医学专业英语.ppt

TheCancerKiller,YaoQiangRenalDivision,RenjiHospital,SSMU2005.5,Wordsintheshort,Treatmentwithdrugsthatkillcancercells.ChemotherapyTheuseofhigh-energyradiationfromx-rays,gammarays,neutrons,andothersourcestokillcancercellsandshrinktumors.RadiotherapyRadiationmaycomefromamachineoutsidethebody(external-beamradiationtherapy),oritmaycomefromradioactivematerialplacedinthebodynearcancercells(internalradiationtherapy,implantradiation,orbrachytherapy).Systemicradiotherapyusesaradioactivesubstance,suchasaradiolabeledmonoclonalantibody,thatcirculatesthroughoutthebody.Alsocalledradiationtherapy.Treatmentusingmorethanoneanticancerdrug.Chemicalcombination(combinationchemotherapy),Wordsintheshort,Cancerthatstartsinblood-formingtissuesuchasthebonemarrow,andcauseslargenumbersofbloodcellstobeproducedandenterthebloodstream.LeukemiaAbnormalcellsthatareconfinedtotheductsorlobulesinthebreast.BreastcancerAmalignantdiseaseofthelymphaticsystemthatischaracterizedbypainlessenlargementoflymphnodes,thespleen,orotherlymphatictissue.Othersymptomsmayincludefever,weightloss,fatigue,ornightsweats.AlsocalledHodgkinslymphoma.HodgkindiseaseThyroidcancerSkincancer,Wordsintheshort,Inmedicine,animprovementrelatedtotreatmentResponse有反应Thereturnofsignsandsymptomsofcancerafteraperiodofimprovement.Relapse复发Adecreaseinordisappearanceofsignsandsymptomsofcancer.Remission缓解Inpartialremission,some,butnotall,signsandsymptomsofcancerhavedisappeared.Incompleteremission,allsignsandsymptomsofcancerhavedisappeared,althoughcancerstillmaybeinthebody.Acellfromwhichothertypesofcellsdevelop.Bloodcellsdevelopfromblood-formingstemcells.Stemcells干细胞Bonemarrowtransplantation骨髓移植Breakthrough突破Lifethreatening威胁生命,Wordsintheshort,Cancerthatdoesnotrespondtotreatment.Drugresistant抗药物性AnychangeintheDNAofacell.Mutation突变Mutationsmaybecausedbymistakesduringcelldivision,ortheymaybecausedbyexposuretoDNA-damagingagentsintheenvironment.Mutationscanbeharmful,beneficial,orhavenoeffect.Iftheyoccurincellsthatmakeeggsorsperm,theycanbeinherited;ifmutationsoccurinothertypesofcells,theyarenotinherited.Certainmutationsmayleadtocancerorotherdiseases.Adoctorwhospecializesintreatingcancer.Oncologist肿瘤学家Someoncologistsspecializeinaparticulartypeofcancertreatment.Forexample,aradiationoncologistspecializesintreatingcancerwithradiationDonor捐者Interferon干扰素Interleukin白介素,Thequestionsfortheshort,Whatisthemeaningofcancerkiller?Wherewastheword“cancer”from?Howmanytherapiestothecancer?,VincentTDeVita,Jr,MD,DrDeVitaearnedhisBScattheCollegeofWilliamandMaryin1957andhisMDdegreeatGeorgeWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicinein1961.DrDeVitawasinstrumentalindevelopingcombinationchemotherapyprogramssuchasthefour-drugcombinationknownbytheacronymMOPP,whichledtotheeffectiveregimenofpotentiallycurativechemotherapyforHodgkinsdiseaseanddiffuselarge-celllymphomas.isthefirstappointeetothepostofTheAmyandJosephPerellaProfessorofMedicineatYaleUniversity,inrecognitionofhisoutstandingcontributionstocancerresearchandtreatment.DrDeVitaandhiscolleaguesplayedamajorroleindevelopingsimilartreatmentsforotherlymphomasandforovarianandbreastcancers.,TheFredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenter,TheFredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenterisaworldleaderinresearchtounderstand,treatandpreventcancerandotherlife-threateningdiseases.,WhoisFredHutchinson?,TheFredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenterwasfoundedbyDr.WilliamHutchinsoninhonorofhisbrother,Fred,aformermajorleaguebaseballplayerandmanager,whodiedoflungcanceratage45.TheHutchAwardispresentedannuallytoamajorleaguebaseballplayerwhoexemplifiesthefightingspiritandcompetitivedesireofFredHutchinson.,Nobellaureatesinthecenter,NobelPrizeinphysiologyormedicine(2004),NobelPrizeinphysiologyormedicine(2001),NobelPrizeinphysiologyormedicine(1990),MedicalBreakthroughsandResearchFirsts,TransplantationBone-marrowtransplantation,whichhasprovidedacuretothousandsofleukemiapatientsworldwideandboostedsurvivalratesfromnearlyzerotoashighas80percent.Mini-transplantation,alesstoxicformofstem-celltransplantationthatofferslifesavingtreatmenttoolderpeopleandthoseunabletotoleratetherigorsofhigh-dosetreatmentregimens.Applicationofstem-celltransplantationtoavarietyofcancersandgeneticandimmunedisorderssuchasmultiplesclerosis,sclerodermaandlymphoma.,MedicalBreakthroughsandResearchFirsts,World-wideImpactFredHutchinsontrainsphysiciansfrommanycountriesinbone-marrowandstem-celltransplantation,whichmakestheselifesavingtherapiesavailabletotensofthousandsofpatientseachyear.Morethan300graduateandpostdoctoralstudentsarealsotrainedatthecentereachyear.Thecentertreatspatientsfromallovertheworld.Morethan8,000bone-marrowandstem-celltransplantshavebeenperformedatFredHutchinsonanditstreatmentpartnership,theSeattleCancerCareAlliance.Morethan1millionpeopleworldwidehaveparticipatedinpublic-healthstudiesledbyFredHutchinsonresearchers.Thecentercancerpreventionresearchprogramisamodelforotherinstitutionsaroundtheglobe.FredHutchinsonisthecoordinatingsiteformanynationalandinternationalresearchstudies,suchastheWomenHealthInitiative,themostfar-reachingstudyeverdevotedtowomenhealth,andtheHIVVaccineTrialsNetwork,aglobalefforttodevelopandtestsuccessfulHIVvaccines.CenterresearcherstookpartinastudythatfoundthatasingledoseofaninexpensivedrugcansignificantlyreducetransmissionofHIVfromUgandanmotherstotheirinfants.,MedicalBreakthroughsandResearchFirsts,TargetedCellTreatmentsThemonoclonalantibodythatledtoMylotarg:thefirstFDA-approved,antibody-targetedchemotherapy.Thedrugisalesstoxicandmoreeffectiveformofcancertreatmentthanstandardchemotherapy.Atechnique,developedincollaborationwithUW,todeliverradiationdirectlytocancercellsusingradiolabeledantibodies,whichspareshealthytissue.Anewtreatmentfornon-Hodgkinslymphomabasedonantibody-targetedtherapy,anapproachnowusedtotreatthousandsofpeopleannually.Apromisingtreatmentforpatientswithdeadlymetastaticmelanoma,whichusesaninfusionofimmune-systemcellstotargetthecancer.,MedicalBreakthroughsandResearchFirsts,ImprovedDetectionAmethodofmonitoringcancerriskandonsetinpatientswiththeprecancerousconditionBarrettesophagus.Thetechniquehasboostedsurvivalratesforesophagealcancerfrom5percenttomorethan80percent.Aproteinmarkerintheblood,discoveredwithpartnersatthePacificNorthwestResearchInstitute,thatmayallowformoreaccurateearlydetectionofovariancancer.Adiagnostictestthatindicateswhetherawomanwithbreastcancerwouldbenefitfromaggres