%Incompletecommand.,Router#,clockset?,hh:mm:ssCurrentTime,SymbolictranslationCommandpromptingLastcommandrecall,RouterContext-SensitiveHelp(cont.),Router#clok,TranslatingCLOK,%Unknowncommandorcomputername,orunabletofindcomputeraddress,Router#,clearclock,Router#,%Incompletecommand.,Router#,setSetthetimeanddate,Router#,%Incompletecommand.,Router#,hh:mm:ssCurrentTime,Router#,clockset19:56:00,%Incompletecommand.,Router#,clockset19:56:00?,Dayofthemonth,MONTHMonthoftheyear,Router#,clockset19:56:00048,%Invalidinputdetectedatthemarker,Router#,clockset19:56:0004August,%Incompletecommand.,Router#,clockset19:56:0004August?,Year,CommandpromptingSyntaxcheckingCommandprompting,(Automaticscrollingoflonglines).,Movetothebeginningofthecommandline.,Movetotheendofthecommandline.,Movebackoneword.,Moveforwardonecharacter.,Movebackonecharacter.,Moveforwardoneword.,UsingEnhancedEditingCommands,Deleteasinglecharacter.,Router$valueforcustomers,employees,andpartners.,Ctrl-PorUparrow,Last(previous)commandrecall,Ctrl-NorDownarrow,Morerecentcommandrecall,Routershowhistory,Showcommandbuffercontents,Routerterminalhistorysizelines,Setsessioncommandbuffersize,ReviewingRouterCommandHistory,showversionCommand,wg_ro_a#showversionCiscoInternetworkOperatingSystemSoftwareIOS(tm)2500Software(C2500-JS-L),Version12.0(3),RELEASESOFTWARE(fc1)Copyright(c)1986-1999byciscoSystems,Inc.CompiledMon08-Feb-9918:18byphanguyeImagetext-base:0 x03050C84,data-base:0 x00001000ROM:SystemBootstrap,Version11.0(10c),SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH:3000BootstrapSoftware(IGS-BOOT-R),Version11.0(10c),RELEASESOFTWARE(fc1)wg_ro_auptimeis20minutesSystemrestartedbyreloadSystemimagefileisflash:c2500-js-l_120-3.bin(outputomitted)-More-Configurationregisteris0 x2102,ViewingtheConfiguration,Console,IOS,Setuputility,showstartup-config,showrunning-config,SetupsavestheconfigurationtoNVRAM,Config,Config,RAM,NVRAM,showrunningandshowstartupCommands,wg_ro_c#showstartup-configUsing1359outof32762bytes!version12.0!-More-,wg_ro_c#showrunning-configBuildingconfiguration.Currentconfiguration:!version12.0!-More-,InNVRAM,InRAM,Displaycurrentandsavedconfiguration,OverviewofRouterModes,Router(config)#,Routerenable,Router#configterm,Exit,Ctrl-Z(end),UserEXECmodePrivilegedEXECmodeGlobalconfigurationmode,ConfigurationMode,Prompt,InterfaceRouter(config-if)#SubinterfaceRouter(config-subif)#ControllerRouter(config-controller)#LineRouter(config-line)#RouterRouter(config-router)#IPXrouterRouter(config-ipx-router)#,SavingConfigurations,wg_ro_c#wg_ro_c#copyrunning-configstartup-configDestinationfilenamestartup-config?Buildingconfigurationwg_ro_c#,CopythecurrentconfigurationtoNVRAM,ConfiguringRouterIdentification,RouterName,Router(config)#hostnamewg_ro_cwg_ro_c(config)#,InterfaceDescription,wg_ro_c(config)#interfaceethernet0wg_ro_c(config-if)#descriptionEngineeringLAN,Bldg.18,Router(config)#lineconsole0Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)#passwordcisco,ConsolePassword,VirtualTerminalPassword,Router(config)#linevty04Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)#passwordsanjose,EnablePassword,Router(config)#enablepasswordcisco,SecretPassword,Router(config)#enablesecretsanfran,RouterPasswordConfiguration,加密所有的密码,Router(config)#servicepassword-encryption,OtherConsoleLineCommands,Router(config)#lineconsole0Router(config-line)#exec-timeout00,Preventsconsolesessiontimeout,Router(config)#interfacetypenumberRouter(config-if)#,ConfiguringanInterface,typeincludesserial,ethernet,tokenring,fddi,hssi,loopback,dialer,null,async,atm,bri,andtunnelnumberisusedtoidentifyindividualinterfaces,Quitfromcurrentinterfaceconfigurationmode,Router(config)#interfacetypeslot/portRouter(config-if)#,Formodularrouters,ConfiguringaSerialInterface,Enterglobalconfigurationmode,Router(config-if)#clockrate64000Router(config-if)#,Router(config)#interfaceserial0Router(config-if)#,Router#configuretermRouter(config)#,Router(config-if)#bandwidth64Router(config-if)#exitRouter(config)#exitRouter#,Specifyinterface,Setclockrate(onDCEinterfacesonly),Setbandwidth(recommended),Router#showinterfaceserial0Serial0isup,lineprotocolisupHardwareisHD64570Internetaddressis/24MTU1500bytes,BW64Kbit,DLY20000usec,rely255/255,load1/255EncapsulationHDLC,loopbacknotset,keepaliveset(10sec)Lastinput00:00:09,output00:00:04,outputhangneverLastclearingofshowinterfacecountersneverInputqueue:0/75/0(size/max/drops);Totaloutputdrops:0Queueingstrategy:weightedfairOutputqueue:0/1000/64/0(size/maxtotal/threshold/drops)Conversations0/1/256(active/maxactive/maxtotal)ReservedConversations0/0(allocated/maxallocated)5minuteinputrate0bits/sec,0packets/sec5minuteoutputrate0bits/sec,0packets/sec(outputomitted),VerifyingYourChanges,DisablingorEnablinganInterface,Router#configuretermRouter(config)#interfaceserial0Router(config-if)#noshutdown%LINK-3-UPDOWN:InterfaceSeria0,changedstatetoup%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN:LineProtocolonInterfaceSerial0,changedstatetoup,Enablesaninterfacethatisadministrativelyshutdown,Router#configuretermRouter(config)#interfaceserial0Router(config-if)#shutdown%LINK-5-CHANGED:InterfaceSerial0,changedstatetoadministrativelydown%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN:LineprotocolonInterfaceSerial0,changedstatetodown,Administrativelyturnsoffaninterface,Router#showinterfacesserial1Serial1isup,lineprotocolisupHardwareisHD64570Description:64KbLinetoSanJose:,Operational.Connectionproblem.Interfaceproblem.Disabled.,Serial1isup,lineprotocolisupSerial1isup,lineprotocolisdownSerial1isdown,lineprotocolisdownSerial1isadministrativelydown,lineprotocolisdown,Keepalives,CarrierDetect,InterpretingInterfaceStatus,SerialInterfaceshowcontrollerCommand,Router#showcontrollerserial0HDunit0,idb=0 x121C04,driverstructureat0 x127078buffersize1524HDunit0,V.35DTEcable.,Showscabletypeofserialcables,RouterIPAddressConfiguration,AssignsanaddressandsubnetmaskStartsIPprocessingonarouterinterface,Router(config-if)#ipaddressip-addresssubnet-mask,UsingTelnettoConnecttoRemoteDevices,Remotedevice,SwitchB,RouterA,RouterB,SwitchA,,,,,,,S0,S1,RouterA#telnetTrying.Open-Catalyst1900ManagementConsoleCopyright(c)CiscoSystems,Inc.1993-1998Allrightsreserved.EnterpriseEditionSoftwareEthernetAddress:00-90-86-73-33-40PCANumber:73-2239-06PCASerialNumber:FAA02359H8KModelNumber:WS-C1924-ENSystemSerialNumber:FAA0237X0FQ.SwitchB,ViewingTelnetConnections,SwitchB,RouterA,RouterB,SwitchA,,,,,,,S0,S1,RouterA#shsessionConnHostAddressByteIdleConnName0*00RouterA#shuserLineUserHost(s)IdleLocation*0con03211vty0idle,SuspendingaTelnetSession,SwitchB,RouterA,RouterB,SwitchA,,,,,,,S0,S1,RouterB#xRouterA#shsessionConnHostAddressByteIdleConnName0RouterA#resume1RouterB#,RouterA#disconnectClosingconnectiontoconfirmRouterA#clearline11confirmOK,ClosingaTelnetSession,Closingasessionopenedbyaremotedevice,Closingthecurrentsessionopenedbyyou,SwitchB,RouterA,RouterB,SwitchA,,,,,10.2.2.