专题1 名词、代词、数词、冠词、主谓一致 2013.doc

专题一 名词、代词、数词、冠词、主谓一致名词一、名词所有格1.名词所有格的构成（1）-s（主要用于人、国家、动物，也有例外） 在单数名词或不以s结尾的复数名词后 Toms sister Womens Day 在s或es结尾的复数名词后 the workers club 在复合名词和作为整体的名词词组后 the go-betweens husband two hours and a halfs walk比较：Toms and Nancys mothers Tom and Nancys mother（2）of+名词无生命的拥有者 the roof of the church2. 名词所有格的两种形式使用有时可以通用 表示有生命的东西 the horses tail= the tail of the horse 表示国家、城市、地区的名词 the countrys plan = the plan of the country 表示机构的名称 the schools future = the future of the school 表示天体的名词 the suns diameter = the diameter of the sun3.名词所有格所修饰的词有时可以省略 the chemists, the dentists4.双重所有格 a friend of my fathers二、名词复数的不规则变化1. 可数名词的数（1）单复不同 foot ( feet ) ox (oxen)（2）单复相同 deer, Chinese, sheep（3）集合名词（集体名词）class/ family / team/ committee / crew / staff比较：Our class is a pleasant one. The class are very friendly to each other.（4）以-s结尾，仍为单数的名词 physics, maths（5）复合名词的复数形式daughters-in-law/ grown-ups/ girl students / women nurses注： 可数名词的复数形式可以由冠词、零冠词、除one以外的基数词以及一些限定词修饰。有些词和词组必须用复数 goods 货物 / forces 军队/ works 工厂/ manners 礼貌 make friends with / take turns/ give regards to2、不可数名词的数可以通过一些单位量词来计数：如：a piece of news a flash of hope a gust of wind有些单位量词可以来计数可数名词： a pair of scissors a set of books例题解析1. The young dancer looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _ pictures of them.A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of2. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _ of desert _ covered the land.A. number; has B. quantity; hasC. number; have D. quantity; have3、物质名词的数 物质名词一般做不可数名词，但有时其复数形式代表了不同的词义。 sand/ sands沙滩 water / waters水域4、专有名词的数 专有名词一般无复数形式，除非其本身就是复数名词，如 the United States，但姓氏的复数可表示一家人或同名同姓的几个人。 the Smiths Mr. Smiths代词一、在比较级的句子中than, as 后用主格、宾格都可以。（但有时有区别） My mother loves my sister more than I. My mother loves my sister more than me.二、两个以上人称代词并列，其次序排列顺序原则。 you, she and I三、she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。 The ship has been used for a long time, so she will retire after this voyage.四、thisthat的用法：1.this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物，that (those)反而亦之。2. this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用，that反而亦之。 I want to tell you this: the English party will be held tomorrow. He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt come.3.为了避免重复，常用that 或those代替前面已经提过的名词。 The weather in BJ is colder than that in SH.五、such和same的用法：1.such指“这样的”人或事物，在句中做主语或定语。2. same指“同样的”人或事物，在句中做主语、表语、宾语和定语。六、any的用法1.与句中表示否定的副词连用。( hardly, scarcely, seldom) There is hardly any milk in this bottle.2. 句中含有一些表示否定意义的结构。( too-to ) The mountain is too high for any of us to climb up3.在条件句中或在含有whetherif引导的宾语从句中。 If there is any information for anyone, please tell me.七、one和ones的用法：1. 可以做定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”，所有格是ones，反身代词是oneself.2. 可以代替前面提到的名词，一避免重复，可用thisthatthesethose修饰。八、it的用法：1.代替前面提到的短语、从句或动词2.可以充当形式主语，后跟that 从句 it seems, it appears, , it happens It seems that he has arrived here now. 3. it与one的区别 it指代上文同类同一事物，one表示同类，但不同的另一事物 That is a book on the desk. It is red. That is a good book. I need one.4. it 与that, which 的区别 it 充当形式主语，形式宾语，不能用that 在定语从句中，关系代词只能用that 和which, 在强调句型中只能用that It was at our school gate that I met an old friend. 表示猜测看不清楚的人例题解析：Both sides have accused _ of breaking the contract.A. another B. the otherC. neither D. each数词一、年月的表示： 1. the 1900s=the 1900s 2. the 1980s=the 1980s二、分数： two thirds one and a half例题解析：This rope is _ as long as that one.A. second-third B. two-thirdC. two-threes D. two thirds三、小数：1. 整数部分为零时，可省略不读。2.当小数后接名词时，值大于1，名词用复数；反而亦之。四、百分数：1.构成：a percentage of / twenty percent2.常与by, to连用，在句中做状语: The price was reduced by thirty percent.五、dozen/ score的用法：1.之前加上大于1的基数词，依然用单数形式。 two dozen pens2.其复数形式+of表示“几十个或很多” scores of bottles六、倍数的表达：1.基数词+times as +形、副原级+as2.基数词+times +形、副比较级+than3.基数词+times the +表示大小、数量的名词+ofthree times the size of that one冠词一、不定冠词： 用于价格、速度、比率等的词组中。 sixty miles an hour four times a day二、定冠词的特殊用法：1. “the+单数名词”可表示一类人或事物，后动词用单数。The computer calculates faster than the brain.2. 在海洋、河流、群岛、山脉、沙漠、地区等专有名词前以及本身为复数形式的国名前。 the Atlantic / the Netherlands / the Thames三、零冠词1. 泛指可数名词复数，抽象名词和物质名词。 Man is great. 2. 语言或学科名词前。 French is my favorite language.四、冠词之差，意义有别。 at table / at the table例题解析1. As a rule, domestic servants doing odd jobs are paid _.A. by the hourB. by hourC. by an hourD. by hours2. An accident happened at _ crossroads a few meters away from _ bank. A. a; aB./; aC./; theD. the;/3. The cakes are delicious. Hed like to have _ third one because _ second one is rather too small. A. a; aB, the; the C. a; the D. the; a4._ recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U. S. would be higher than the number of English speakers by_year 2090. A. A; the B.A;/C. The;/ D. The; a主谓一致一、含有and的表达：1. and/ bothand,指单数意义，动词用单数 Ham and eggs （火腿肠） is a good breakfast.2.含and的省略结构,意义为复数，动词用复数 What to say and think are none of your business.3.表示整体概念的并列结构，后动词用单数 law and order, a watch and chain, the worker and poet4.eachand each/everyand every/ noand no/ many a and many a的结构，动词用单数 Every boy and every girl has to finish the work.二、population的使用1. a /the population of ，动词用单数2. 分数+population， 动词用复数三、集体名词做主语1. 作复数的：police, people ,cattle, dozen,动词用复数2. 作不可数名词的：machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise，动词用单数3. 作为整体，谓语动词用单数；指成员，谓语动词用复数： audience, committee, class, club, crew, family, government, group, team, staff.四、以表示非确定数量的名词词组做主语1. 如果名词词组的中心词是all, most, half, rest 等词，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之用单数。 All of the students are very happy. All sounds very strange to me.2. a large quantity of 修饰可数名词和不可数名词，其短语做主语，谓语动词用单数。3. 如果主语是代词some,谓语动词用复数；若主语是such（此时可视为倒装），谓语单复数由其后的表语单复数决定。 Such are the facts. Such is the reason.五、以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1.以-s结尾的名词如：arms, clothes, contents, fireworks, goods, stairs, thanks, wages等，通常作复数。2. 以-ings 结尾的名词如：belongings, surroundings, earnings,通常作复数。3. 以-s结尾的单、复数同形的名词，谓语动词的单复数取决于这些名词的单复情况，如： means, series, species, works. Every means has been tried. All means have been tried.4. 名词所有格后的名词被省，这种情况一般是指商店、 工厂、住宅、等，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。 The bakers is not far from my home.5. 表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但作主语时，谓语动词常常用复数。如：Richardsons have a lot of goods to sell.六、不定代词作主语1. either, neither, each, one, the other, another, any-, some-, no-, every-, no one, little, a little作主语时，被看为单数，谓语动词用单数。2. some, most, all, any, a lot of, plenty等用来代替复数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词与其后的名词形式保持一致。 Some of the apples are good. Some of the sand is hard.七、主语若是书名、剧名、 报刊杂志名称时，即使名词是复数形式，谓语动词还是用作单数。 The Seven Dwarfs is a very interesting story.八、定语从句先行词的单复数决定从句中谓语动词的单复数情况。Those who want to go should sign your names here. He is one of the students who are good at maths.九、以“the only one / every