动词的被动语态.doc

动词的被动语态考点一：被动语态的构成及用法词的被动语态英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫做主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，叫做被动语态。例如：Wesweptthefloor.我们打扫了地板。（主动语态）Thefloorwasswept.地板被打扫过。（被动语态）1.被动语态的构成(1) 被动语态是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化规则与其作为连系动词的be的变化完全一样。a被动语态的肯定句Appletreesareplantedinthesouth.苹果树种在南方。b被动语态的否定句Thebuildinghasntbeencompleted.这座建筑物没有竣工。c被动语态的一般疑问句被动语态的一般疑问句的结构是：Be+主语+过去分词（vt）+（by+宾语）AretheymadeinChina? Yes,theyare.Wasthemuseumbuiltin1993?No,itwasbuiltin1986.d被动语态的特殊疑问句被动语态的特殊疑问句的结构是：疑问词+be+主语+过去分词（vt）。Whatisthemachineusedfor?Itisusedformakingpaper.Wherewerethecarmade?TheyweremadeinChina.(2) 被动语态的几种时态形式：a一般现在时结构：主语am/is/are+过去分词主动句：Shecleansherroomeveryday.被动句：Herroomiscleaned(byher)everyday.(肯定句）否定句：Herroomisntcleaned(byher)everyday.一般疑问句：Isherroomcleaned(byher)everyday?注意：被动句的be助动词的变化应按被动句中新主语的人称和数而变化，其时态应与主动句的时态一致b.一般过去时结构：主语was/were+过去分词主动句：TheworkersmadetheVCDlastweek.被动句：TheVCDwasmadebytheworkerslastweek.(肯定句)否定句:TheVCDwasntmadebytheworkerslastweek.一般疑问句：WastheVCDmadebytheworkerslastweek?c.一般将来时结构：主语willbe+过去分词主动句：MyfatherwillsendmetoAmericasoon.肯定句：IwillbesenttoAmericabymyfathersoon.否定句：IwontbesenttoAmericabymyfathersoon.一般疑问句：WillyoubesenttoAmericabyyourfathersoon?d.过去将来时结构：主语wouldbe+过去分词主动句：Hesaidhewouldpunishthenaughtyboytonight.肯定句：Hesaidthenaughtyboywouldbepunishedbyhimtonight.否定句：Hesaidthenaughtyboywouldntbepunishedbyhimtonight.e.现在进行时结构：主语am/is/are+being+过去分词主动句：Heistellingastorynow.肯定句：Astoryisbeingtoldbyhimnow.否定句：Astoryisntbeingtoldbyhimnow.一般疑问句：Isastorybeingtoldbyhimnow?f.过去进行时结构：主语was/were+being+过去分词主动句：HewastellingastorywhenIcamein.肯定句：AstorywasbeingtoldbyhimwhenIcamein.否定句：AstorywasntbeingtoldbyhimwhenIcamein.一般疑问句：WasastorybeingtoldbyhimwhenIcamein?g.现在完成时结构：主语have/has+been+过去分词主动句:Theboyhasfinishedthework.肯定句:Theworkhasbeenfinishedbytheboy.否定句:Theworkhasntbeenfinishedbytheboy.一般疑问句:Hastheworkbeenfinishedbytheboy?h.过去完成时结构：主语+had+been+过去分词主动句:Theyhadbuilttenbuildingsby2003.肯定句:Tenbuildingshadbeenbuiltbythemby2003.否定句:Tenbuildingshadntbeenbuiltbythemby2003.一般疑问句:Hadtenbuildingsbeenbuiltbythemby2003?i.含有情态动词结构：主语+can/may/must+be+过去分词主动句:I can find it.肯定句:It can be found by me.否定句:It cant be found by me.一般疑问句:Can it be found by me?2.被动语态的用法(1) 不知道动作的执行者是谁。Englishistaughtinallmiddleschools.所有中学都开设英语课。(2) 没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。Themeetingwasheldlastweek.会议上周召开了。(3) 要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。Teapotsareusedfordrinking. 茶壶是饮水用的。3.被动语态中应注意的几个问题(1) 在被动语态句子中要注意主语与谓语在人称和数方面要保持一致。(2) 主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况：ahave（有）以及和have构成的短语动词不能用于被动语态b不及物动词没有动作的承受者，不能用被动语态。c主动句的宾语是eachother或反身代词时，不能变成被动句的主语。d主动句的宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不能变成被动句的主语。(3) 注意有时用主动语态表示被动意义的情况。例如：Thiskindofclothwashesverywell.这种布很禁洗。ThemachinemadeinChinasellwellabroad.中国制造的机器在国外畅销4. 被动语态和系表结构的区别动词“be+过去分词”这一结构既可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构。这两种结构主要的区别是：被动语态强调动作，系表结构强调状态。我们还可以通过以下方法来判断：(1) 从形式上来看，被动语态往往接by施动者，而系表结构往往有固定的搭配。如：be joined to, be connected with, be separated from, be covered with, be interested in, be surprised at, be satisfied with, be concerned about等。We were surprised at the unexpected news. 听到这个意外消息，我们感到惊讶。(系表结构)注意：句中有“by+人”时，多用被动语态；而“by+物”时，多属系表结构。如：The house was surrounded by the police. 这房子被警察包围了。(被动语态)The house was surrounded by trees. 这房子四周都是树。(系表结构，表示静止的状态)(2) 从时态上来看，被动语态的be时态要与动作发生的时间一致；而系表结构的be只有一般时或完成时，表示目前或过去的性质或状态。如：This window was broken by Kate yesterday这窗户是凯特昨天打破的。 (被动语态)This glass is broken. 这块玻璃是破的。(系表结构，指目前的状态)(3)从句中的状语来看，过去分词前有well, very, quite等副词修饰的是系表结构；若句中有时间、方式或目的状语时，一般为被动语态。The play is well written. 这剧本写得很好。(系表结构)The play was written with great care. 这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。(被动语态，有方式状语)(4)被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词，而系表结构中的过去分词可以是gone, fallen, risen等不及动词。如下列两句是系表结构：My pen is gone. 我的钢笔不见了。The sun is risen. 太阳升起来了。In-Class Exercises1.Goodbooks_againandagain.A.shouldbereaded B.shouldberead C.mustread D.oughttoread2.Thechildren_bythenurse.A.werelooked B.lookedafter C.werelookedafter D.looked3.He_somepiecesofadvice,buthe_tothem.A.gave,didntlisten B.wasgiven,wasntlistenedC.give,wasntlistened D.wasgiven,didntlisten4.When_theaccident_?A.was,happen B.did,happen C.is,happen D.was,happened5.Thequestion_byussoon.A.isgoingtodiscussB.willdiscussC.isgoingtobediscussed D.hasbeendiscussed6.Thelab_aboutfiveyearsago.A.wasbuilded B.wasbuilt C.builds D.hasbeenbuilt7.Alotoftallbuildings_inhishometowninthelastthreeyears.A.havesetup B.havebeensetup C.weresetup D.setup8.They_printing500copiesbytheendoflastmonth.A.hadfinished B.havefinished C.hadbeenfinished D.havebeenfinished9.Rice_also_intheirhometown.A.isgrown B.isgrew C.wasgrew D.wasgrown10.He_bytheteachers.A.isalwayspraised B.praises C.havebeenpraised D.alwaysispraised考点二：主动语态和被动语态的转换1.主动语态变为被动语态的方法(1) 将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句里的主语成分。把主动句里的宾格人称代词改为主格形式。(2) 把主动结构的谓语动词改为be+过去分词形式。(3) 将主动句的主语变为介词by的宾语。例如：Peopleuseradiosforlisteningtothenews.（主动）Radiosareuseforlisteningtothenewsbypeople.（被动）Ipostedaletterlastweek.（主动）Aletterwaspostedbymelastweek.（被动）注意：在make,let,see,hear,notice,watch,feel等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但这种句子如果变为被动语态时，则应加上to。例如：WeheardhersinganEnglishsong.（主动）ShewasheardtosinganEnglishsongbyus.（被动）2.主动语态变为被动语态的主要类型(1) 谓语动词只有一个宾语的。例如：Theworkersarebuildingaship.（主动语态）Theshipisbeingbuiltbytheworkers.（被动语态）Ihavefinishedtheexercises.（主动语态）Theexerciseshavebeenfinishedbyme.（被动语态）(2) 谓语动词有两个宾语的，其中一个变为被动句的主语，另一个仍作为宾语，称为保留宾语。例如：Isenthimapresent.（主动语态）Hewassentapresentbyme.（被动语态）/Apresentwassenttohimbyme.（被动语态）注意：a）在主动句中有些动词，如ask,answer,teach等变成被动句时，一般将间接宾语（指人的）改成被动句的主语。例如：Heaskedusalotofquestions.（主动语态）Wewereaskedalotofquestionsbyhim.b)在主动句中有些动词，如build,buy,choose等变成被动句时，将直接宾语（指物的）改成被动句的主语。例如：Myfatherboughtmeanewbike.（主动语态）Thenewbikewasboughtformebymyfather.（被动语态）(3) 谓语动词后跟复合宾语，只把宾语改为被动句的主语，宾语补足语不变。例如：Heleftthedooropen.（主动语态）他让门开着。Thedoorwasleftopenbyhim.（被动语态）门由他打开着。(4) 许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于一个及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。例如：Wemusttakegoodcareofourbooks.（主动语态）我们应该保管好我们的书本。Ourbooksmustbetakengoodcareof.（被动语态）我们的书本应被保管好。（被动）(5) 谓语动词含有情态动词时，只变及物动词为被动语态。结构：情态动词+be+过去分词（vt.）例如：Wemustfinishitatonce.（主动语态）我们必须马上做完这件事。Itmustbefinishedatonce（被动语态）这件事必须马上做完。(6) 带有begoingto结构的被动语态，被动结构表现在不定式上。结构：sthbegoingtobedone。例如：Iamgoingtoclosethedoor.（主动语态）我将去关门。Thedoorisgoingtobeclosed.（被动语态）门将要关上。In-Class Exercises一、把下列句子从主动语态改成被动语态1.Mr.Greendeliversourmail.2.Thechildrenhaveeatenthecake.3.Lindawrotethatletterlastnight.4.Thejewelerisgoingtofixmywatch.5.Ms.Bondwillteachourclassnextterm.6.Theyarerepairingthecarinthegarage.7.Thatcompanyemploysmanypeople.After-Class Exercises一、填空题1.Mostofthewastemetalcan_(put)touseagain.2.Somerocksintheseamay_(see)inthedaytime.3.Thispartoftheseabed_(explore)manytimes.4.Muchusefulinformationabouttheseplanets_-(collect)since1971.5.Outerspace_-(notexplore)bypeoplebefore1957.6.Muchparkingspaceincities_(save)byusingsmallcars.二、选择题1.Alltheapparatus_beforetheexperimentbegan.(a)wereprepared(b)hadbeenprepared(c)hadprepared(d)havebeenprepared2.Theprofessorgaveordersthatthetest_before5:30.(a)befinished(b)willfinish(c)willbefinished(d)shallfinish3.Illbegoingtoschoolonfootwhilemybicycle_.(a)isbeingrepaired(b)isrepaired(c)willrepaired(d)hasbeenrepaired4.Inrecentyearsanumberofcommunicationsatellites_intoorbitabouttheearth.(a)havebeenput(b)wereput(c)hadput(d)areput5.Perhapsmostofthework_bythistimetomorrow.(a)willhavebeendone(b)willbedone