人邮计算机英语第三版课后习题答案.doc

Unit 1 Ex. 1根据课文内容回答问题(1) A general-purpose computer has four main sections. They are the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices, collectively termed I/O. They are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.(2) The control unit is often called a control system or central controller. (3) Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program counter. Decode the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or signals for each of the other systems. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory, or perhaps from an input device. The location of this required data is typically stored within the instruction code. Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation. Write the result from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or perhaps an output device. Jump back to the first step. (4) The two classes of operations ALU is capable of performing are arithmetic and logic.(5) Logic operations involve Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR and NOT.(6) A computers memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered address and can store a single number.(7) The two principal varieties of computer main memory are random access memory or RAM and read-only memory or ROM. (8) In a PC, the specialized program called the BIOS orchestrates loading the computers operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset. (9) Software that is stored in ROM is often called firmware because it is notionally more like hardware than software.(10) I/O is the means by which a computer receives information from the outside world and sends results back.Ex. 2根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇(1) input (2) microprocessor (3) program (4) bus (5) hardware (6) memory (7) output (8) cell (9) register (10) addressEx. 3把下列句子翻译为中文(1) 他进城的目的是买一台新计算机。(2) 大多数在线服务都有自己的浏览器。(3) 软盘可以是双倍密度的或者高密度的。(4) 公式包括单元的地址。(5) C语言也许最适宜被称为“中级语言”。(6) 每一个浏览器都有内置的功能来理解HTML。(7) C语言是世界上最流行的计算机语言之一。(8) Java技术既是一种编程语言，也是一个平台。(9) 实际上，一个视窗管理器可以被看作是命令行操作系统的图形用户界面。(10) 数据库管理系统处理用户对数据库的操作请求。Ex. 5将下列词填入适当的位置（每词只用一次）(1) hardware (2) operate (3) device (4) other (5) effective (6) moving (7) considered (8) designer (9) exists (10) speed Ex.6根据课文内容回答问题(1) The computer enclosure is used to protect the components and circuitry housed therein from physical damage, and to prevent electromagnetic signals generated by components of the computer from escaping and causing electromagnetic interference (EMI) to other electronic devices in the vicinity of the computer.(2) A typical computer enclosure includes a chassis, an expansion card seat, a front bezel and a plurality of components connectable to external apparatus and systems.(3) A general computer system is basically built with a motherboard, interface cards and peripherals. (4) The motherboard is the physical arrangement that contains the systems basic circuitry and components.(5) Memory is a semiconductor storage device for holding programs or data. Therere three basic forms of memories. They are dynamic storage, non-volatile memory and static memory. In dynamic storage, data must be constantly refreshed and data are erased when power is no longer applied to the cell. In non-volatile memory, data remains permanently in the cell even when power is not applied, and in static memory data does not need to be refreshed but its data is lost when power is no longer applied to the cell.(6) RAM differs from ROM in that when power is disconnected from RAM, the data stored in random access memory is lost whereas when power is disconnected from ROM the data stored in read only memory remains. (7) ROM can be further categorized into a programmable read only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), and electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM). Whereas, RAM can be further categorized into a static random access memory (SRAM) and a dynamic random access memory (DRAM).(8) A computer data processor is often referred to as a microprocessor. A microprocessor is a circuit that combines the instruction-handling, arithmetic, and logical operations of a computer on a single semiconductor integrated circuit. Microprocessors can be grouped into two general classes, namely general-purpose microprocessors and special-purpose microprocessors.(9) A hard disk drive (HDD) is a device that stores or reproduces data in a desired storage location by moving its magnetic head to the desired location in a head load state. The hard disk drive is standard equipment for personal computer, server or industrial computer.(10) Generally, the HDD is electrically connected with a motherboard of the computer by means of a signal cable assembly and a power cable assembly interconnected between the motherboard and the switching power supply.Unit2 Ex. 1根据课文内容回答问题(1) A cathode ray tube (CRT) displays a picture by displaying a plurality of pixels on a screen using electric charges which are discharged from a cathode ray tube and impact a fluorescent plate. (2) CRT monitors are large and bulky due to the large vacuum tubes that enclose the cathode and extend from the cathode to the faceplate of the display. Additionally, CRTs require a relatively high voltage power supply to sufficiently accelerate electron beams for displaying images. (3) The flat panel display may include a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display panel (PDP), an organic light emitting display (OLED), and a field emission display (FED), etc.(4) A printer is an image formation device which receives data from a host computer and then forms a corresponding image onto a recordable medium such as a sheet of paper. (5) Dot-impact printer, inkjet printer, laser printer, and thermal printer the most popular printers.(6) Inkjet printing has gained wide acceptance by consumers in the printing industry because it is fast in printing speed and is a relatively inexpensive form of printing and yet it produces high resolution printed images.(7) The laser printer has advantageous operating characteristics of low noise, high speed and high resolution.(8) A sound card often includes a powerful numeric processor, such as a digital signal processor (DSP), which can perform frequency modulation synthesis for the various functions of the sound board. (9) In typical networks, computer systems use NICs to enable them to communicate over networks with other computer systems. (10) A network interface card typically provides a physical connection between a host and a network or networks, as well as providing media access control (MAC) functions that allow the host to access the network or networks.Ex. 2根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇(1) screen (2) monitor (3) pixel (4) cathode (5) faceplate (6) voltage (7) reciprocate (8) continuous (9) resolution (10) characterEx. 3把下列句子翻译为中文(1) 操作系统是管理计算机资源的程序。(2) 典型的计算机数据库包括数据记录和文件的集合。(3) 压缩过的文件通常要使用像PKZip或WinZip这样的实用工具软件解压。(4) 只通过行号和列标（如“A1”）来调用单元格称作相对引用。(5) 软盘不能保存太多的数据，但绝大多数计算机都能够读取它们的信息。(6) 万维网涉及因特网上所有可以公共访问的文档。(7) 数据库管理系统允许用户对安全性和数据完整性请求进行控制。(8) 要执行数学运算，函数比公式更有效。(9) 在更大的网络中，从一个交换点到另一个交换点的旅行被称为“中继”。(10) 统一资源定位符基本上就是赋给浏览器的一个文件的地址。Ex. 5将下列词填入适当的位置（每词只用一次）(1) laser (2) mix (3) layers (4) heat (5) cooled (6) become (7) controlling (8) reflect (9) absorb (10) digital (11) results (12) reformedEx.6根据课文内容填空(1) five, a major technological development(2) vacuum tubes, magnetic drums, very expensive, heat(3) machine language, one(4) UNIVAC, ENIAC computers(5) transistors, punched cards, printouts(6) symbolic, or assembly, languages, to specify instructions in words, COBOL, FORTRAN(7) the integrated circuit, a mass audience, smaller and cheaper(8) The microprocessor, a single silicon chip(9) IBM, 1984(10) artificial intelligence(11) Quantum computation, nanotechnology(12) natural language input, learning and self-organizationUnit3Ex. 1根据课文内容回答问题(1) Computer software consists of programs. It enables a computer to perform specific tasks. The term includes application software, system software and middleware.(2) A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions (object codes), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. (3) System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing systems, utilities and more.(4) Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include text editors, compilers, interpreters, linkers, debuggers, and so on. (5) Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks. Typical applications include industrial automation, business software, educational software, medical software, databases, and computer games.(6) They are platform software, application software and user software.(7) Platform software includes the firmware, device drivers, an operating system, and typically a graphical user interface. (8) Typical examples of application software are Office suites and video games.(9) User software includes spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, and scripts for graphics and animations.(10) Instructions may be performed sequentially, conditionally, or iteratively. Sequential instructions are those operations that are performed one after another. Conditional instructions are performed such that different sets of instructions execute depending on the value(s) of some data. In some languages this is known as an if statement. Iterative instructions are performed repetitively and may depend on some data value. This is sometimes called a loop. Ex. 2根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇(1) load (2) compile (3) value (4) instruction (5) interpret (6) alphabet (7) assembler (8) utility (9) communication (10) programmer Ex. 3把下列句子翻译为中文(1) 机器语言由一些能被特殊处理器所理解的未加工的数字组成。(2) 任何一个特别病毒的实际效果取决于编写该病毒的程序员是如何编程的。(3) 几个月不升级的抗病毒软件面对当前的病毒不能提供什么保护。(4) 一般地说，内存以千字节或兆字节来度量，磁盘空间以兆字节或吉字节来度量。(5) 超文本传输协议是浏览器自己的协议，一般用于传递HTML格式的文件。(6) 局域网是一个由相互接近的、特别是在一个房间内或一个建筑内的计算机连接起来的网络。(7) 对于移动用户来说，防火墙允许通过使用安全登录规程和鉴定证书来远程访问私有网络。(8) 从因特网用户的观点看，下载文件是从另一个计算机（或从另一个计算机的网页）上请求它并接收它。(9) 在1957年苏联发射了人造地球卫星之后，美国军事部门开始建立高级研究计划署（ARPA）以资助一些有时与军事含糊地相关的研究。(10) 通常一个芯片组被集成在一个芯片上。Ex. 5将下列词填入适当的位置（每词只用一次）(1) related (2) customers (3) fields (4) information (5) accessible (6) emphasis (7) mainframe (8) implies (9) method (10) directory Unit4Ex. 1根据课文内容回答问题(1) An operating system is the core software component of your computer. It performs many functions and is, in very basic terms, an interface between your computer and the outside world. (2) It translates commands from the operating system or user into commands understood by the component part it interfaces with. It also translates responses from the component part back to responses that can be understood by the operating system, application program, or user. (3) System tools (programs) are used to monitor computer performance, debug problems, or maintain parts of the system.(4) Because operating systems are written by human programmers who can make mistakes. (5) Errors in operating systems cause three main types of problems are system crashes and instabilities, security flaws and malfunctions.(6) A system crash is the act of a system freezing and becoming unresponsive which would cause the user to need to reboot. (7) Unauthorized intruders may try to use these to gain illegal access to your system. You should patch these flaws often to help keep your computer system secure. (8) There are many types of operating systems. The most common is the Microsoft suite of operating systems. (9) Time-sharing systems can be classified as multi-user systems and single-user operating systems. Multi-user computer operating systems allow multiple users to access a computer system simultaneously while single-user operating systems are usable by only one user at a time. (10) Embedded operating systems are the operating systems designed for being used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. Ex. 2根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇(1) install (2) command (3) translate (4) mistake (5) release (6) control (7) crash (8) instability (9) reboot (10) workstationEx. 3把下列句子翻译为中文(1) 它把操作系统装入内存并启动操作系统。(2) 在计算机上，有两种基本项目需要组织。(3) 字体可以用于计算机屏幕显示和打印机的硬拷贝输出。(4) 光纤是一个可以传输光束的玻璃细丝。(5) 当你在键盘上输入时，这些字符和数字就出现在监视器上。(6) 内联网是私有网络。许多内联网分散在世界各地。(7) 在计算机屏幕上，文件夹通常看上去像黄色或蓝色的纸文件夹。(8) 一旦完成源内容的编码，制作流媒体的过程就完成了。(9) 从语法结构上说，一个域名包括用圆点隔开一系列名称（标志）。(10) 你在显示器上看到的视频质量取决于视频卡和你所选择的显示器。Ex. 5将下列词填入适当的位置（每词只用一次）(1) loaded (2) boot (3) applications (4) use (5) requests (6) defined (7) interact (8) through (9) command (10) graphicalEx.6根据课文内容填空(1) let a number of programmers access the computer at the same time (2) This real-time sharing of resources(3) medium-sized minicomputers(4) multitasking capability, multiuser capability, portability, UNIX programs, library of application software(5) printing out one file, the user edits another file(6) compartmentalizing the document, dont override the changes of another user(7) permits it to move from one brand of computer to another(8) integral utilities, tools(9) the kernel, which schedules tasks and manages storage, the shell, which connects and interprets users commands, calls programs from memory, and executes them, the tools and applications that offer additional functionality to the operating system(10) the command driven Bourne Shell, the C Shell (no pun intended), menu-driven shells Unit5Ex. 1根据课文内容回答问题(1) A data structure is a specialized format for organizing and storing data. General data structure types include the array, the file, the record, the table, the tree, and so on.(2) In computer programming languages, an array is a group of objects with the same attributes that can be addressed individually, using such techniques as subscripting. (3) Yes, it must.(4) Some operating systems and applications describe files with given formats by giving them a particular file name suffix. (5) The organization of data in the record is usually prescribed by the programming language that defines the records organization and/or by the application that processes it.(6) In computer programming, a table is a data structure used to organize information, just as it is on paper.(7) In data processing, a table, also called an array, is an organized grouping of fields. Tables may store relatively permanent data, or may be frequently updated.(8) In a relational database, a table, sometimes called a file, organizes the information about a single topic into rows and columns. (9) A decision table is often called a truth table. It contains a list of decisions and the criteria on which they are based.(10) An HTML table is used to organize Web page elements spatially or to create a structure for data that is best displayed in tabular form, such as lists or specifications.Ex. 2根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇(1) interrupt (2) record (3) table (4) list (5) subscript (6) suffix (7) define (8) row (9) sector (10) sortEx. 3把下列句子翻译为中文(1) 星型拓扑通常由双绞线实现，特别是非屏蔽双绞线。(2) 视频卡是计算机的一部分，它把视频数据转换成你在显示器上能看到的可视信息。(3) 多用户操作系统允许不同的用户同时利用计算机资源。(4) 地址是因特网上信息网站、一个特定文件（如网页）或一个电子邮件用户的唯一位置。(5) 多年来，ARPA已经在计算机科学研究方面资助了许多项目，其中很多都对现代工艺水平有深远的影响。(6) 当然实际上，随着更复杂软件应用的出现，计算机语言只不过又产生了软件故障的新类型。(7) 计算机病毒是一个程序，当首次感染可执行文件或硬盘和软盘的系统区域后开始传播自己并制作自己的拷贝。(8) 当所有RAM都被使用了（如许多程序同时打开），计算机就把数据交换到硬盘上，给用户的印象是好像还有些内存。(9) 编译程序忽略全部注释。(10) 你不用离开Word就可以用电子邮件发送你的文档。Ex. 5将下列词填入适当的位置（每词只用一次）(1) database (2) random (3) records (4) leaves (5) end (6) beyond (7) nodes (8) two (9) power (10) depth第十单元，Ex. 1根据课文内容回答问题 (1) The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government conceived Internet in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. Its original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to talk to research computers at other universities. (2) The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated WWW or called the Web). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing. (3) A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web. (4) Technically, an Internet browser is a client program that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to make requests of servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user. (5) A URL is the unique address for a file that is accessible on the Internet.(6) Hypertext is the organization of information units into connected associations that a user can choose to make. (7) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet).(8) TCP/IP and the higher-level applications that use it are collectively said to be stateless because each client request is considered a new request unrelated to any previous one (unlike ordinary phone conversations that requ