第六讲 英语句子的宾语.doc

第六讲 英语句子中动词的宾语一、 动词宾语的定义及形式选择（一）当一个英语句子谓语部分的主要动词是及物动词或者说被用作及物动词的时候，它就必须要带宾语。简言之，宾语，又称受词，是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者。 （二）和主语一样，宾语的形式也是多种多样的。宾语可由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，也可以由一个句子来充当，称之为宾语从句。请看下列例句：（60页）Many Chinese speak English today. （名词）Do not touch or climb climb+adv./prep.: I climbed through the window. Sue climbed into bed. Can you climb down? The boys climbed over the wall. on the works of art. (p. 62)Jack is selfish and nobody likes him.（代词）Please stop talking.（动名词）Do you mind my/me smoking here? The rain prevented his coming. 下雨使他不能来。Excuse my opening your letter by mistake. 原谅我不慎把你的信拆开。（当动名词作宾语时，动名词表示的动作的执行者（即该动作的逻辑主语）可以出现，形式为宾格代词或物主代词。）My brother intends to write a new book.（不定式）If you would like to contact the Teacher Resource Specialist, please call 232 8281. (p. 62)The student wondered what to do next/how to continue the experiment.（疑问词+不定式）We consider it wise for Jack to withdraw from the contest.Someone will arrange it for you to visit us soon.He considered it his duty to take care of the child.They make it their practice to watch performances.（当不定式作宾语时带有补语时，一般需要借助形式宾语it来实现。）I cant understand what you mean/why you think that way.（从句）Please touch all you like, but for your own safety, please do not climb. (p. 62)I think it a scandal that theres so much racial prejudice still about.*No one understood what did May say at the meeting.True or false? The position of the object is filled by a nominal expression. (p. 61) 二、动词宾语的类型及物动词的宾语可分为：单宾语（single object）、双宾语（double object）和复杂宾语（complex object）。（一）双宾语包括直接宾语（direct object）和间接宾语（indirect object）。间接宾语一般置于直接宾语之前，但为强调或太长时，也可置于直接宾语后由介词引导。A holiday here will do you a lot of good. / will do a lot of good to you.My parents gave me a wonderful gift for my birthday.True or false? All English sentences have an object. (p. 61)请看课本66页练习3。（二）复杂宾语由宾语和宾语补足语两部分组成，在意义上它们等于一个名词分句的主语和谓语。其中宾补可以有多种表达形式，如：My friends call me Jim.（名词）She held her niece a captive for several years.We call him an ass.I have wished myself a great scientist.We reckoned them friends.They elected him chairman of the club.I appointed him my successor.They named the baby Ronald.I found his report interesting.（形容词）Ill hold you responsible.Leave the door open.People who did not like him called him dull.He professed himself unable to explain it.That would drive him mad.He said waltzes made him dizzy.We tried him and declared him innocent.They proclaimed the man guilty.We went to her house but we found her out.（副词）I only gave you a tap. Do you call that beating?（动名词）I felt my heart beating violently. （现在分词）I caught him stealing.I shall soon get the machine working.We must get them repaired.He went to have a cavity filled and had an injection.You need your eyesight tested.Did you ever see a kitten drowned?Pats story made the children laugh a lot.（不定式）The manager let us watch the actors rehearsing.I saw him drive off.The teacher told the students to keep quiet.A noise caused me to jump back.They pressed me to stay another week.Our teacher does not allow cheating to go unpunished.Her mother made her what she is.（从句）I dont believe the house what it was ten years ago.*注：当see, hear, feel, notice, watch等的宾语补足语为不定式时，表示动作的完成，为现在分词时，暗示动作为完成。如：I saw him walk across the road.(from one side to the other)I saw him walking across the road. (on the way across)I heard the clock strike. (I heard the whole strike.)I heard the clock striking. (I heard only part of the whole stroke.)True or false? By a complex object, we refer to an object that is very complex, involving the use of many modifiers. (p. 61)三、动词宾语的意义选择正如主语并不总是动作的执行者一样，英语句子中主要动词的宾语并不总是某种行为的接受者或目标。换言之，就意义类型而言，宾语的种类也可以多种多样的。如：（61页）（8） The farmer loaded hay onto the truck.The farmer loaded the truck with hay.（9） They charged Ted with theft.They charged theft against Ted.（10）Paul blamed himself for the failure.Paul blames the failure on/onto himself.（仿照例8，分析例9和例10。）从上述例子可以看出，英语句子的宾语是指主要动词表示的行为以某种方式对其产生影响的某人或某事。试判断下列句子主要动词后面的成分是否是宾语：The film lasted two hours.The chair weighs 100 pounds.（检测的另一种方法：转换为被动语态。试将上述例句进行语态转换。）True or false? Not all noun phrases following the main verbs are objects. (p. 61)*注：英语中有些不及物动词用作及物动词时，后面要接所谓的同源宾语（cognate Having the same origin as another word or language同源的，同族的，同语系的 object）。同源宾语前通常带有定语。如：（62页练习2）Hearing this, the girl laughed a bitter laugh.Last night I slept a sound sleep.She smiled her charming smile她迷人地微笑着。The old man coughed a terrible cough老人咳嗽得很厉害。She danced a charming dance她跳了一段迷人的舞蹈。I dreamed a terrible dream last night. 昨晚，我做了一个恶梦。In the past, Chinese farmer lived a hard life.He prayed an earnest prayer他虔诚地祈祷。Professor Smith died a sudden death last Wednesday.（语气更强些）（= Professor Smith died suddenly last Wednesday.）史密斯教授上星期三突然去世了。补充练习：一、补充：（一）通常接动名词作宾语的动词有：admit 承认advise 建议allow 允许appreciate 感激avoid 避免consider 考虑delay 推迟deny 否认discuss 讨论dislike 不喜欢enjoy 喜爱escape 逃脱excuse 原谅fancy 设想finish 完成forbid 禁止forgive 原谅give up 放弃imagine 想像keep 保持mention 提及mind 介意miss 没赶上pardon 原谅permit 允许practise 练习prevent 阻止prohibit 禁止put off 推迟report 报告risk 冒险stop 停止suggest 建议understand 理解等等。例如：I advise waiting a few more days. 我建议再等几天。I admit breaking the window. 我承认窗子是我打破的。Try to imagine being on the moon. 设法想像你是在月球上。He tried to escape being punished. 他设法逃避惩罚。You shouldnt keep thinking about it. 你不应老想着这事。Would you mind going with her? 你可否同她一起去?I cant understand neglecting children like that. 对孩子那样毫不经心，我不能理解。We only missed seeing each other by five minutes. 我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。【注意】有的动词(如advise, allow, forbid, permit等)后虽然不能直接跟不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：（63页练习5a,b）He advised buying a computer. 他建议买台电脑。He advised her to buy a computer. 他建议她买台电脑。有些动词(如consider, understand, discuss等)虽不接不定式作宾语，却可接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。如：Have you considered how to get there? 你是否考虑过如何到那儿去?She doesnt understand how to look after him. 她不知道应如何照顾他。We discussed what to do and where we should go. 我们讨论了该怎么办及到哪里去。（二）通常接不定式作宾语的动词agree 同意 ask 要求 choose 决定 decide 决定 expect 期待 hope 希望manage 设法得以 prepare 准备 offer 主动提出 pretend 假装 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝 wish 希望 want 想要agree，ask, afford(负担得起)，apply(申请), attempt，aim, arrange, beg，choose，claim, demand(要求), desire, decide, determine, dare, decline, deserve，expect，fail，hope, help(帮助), happen(碰巧)，intend，learn(学习), long，mean(计划), manage, offer(主动提出)，plan, prepare(准备), pretend(假装), promise(同意)，refuse(拒绝)，should/would like，try，teach，think, threaten, undertake, would prefer等。例如：I hope to see you soon.This dispute threatens to split the party.(threaten v. = to seem likely to happen or cause sth unpleasant预示凶兆，有危险)I expect to be back on Sunday.（三）有些动词既能接动名词也能接不定式。如need，like，love，hate，prefer，begin，start，continue，cant bear，bother，intend，attempt，cease等。注意：当 like, love, hate, prefer 与 would/should 连用时；当 begin/ start 本身为进行时态或后接 know, realize, understand 等静态动词时，其后的动词只能用不定式。在like, love, prefer等动词后，若表示经常性的抽象的动作，多用动名词作宾语；若指特定的或具体的行动，则用不定式更多一些。在begin/start等词的后面， 在下面三种情况下，后接动词不定式较好: 主语是物而不是人时：Ice begins to melt. 本身是v-ing 形式时: We are starting to clean the classroom.其后的动词与想法，感情有关时：I begin to realize that he is wrong.。再如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swimming today.She prefers walking to cycling.I prefer to stay at home today.Id like to tell you something. 我想告诉你一些情况。Id hate to spend Christmas alone. 我不喜欢一个人过圣诞节。He was beginning to cook. 他开始做饭。He started to realize that he was wrong. 他开始意识到自己错了。He likes to sing singing. 他喜欢唱歌。It has started to rain raining. 开始下雨了。You neednt bother to come up coming up. 你不必费心来了。The baby continued to cry crying all night. 这孩子哭了一整夜。Do you like playing(to play) chess?When did you begin learning(to learn) French?有些动词接动名词和不定式意义会有明显差别。如：remember, forget, regret, stop, mean, try，regret后接动名词，通常表示对已发生的情况表示后悔，跟不定式通常表示对将来的情况表示抱歉。（63页练习5c,d）mean后接动名词，通常表示意味着，不定式通常表示打算干什么。try后接动名词，通常表示试着做某事，跟不定式通常表示设法去做某事。例如： I remembered posting the letter today. 我记得今天把信寄走了。 Please remember to post the letter today. 请别忘了今天把信寄走。 I regret to inform you that you wont be able to attend the class.我们遗憾地通知你们，你们将不能参加这个班。I regretted having done such a thing.我后悔做了这样一件事。Failing this exam means waiting for a year.这次考试不通过意味着要等上一年。I didnt me