英语非谓语形式完全版ppt课件

,-非谓语形式(1),英语语法学习系列,1,一非谓语形式,在英语中，一个句子(主句或从句)中只能有一套主谓结构，每个句子中必须有一个谓语部分，除谓语部分之外的动词就应当用非谓语形式,如果一个动词在句子中不作谓语时，就必须使用下面表格中的某一种形式，即非谓语形式：,2,如：他坐在那里看小说Heissittingtherereadinganovel.,在上面这个句子里,我们用了issitting来作谓语,那么,“看”(read)这个动词就要用非谓语形式来表达.这里的reading是现在分词一般式的主动式,当然这里为什么要用现在分词一般式的主动式,我们下面会详细地讲述.,一个句子中除谓语之外还有那些句子成份呢？,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,补语共6种,(注：同位语一般不用动词来作!),有这么多的非谓语形式,如果一个动词作非谓语(比如说:定语),我们到底选用那一种形式呢?,我们先来看下面的句子:,(1).Theboystandingthereismyelderbrother.(2).Theproblemdiscussedyesterdayisveryimportant.(3).Themeetingbeingheldinthenextroomisaboutenvironmentprotecting.,3,(1).Theboystandingthereismyelderbrother.(2).Theproblemdiscussedyesterdayisveryimportant.(3).Themeetingbeingheldinthenextroomisaboutenvironmentprotecting.,上面三个句子中划线部分在句中都是作定语,但是用了不同的非谓语形式！,(1).第一个句子中用了现在分词一般式的主动式,表示“说话时正站在那里,并且被修饰的名词theboy与动词站的关系是主动关系.”,(2).第二个句子中用的是过去分词,表示“说话时已经发生过的事情并且动词“讨论”与被修饰的中心词problem是被动关系”,(3).第三个句子中用的是现在分词一般式的被动式,表示“说话时正在发生并且动词“举行”与被修饰的中心词meeting为被动关系,从上面的例句可以看出,要正确使用非谓语形式,我们应该了解两个方面的内容:,1.非谓语动词相对于谓语动词的时间含义；2.非谓语动词和与之相关的词之间的关系.,下面我们来系统地学习非谓语形式.,4,二非谓语形式的功能,并不是任何一种非谓语形式都可以用作谓语之外的任何成份！我们先来看一看下面的表格：,(非谓语形式功能表),从上表中我们只能得出这样的结论：当非谓语动词用状语和补语时，不需要考虑动名词；当非谓语动词作主语和宾语时，不需要考虑分词(包括现在分词和过去分词),5,对于其它的形式，从表格中不难看出,一种非谓语成份都有两种或两种以上的非谓语形式可以充当.怎么办呢?我们只要把同一种成份的不同非谓语形式的不同含义了解清楚就可以了,三非谓语形式的不同含义,1.作主语时:,作主语时可以用两种形式：不定式和动名词，如：,(1).TolearnEnglishisnoteasy.(2).Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.,区别：不定式表示具体或一次性的动作，也可表示将来的动作。动名词表示经常或泛指的动作。,不定式和动名词作主语时常用一般式！,不定式和动名词作主语时请注意以下几点：,1.常用it作形式主语;2.当用于Itisnouse/gooddoingsth的句型时常用动名词；当用于forsb./sth.todo或疑问词+todo的结构时常用不定式.如：,6,(1).ItsnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.(2).Itsnouseaskinghimforhelp.(3).Itsnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.(谚语：覆水难收)(4).Howtosolvetheproblemisahotpotato.(5).Itsnecessaryforyoutoreadbooks,2.作宾语时:,作宾语与作主语时一样,也可以用不定式或动名词.如:,(1).Hetriedtocatchupwithhisclassmates.(2).Thebabystoppedcryingandlistenedtotheradio.(3).Thankyoufortreatingme.,区别：1.介词后面的宾语一般用动名词，不用不定式！2.及物动词后面有些用动名词，有些用不定式，我们一般记住那些只带动名词作宾语的动词！,再如：Howaboutplanningforatrip?Wearelookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.(to为介词),7,admit承认appreciate感激,欣赏avoid避免complete完成consider考虑canthelp忍不住delay耽误deny否认endure忍受enjoy喜欢escape逃脱excuse原谅finish完成forgive宽恕imagine想象include包括keep继续mind介意miss错过prevent阻止postpone推迟practise练习recall回忆resist抵抗，risk冒险suggest建议stand忍受,常带动名词作宾语的及物动词有：,8,可带不定式也可带动名词作宾语但含义有区别的及物动词有：,rememberforgetregretstopgoonmeantrycanthelp,todo:表示“记得要去做某事”doing表示“记得做过某事”,todo表示忘记要做某事doing表示忘记做过了某事,todo表示对于要做某事感到遗憾doing表示后悔做过某事,todo表示停止在做的事而去做另一件事doing表示停止正在做的事,todo表示接着做另一件事doing表示继续做同一件事,todo表示打算做某事doing表示意味着什么,todo表示设法去做某事doing表示尝试做某事,(to)do表示不能帮忙做某事doing表示忍不住做某事,9,(1)Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.(2)Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.(3)Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.(4)HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?(5)Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.(6)Theycouldnthelpjumpingupatthenews.,(1)Heapologizedforhavingbrokenhispromise.(2)Irememberhavingseenhersomewhere.,【Ex】:请找出下面句子中的宾语成份：,再看下面两个句子：,动名词的一般式和完成式都可表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作，有时两者可互换(用一般式往往显得更简洁),如上面例句(2)可改为:,Irememberseeinghersomewhere.,10,动词need/want/require+doing=need/want/require+todo表示“主语需要被做”，如：,(1)Thebikeneedstoberepaired.=Thebikeneedsrepairing.(2)Theflowersneedwatering.=Theflowersneedtobewatered.,beworthdoing“值得被做”，后不能用todo!如：,Hissuggestionisworthconsidering.,上面句子中的considering不能换成tobeconsidered或beingconsidered!如：,(1)Thelibraryneeds_,butitllhavetowaituntilSunday.A.cleaningB.becleanedC.cleanD.beingcleaned(2)Thenoveliswellworth_.A、readingB、tobereadC、beingreadD、read,11,1.Remember_thenewspaperwhenyouhavefinishedit.A.puttingbackB.havingputbackC.toputbackD.willputback2.ImsorryIforgot_yourdictionary.LetsborrowonefromLiMing.A.totakeB.takingC.tobringD.bringing3.Henryalwaysforgetsthingshehasdone.Yesterdayheforgot_andlookedforiteverywhere.A.toposttheletterB.tohavetheletterpostedC.tohavepostedtheletterD.havingpostedtheletter4.Mybrotherregretted_alecturegivenbyProfessorLiu.A.missingB.tomissC.missedD.beingmissed5.Iregret_youthatweareunabletoofferyouajob.A.informingB.havinginformedC.toinformD.toinforming6.Ifelttiredwithwalking,soIstopped_abreakforanhour.A.havingB.tohaveC.takingD.totaking,巩固练习,12,7.Theteachertoldthestudentstostop_tohim.A.towriteandlistenB.writingandlisteningC.towriteandlisteningD.writingandtolisten8.-“WhatcanwedotohelpLiHai.”-“Allwecandoistotry_thatheoughttostudymore.”A.makinghimtorealizeB.makinghimrealizeC.tomakehimrealizeD.tomakehimtorealize9.Youdidnthearuscomeinlastnight.Thatsgood.Wetried_noisy.A.tobenotB.nottobeC.notbeingD.beingnot10.Hefinishedhishomework,thenhewenton_aletter.A.writeB.writingC.withD.towrite,Answers:1-5CCDAC6-10BDCBD,13,英语语法学习系列,-非谓语形式(2),14,让我们继续学习非谓语形式,3作表语,作表语可用不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词,区别：1.不定式和动名词作表语用来解释主语的内容；2.分词作表语用来表示主语的性质！如：,(1).Hisdreamistobecomeasportsstar.(2).Thefootballmatchisexciting.(3).Theaudienceareboredwiththeboringspeech.(4).Hishobbyiscollectingstamps,分词作表语时，与句子的主语一般构成逻辑上的主谓关系！,【Ex】:用括号内的词的正确形式填空,(1)Travelingis_(interest)but_(tire)(2)Theargumentisvery_(convince)(3)MyEnglishteacherwas_(satisfy)withmyhomework.(4)Thefatherwas_withthe_son.(disappoint),Answers:(1)interesting;tiring(2)convincing(3)satisfied(4)disappointed;disappointing,15,4作定语,作定语可用不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词,区别：1.动名词只作前置定语，用来表示被修饰的名词的内容或用途；2.不定式作后置定语，表示将要发生的动作；3.现在分词作定语时，表示正在发生的动作；4.过去分词作定语时，表示已经发生的动作。如：,(1).Thewaitingroomatthestationwasverycrowdedatthattime.(2).Thehousingproblemisseriousinmostcities.(3).Theboyplayingunderthattreeismyyoungerbrother.(4).MostoftheartistsinvitedtothepartyarefromSouthAfrica.(5).Weneedsomeonetogoandgetadoctor.,【Ex】:用括号内的词的正确形式填空,(1)Theman_(work)overtherenowismyfather.(2)Thegirl_(call)Lilyismysister.(3)Thematter_(discuss)nowisofgreatimportance.(4)Themeeting_(hold)tomorrowisabouthowtodealwiththeproblem.,16,非谓语的完成式一般不作定语！,5作状语,作状语可用不定式、现在分词和过去分词.,区别：1.不定式作状语时，一般用来表示目的；有时可用在一些表示人的情绪的形容词或分词后表示原因状语；2.分词用作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果以及伴随等含义.如：,(1).ArrivinginParis,Ilostmyway.(2).Iampleasedtobeinvitedtogiveatalkhere.(3).TolearnEnglishwell,weshouldpracticemore.(4).Crossingthestreet,theoldwomanwashitbyacar.,(5)The_(injure)workersarenowbeingtakengoodcareofinthehospital.,Answers:(1)working;(2)called;(3)beingdiscussed;(4)tobeheld;(5)injured,17,(1).Havingdonetheworkverywell,hewaspraisedbytheteacher.(2).Followingtheoldman,hesteppedintotheroom.,注意下面两组句子的区别：,(1)Seeingfromthetopofthehill,wefindthecityverybeautiful.(2)Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecitylooksverybeautiful.,分词作状语时，与句子的主语一般构成逻辑上的主谓关系！,【Ex】:用括号内的词的正确形式填空,(1)_(follow)bysomeofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.(2)_(look)outofthewindow,hefoundthemurderer.(3)_(write)inahaste,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.(4)_(graduate)fromcollege,hewenttoavillageandworkedasateacherthere.,Answer:(1)Followed;(2)Looking;(3)Written;(4)Havinggraduated,18,(1).Iwouldlikeyoutohelpmewiththebags.(2).Inoticedhimentertheteachersoffice.(3).Wefindourcountrydevelopingveryfast.(4).Hehadhishousepaintedlastweek.,6作补语:,作补语可以用不定式、现在分词和过去分词,区别：1.不定式作补语时，一般表示将要发生的动作；但作使役动词和感观动词的补语时，可以表示将要发生的动作，也可以表示已经发生的动作；2.现在分词作补语一般表示正在发生，3.过去分词一般表示已经完成，而且和宾语是被动关系；有时分词也可以表示宾语的性质或状态。如：,分词作补语时，与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系！,(1)Iheardsomeone_atthedoor?(knock)(2)heardthesong_everywhere.(sing),【Ex】:用括号内的词的正确形式填空,19,1.Isearchedallthedrawerstofindmylostnecklace.2.-Whatmakesyourmanagersoangry?-Losingthepapers.3.Myworkiscleaningtheroomeveryday.4.Shepretendedtobesleepingwhenhismotherenteredtheroom.5.ThemanshakinghandswithMr.Livisitedourclassyesterday.6.Theoldmanwantedtoleaveherebecausehecouldntstandsleepinginthenoisyroom.7.WhenIcame,shewaslyingonthebed,listeningtothemusic.8.Devotedtohiswork,theexpertcareslittleaboutanyotherthings.9.Thefilmiswellworthseeing.10.Havingfinishedhisspeech,heansweredourquestions.,巩固练习,【EX.1】:说出下列句子中的非谓语形式的名称,以及在句中所作的成份：,20,(1)Inthepast,peopleused_thatthemoonwastoofaraway_.Butnowitispossibleforman_therebyspaceship.A.tothink,nottoreach,togetB.tothink,toreach,togetC.tothinking,toreach,willgetD.thought,toreach,togetto(2)Hersonpromised_inthebedroomuntilthebabystopped_.A.staying,tocryB.tostay,cryingC.forstaying,tocryD.tostay,tocry(3)Iwonderedwhetherthefilmwas_worth_.A.very,toseeB.well,seeingC.very,beginseenD.well,tobeseen4)Themanmanagedtomakehimself_withhis_French.A.understood,breakingB.understand,brokenC.understand,breakingD.understood,broken(5)Iforbid_here.Whohaspermittedyou_here?A.smoking,tosmokeB.smoke,smokingC.smoking,smokingD.tosmoke,smoking,【EX.2】：选择正确的选项填空：,21,(6)Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter_afterdrinking.A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive(7)Aperson_aforeignlanguagemustbeabletousetheforeignlanguage_allhisown.A.learning,forgettingB.wholearns,toforgetC.tolearn,toforgetD.using,but(8)_fromthemoon,ourearth,withwater_seventypercentofitssurface,appearasa“blueball”.A.Seen,coveredB.Seeing,coveringC.Seen,coveringD.Tosee,tocover(9)Assheislookingforwardto_fromme,pleaseremember_thisletteronyourwaytoschool.A.hear,postB.hearing,topostC.beheard,postingD.behearing,toposting,Answers:1-9BBBDA/AACB,22,英语语法学习系列,-非谓语形式(3),23,一非谓语形式的复合结构：,含义：,表示三种非谓语的逻辑主语，如：,(1)Itsveryimportanttostudyscience.(2)Wouldyoumindsmokinghere?,上面句(1)中的不定式tostudyscience,说话人没有说明是谁学习科学，如果要说清楚是谁学习科学，我们只要在不定式前面加上forsb.tostudyscience就可以了，句子可以变为：,(1)Itsveryimportantforus/you/themtostudyscience.,这里的forus/you/themtostudyscience就叫做动词不定式的复合结构！,同样，句中(2)的动名词smoking，说话人也没有说明介不介意谁抽烟，如果要说明介不介意谁抽烟，我们就在前面加上sb.或sbssmoking,句子变为：,(2)Wouldyoumindme/my/him/his/Jim/Jimssmokinghere?,这里的me/my/him/his/Jim/Jimssmoking就叫作动名词的复合结构！,24,1.不定式的复合结构：,(1)ItisincredibleforPetertoswimacrosstheAtlanticOceaninthreedays,(forPetertoswim在句子中充当主语),(2)Thiscanmakeitpossibleforagricultureandindustrytodeveloprapidly.,(foragricultureandindustrytodevelop在句子中充当宾语),(3)Therearetoomanythingsforeveryoneofustolearninlife.,(foreveryoneofustolearn在句子中充当定语),(4)Thebestchoiceisforustokeepitasasecretfromher.,(forustokeep在句子中充当表语),不定式的复合结构除了forsb./sth.todo之外还有一种形式:ofsb.todo,用法:当前面有表示人的品质的形容词时,就用ofsb.todo的复合结构!,(1)Itsverykindofyoutohelpme.(2)Itscleverofyoutoworkoutthemathsproblem.(3)Itsveryniceofyoutooffermeaseat.,25,(4)Itiscarelessofhimtolosesomanythings.(5)Itiswiseofthemtoturndownthesuggestion.,从上面5个例句可以看出，这些句子都有两个共同点：,a.不定式前面都有一个表示人的性质或特征的形容词；,b.这些形容词与不定式的逻辑主语都存在逻辑上的系表关系，如句(1)中的youarekind;句(2)中的youareclever;句(3)中的youarenice;句(4)中的heiscareless;句(5)中的theyarewise等等.,而在Itsdifficultforyoutodealwiththeproblem.这个句子中就不能说youaredifficult！,(1)Itwasimpolite_without_good-bye.A.ofhimtoleave;sayingB.ofhimleaving;tosayC.forhimtoleave;tosayD.forhimleaving;saying(2)Imsurprisedtofinditeasy_onitinashorttime.A.themworkingB.forthemworkingC.ofthemtoworkD.forthemtowork,【Ex】选择正确的选项填空,Answers:(1)A;(2)D,26,2.动名词复合结构,形式：名语/名词所有格或形容词物主代词/代词宾格+doing,作主语时只能用名词所有格或形容词物主代词！,(1)LiMingsjoininginourphysicsgroupisagreedbyallofus.,(LiMingsjoining在句子中作主语，不能用LiMingjoining),(2)Icantunderstandyou/yourleavingwithoutsayinggood-byetome.,(you/yourleaving在句子中作宾语),(3)IwassurprisedatRobert/Robertshavingcompletedthetasksosoon.,(Robert/Robertshavingcompleted在句子中作宾语),(4)Thesurpriseishercominghere.,(hercoming在句子中作宾语),1.Iwouldappreciate_backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.yourecalling,【Ex】选择正确的选项填空,27,(2)Idontmind_thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.A.youtodelaymakingB.yourdelayingmakingC.youdelayingtomakeD.youdelaytomake(3)Sheapologizedtomefor_toinformmeofthechangeintheplan.A.hernotbeingableB.herbeingnotableC.notbeingableD.thatshesnotableto(4)_madeherparentsworriedalot.A.HernottocomebackB.NothertocomebackC.NothercomingbackD.Hernotcomingback(5)_theprizewastheprideofourclass.A.MarytowinB.MarywinningC.MaryswinningD.Marywon,Answers:1-5CBCDC,28,3.分词的复合结构,分词的复合结构又称作分词的独立主格结构.,形式：名词或代词主格+现在分词或过去分词,用法：当分词作状语时，它有自己独立的逻辑主语，而不再用句子的主语当作自己的逻辑主语！如：,(1)Hearingthenews，theyalljumpedwithjoy(2)Encouragedbythespeech,theyoungpeoplemadeuptheirmindstotakeupthestruggle.,句(1)中作原因状语的hearing(“听见”)的逻辑上的主语就是句子的主语they;同样句(2)中Encouraged的逻辑上的主语也是句子的主语theyoungpeople.句(1)两者之间的关系为主动关系，所以用现在分词的主动式，句(2)两者之间的关系为被动关系，所以用过去分词,(1)Havingarrived,themeetingwasdeclaredopen.,(2)Paintedwhite,welikethehousebetter.,分析下面两个句子，你觉得它们对吗？,29,(1)Alltheguestshavingarrived,themeetingwasdeclaredopen.,(2)Thehousepaintedwhite,welikeitbetter.,上面两个句子在英语中是不对的！因为作状语的分词与句子的主语不能构成逻辑上的主谓关系，要使它们正确，我们可以在分词前面加出其逻辑主语：,这就是英语中分词的独立主格结构！再如：,(1)Thedaybeingfine,wedecidedtogoswimming.,(独立主格结构Thedaybeingfine在句中作原因状语),(2)Thejobdone,wewenthome.,(独立主格结构Thejobdone在句中作时间状语),(3)Weatherpermitting，wellgototheWestLake.,(独立主格结构Weatherpermitting在句中作条件状语),(4)Thebabyfellfromthecradle,bloodcomingdownfromhisface,(独立主格结构bloodcomingdown在句中作伴随状语),30,1.名词/代词+不定式。如：Ahousetobebuilt,wemustsaveeverycent.由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。NowhereisLiLei,WeiFangtocometomorrow.现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。2.名词/代词+形容词。如：Thegroundmuddy,weshouldbecareful.地面泞泥，我们应该小心。3.名词/代词+副词。如：Theclassover,weallwentouttoplay.下课后，我们都出去玩。4.名词/代词+介词短语。如：Glassesinhishand,heaskedwherehisglasseswere.手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。,独立结构的一些其它形式：,还有一种就是我们经常见到的with的复合结构！,形式：,with+名词或代词+形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词,(否定含义可以用without),31,(1)_,wehadtostayathomeallday.AThedaybeingverycoldBWhileaverycolddayCItwasaverycolddayDBeingaverycoldday(2)Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_fortheday.A.finishingB.finishedC.hadfinishedD.werefinished,如：Hespoketouswithhismouthfulloffood.她口里含着食物跟我们说话。Helefttheofficewiththelightson.他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。Theengineercamewithanotebookinhishand.那个工程师手里拿着笔记本过来了。Dontbrushyourteethwithwaterrunning.不要在刷牙时让水流着。Withsomuchworktodo,themanagerfeltveryworried.这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急。Withtheroadblocked,theyhadtoturnbackandranrounditinanotherway.由于道路被堵，他们不得不转身从另一条路绕过去。,【Ex】选择正确的选项填空,32,(3)_moreandmoreforestsdestroyed,manyanimalsarefacingthedangerofdyingout.A.beca