外文翻译--冷藏运输的早期尝试

附 录 A 英文文献 Early attempts at refrigerated transport Attempts were made during the mid-19th century to ship agricultural products by rail. As early as 1842, the Western Railroad of Massachusetts was reported in the June 15 edition of the Boston Traveler to be experimenting with innovative freight car designs capable of carrying all types of perishable goods without spoilage.2 The first refrigerated boxcar entered service in June 1851, on the Northern Railroad (New York) (or NRNY, which later became part of the Rutland Railroad). This icebox on wheels was a limited success since it was only functional in cold weather. That same year, the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad (O&LC) began shipping butter to Boston in purpose-built freight cars, utilizing ice for cooling.The first consignment of dressed beef left the Chicago stock yards in 1857 in ordinary boxcars retrofitted with bins filled with ice. Placing meat directly against ice resulted in discoloration and affected the taste, and proved impractical. During the same period Swift experimented by moving cut meat using a string of ten boxcars with their doors removed, and made a few test shipments to New York during the winter months over the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR). The method proved too limited to be practical.The interior of a typical ice-bunker reefer from the 1920s. The wood sheathing was replaced by plywood within twenty years. Vents in the bunker at the end of the car, along with slots in the wood floor racks, allowed cool air to circulate around the contentsDetroits William Davis patented a refrigerator car that employed metal racks to suspend the carcasses above a frozen mixture of ice and salt. He sold the design in 1868 to George H. Hammond, a Detroit meat packer, who built a set of cars to transport his products to Boston using ice from the Great Lakes for cooling.3 The load had the tendency of swinging to one side when the car entered a curve at high speed, and use of the units was discontinued after several derailments. In 1878 Swift hired engineer Andrew Chase to design a ventilated car that was well insulated, and positioned the ice in a compartment at the top of the car, allowing the chilled air to flow naturally downward.4 The meat was packed tightly at the bottom of the car to keep the center of gravity low and to prevent the cargo from shifting. Chases design proved to be a practical solution to providing temperature-controlled carriage of dressed meats, and allowed Swift and Company to ship their products across the United Sta tes and internationally.Swifts attempts to sell Chases design to major railroads were rebuffed, as the companies feared that they would jeopardize their considerable investments in stock cars, animal pens, and feedlots if refrigerated meat transport gained wide acceptance. In response, Swift financed the initial production run on his own, then when the American roads refused his business he contracted with the GTR (a railroad that derived little income from transporting live cattle) to haul the cars into Michigan and then eastward through Canada. In 1880 the Peninsular Car Company (subsequently purchased by ACF) delivered the first of these units to Swift, and the Swift Refrigerator Line (SRL) was created. Within a year the Lines roster had risen to nearly 200 units, and Swift was transporting an average of 3,000 carcasses a week to Boston, Massachusetts. Competing firms such as Armour and Company quickly followed suit. By 1920 the SRL owned and operated 7,000 of the ice-cooled rail cars. The General American Transportation Corporation would assume ownership of the line in 1930. 附 录 B 文献翻译 冷藏运输的早期尝试 19世纪中 夜人们做了很多 由铁路运送农产品 的尝试， 早在 1842年初，马萨诸塞州西部在 6月 15日 报道 波士顿 实验室设计出新型的 旅客与货运汽车 具有不腐坏携带各类易腐货物的能力。第一个进入冷藏棚车服务 1851年 6月，在北方铁路（纽约）这种 “车轮上的冰箱 ”是一个有限的成功，因为它只有在寒冷的天气功能。 就在同一年，奥格登斯堡和尚普兰湖铁路（海外及立法会）开始出货的专用货车到波士顿奶油，利用冷却冰。 牛肉的穿着 1857年第一批离开冰满与普通货车车厢改装的垃圾桶芝加哥股票交易所码。配售对冰肉直接导致变色，影响口感，并证明是不切实际的。在同一时期斯威夫特实验时使用移动分割肉用自己拆除了十货车车厢门串，并在过大干线铁路（ GTR）的冬季，一些测试运往纽约。该方法被证明是极为有限，是可行的。 一个典型的冰从 1920沙坑冷藏室内。护套的木材胶合板取代了未来 20 年内。在 AT 的车底掩体风口伴随着木地板架槽，让凉爽的空气流通 周围 contentsDetroit 的威廉戴维斯发明了一种冷藏车聘用的金属架，暂停以上的冰和盐的冷冻混合物的尸体 。 他卖掉了在 1868年设计，乔治 H.哈蒙德，底特律肉类包装商，建立了一个集汽车运输自己的产品到波士顿进行冷却。负载使用来自大湖区的冰有一个趋势摆动的一面，当汽车进入了一个高速曲线，和使用单位停止了经过几次出轨。 1878年聘请了工程师安德鲁斯威夫特大通设计通风良好的车是绝缘的，并放置在汽车的顶部在冰室，让空气流通的冰鲜自然下调。肉的包装，紧紧汽车的底部，以保持低重心，防止转移货物。大通的设计被证明是 一个切实可行的解决办法提供温度控制的穿着肉类运输，并允许斯威夫特和船公司在美国和国际上他们的产品。 斯威夫特的企图出售大通的设计，主要铁路是拒绝，因为公司担心他们会危及库存车，他们的动物笔相当大的投资，如果冷冻肉和饲养场运输得到广泛的承认。作为回应，斯威夫特资助了自己的初始生产，然后运行 - 当美国拒绝了