各国文化英文介绍PPT课件.ppt

Lowcontextculture,Americansaretaskcenteredandthustheprimarypurposeofcommunicationistoexchangeinformation,facts,andopinions.IntheUS,conflictisdealtwithdirectlyandopenly,andforthisreason,Americanswillnothesitatetosay“no”orcriticizeothersinpublic.However,itisimportanttorememberthatinabusinesscontextitbearsnorelationtopersonalfeelingsandshouldnotbetakenassuch.,USA,Egalitarianism,Americansbelieveinhavingequalrights,equalsocialobligations,andequalopportunitiesbasedontheconceptofindividualmerit.Consequently,thereisagenerallackofdeferenceintheUStopeopleofgreaterwealth,age,highersocialstatusorauthority.ThisisevidentinthewayinwhichtitlesareseldomusedinbusinessenvironmentsandhowAmericanscalleachotherbytheirfirstnamesalmostimmediately.,WorkingpracticesintheUnitedStates,IntheUS,punctualityisanessentialpartofbusinessetiquetteandassuch,scheduledappointmentsormeetingsmustbeattendedontime.Americansperceivelatenessasasignofdisrespect.DeadlinesarestrictlyadheredtoinAmericanbusinessculture.Americansplacegreatemphasisongettingthebestresultsinthequickesttime.Generallyspeaking,intheUnitedStatestheworkingweekconsistsofMondaytoFriday,9-5pm.However,duetothestrongAmericanworkethicthemajorityofAmericansworklonghoursandovertimeiscommonpractice.Itisalsocustomarytotakeasfewastendaysholidayperyear.,StructureandhierarchyinAmericancompanies.,Inacountryfamousforitsindividualismanddiversity,theorganizationandstructureofcompanieswithintheUSmaydifferaccordingtotheindustry,regionorcompanyhistory.However,youwillgenerallyfindthatofficehierarchywithinanAmericancompanyisextremelyimportant.Therefore,itisadvisedtolearntherankandtitlesofallmembersoftheorganization.NegotiationsandfinaldecisionsintheUSarefrequentlymadebyonepersonwhohaschiefauthority.TeamnegotiationsarerarelycarriedoutinAmericancompanies.,WorkingrelationshipsintheUS,Personalcompetence,professionalism,andaccountabilityforindividualperformancearehighlyvaluedinAmericanbusinessculture.DevelopingpersonalrelationshipsarenotassignificantinUSbusinesscultureastheyareinsomeAsiancountries.IntheUnitedStates,theoverallgoalofbusinessistosecurethebestdeal,thereforeformingcompanyrelationshipsareofgreatervalue.ItiscommonforAmericanstomakecleardistinctionsbetweenworkcolleaguesandfriendsintheirsociallife.IntheUS,meetingstendtoberatherformalandlittletimeisspentoncultivatingsocialrelationships.,USBusinessEtiquette(DosandDonts),DOaddressyourAmericanbusinesscolleagueswithatitle,suchas“Dr”,“Ms”,“Mr”,or“Mrs”,andtheirlastnamewhenmeetingsomeoneforthefirsttime.Youmayfindthat,yourAmericancounterpartswillinsistonusingfirstnamesalmostimmediately;thisisnotasignoffamiliaritybutsimplyreflectsthecasualbusinessstyleofAmericansandtheiremphasisonequality.DOsay“please”and“thankyou”toeveryoneforeventhesmallestkindness.PolitenessishighlyvaluedintheUnitedStatesandAmericanswillexpectyoutobeaspoliteastheyare.DObepreparedtopartakeinpreliminarysmalltalkwithyourAmericancounterpartsatthebeginningofabusinessmeeting.Thiswilloftenincludetopicssuchassportortheweatherandisseenasawaytolessenapprehensionandcreateacomfortableenvironmentbeforeenteringintobusinessaffairs.DONTmakeanyotherformofphysicalcontactsuchashuggingwhengreetingyourAmericancounterpartforthefirsttime.Americansrespecttheirprivacyandpersonalspace.DONTbeoffendedorsurprisedifyourAmericancolleaguescannotacceptagift.GiftgivingisoftendiscouragedorlimitedbymanyUScompaniesandthereforemostemployeesareunabletoacceptthem.,KeyConceptsandValues-Collectivism,Russiassevereclimaticconditionshavealsomeantthatcooperationandcollaboration,ratherthancompetition,havebeenvitalforsurvival.ThissenseoftogethernessisoneofthetraitsthatdistinguishRussiansfrommanyWesterners.,Russian,KeyConceptsandValues-Egalitarianism,Animportantconceptrelatedtothevillagemilieuisegalitarianism,thesocialphilosophythatsupportstheremovalofinequityandpromotesanequaldistributionofbenefits.InRussianbusinessterms,thisequatestoimportantstrategiesofequality,reciprocityandmutualadvantage.Russiansareverystatusconsciousandbelieveinco-equals.Adealisoftenthoughtoffromtheperspectiveofequallysharedbenefit.,KeyConceptsandValues-Dusha,ThefamousandenigmaticRussiandushaorsoulremainscentraltoeverydayRussianbehaviourandasaresultwhenbuildingsuccessfulbusinessrelationshipswithRussiansyouwillfindthatmutuallikingandemotionwillfromastrongbasis.,WorkingpracticesinRussia,TheRussiansattitudetotimemeansthatafewminutesdelayontheirpartisoflittleimportance.However,theywillexpectyoutobepunctual.FaxesandemailsarethebestwaytocommunicateinRussia,asthepostcanoftenbeunreliable.ItiscustomarybeforemakingatriptoRussiatoinformtheprospectivecompanyofyourintendedbusinessproposalsandobjectives.PaperworkandputtingpentopaperisanessentialpartofallworkingpracticesinRussia.Ingeneral,theyhavelittlefaithinunsigneddocuments.,StructureandhierarchyinRussiancompanies,ThehierarchicalstructureinRussianbusinesspracticesmeansthatthedecisionmakershigheruphaveauthorityovertheirsubordinates.However,thenatureofthecollectivegoodoftenencouragesaflexibleanddemocraticworkethos.Showingrespectforseniorityandrecognizingthehierarchicalstructureisvitalforestablishingandmaintainingstrongbusinessrelationships.,WorkingrelationshipsinRussia,PersonalandinformalcontactisacentralpartindoingbusinessinRussia.Physicalcontactduringbusinessmeetings,forexampleasimplehandonthearmorevenembracingisapositivesign.ThereisnowordforprivacyinRussia;thereforethenotionofsocialspaceismuchcloserinRussia.InsituationsofconflicttrytoavoidtakinganofficialstanceandrememberthatRussiansarepeopleorientatedandwillrespondtoamorepersonalapproach.,BusinesspracticesinRussia,Businesscardsareessential.Ifpossible,ensurethatonesideisprintedinRussianandonesideinEnglish.Presentationsshouldbestraightforwardandcomprehensible.Althoughmanyprincipalconcernsarediscussedinaninformalenvironmentfinalnegotiationswillbeconductedintheoffice.Generally,whenbeginningameeting,theheadoftheorganizationwillopenthediscussionandintroductionsshouldthenbemadeinorderofimportance.,RussianBusinessEtiquette(DosandDonts),DOshakehandsfirmlywhengreetingandleavingyourRussianpartnersandmakedirecteyecontact.DOpartakeinsmalltalk,whichnormallyinvolvestalkoffamilyandpersonalmatters,beforedealingwithbusiness.DOtakeagiftthatsymbolizesthestatureofyourcompanyandtheimportanceoftheimpendingbusinessdeal,preferablyanitemcharacteristicofyourlocalareaoronethatdisplaysthecompanylogo.DONTbeafraidtoshowsomeemotion,theRussianswont!DONTastheRussianproverbstateshurrytoreply,buthurrytolisten.DONTpraiseorrewardanyoneinpublicasitmaybeviewedwithsuspicionorcauseenvyandjealousy.Rememberthecollectiverulesovertheindividual.,Mexican,Communicationstyle(HighContext)communicationtendstobeindirectandsubtle,andpresentedindiplomaticandnon-confrontationalway.Meaningisconveyedthroughnonverbalformsofcommunicationorbylessexplicitverbalmessages.oftendisguise“no”inresponsessuchas“maybe”or“wellsee”withtheaimofmaintainingharmonyandavoidingdisappointingoroffendingthereceiver.itisvitaltotakethisindirectapproachwithyourMexicancounterpartsasitwillhelptostrengthenyourbusinessrelationships.,FamilyAsacollectivistculture,thefamilyunitisadominatingfactorofdailylifeandtheclosetiesbetweenextendedfamiliesandcommunitiescanhaveamajorinfluenceonindividualbehaviour.Family-ownedorcontrolledbusinessesarenotuncommonandyouwilloftenfindrelativesworkingforthesamecompany.NepotismisafrequentoccurrenceinMexicanbusinesscultureandestablishingtrustworthycontactswillbecrucialforyoursuccess.,StructureandhierarchyinMexicancompaniesHierarchyandsocialstatusareparticularlysignificantinMexicanculture.Finaldecisionsaregenerallymadebyacentralauthorityfigure.However,generalconsensusistakenintoaccountandsubordinatesareencouragedtoopenlyexpresstheirpointofview.,TimeTimeisconsideredtobeflexible,relaxedandcircular,andisthereforeunlimited.“maana:“morning”or“tomorrow”(literalmeaning),alsoawayofsaying“later”Therefore,expectthingstobedonesometimeinthenearfuture,withoutgreaturgencyorspecificdatelineinmind.Businessmeetingswillrunataslowerpaceandyourassociatesmaytakelongertoreachadecision.Punctualityandtimekeepingarelesscloselyobserved;therefore,avoidplanningatightdailyschedule.,WorkingpracticesinMexicoItisimportanttoschedulebusinessappointmentsinadvanceandconfirmthemonceyouhavearrivedinMexico.BusinesslunchesareafavourablemethodofconductingbusinessinMexico,emphasisingthemoresocialaspectofMexicanbusinessculture,andoftengoonforseveralhours.Breakfastmeetingsarealsopopularforgettingtoknowyourbusinessassociates,andtoestablishamorepersonalrelationship.InmostMexicancities,workinghoursaregenerally9.00a.m.to5.00p.m.,butmayextenduntil7.00p.m.fromMondaytoFriday.Businessisrarelyconductedattheweekend,whichisnormallyreservedforfamily.,WorkingrelationshipsinMexicoCultivatingclosepersonalrelationshipsandbuildingtrustareconsideredvitalcomponentsforasuccessfulworkingenvironment.Respectisakeycomponentandisreflectedintheextensiveuseofprofessionaltitlesandtheformal“you”(usted).Mexicansplacegreatemphasisonshowingrespecttoothers,especiallytoelderandmoreseniormembersofthegroup.,BusinesspracticesinMexicoFormalapproachtobusinessrelationships:addressyourMexicanbusinesspartnerwiththeappropriatetitle;firstnamesaregenerallyonlyusedwithfamilyandclosefriends,Themostappropriateformofgreetingisawarmandfirmhandshake.Whenamorepersonalrelationshiphasdeveloped,itisnotuncommonforbusinessassociatestokissonthecheekoruseafriendlyembrace.TheuseofpersonalintroductionsthroughamutualfriendoranappropriateprofessionaliscrucialforestablishingtrustandensuringyourfuturebusinesssuccessinMexico.,MexicanBusinessEtiquette(DosandDonts)DOtranslateallyourmarketingliteratureandanyotherdocumentsforyourbusinessdealingsintoSpanish.Failuretodosomayjeopardizeyourbusinesspotential.DOexpectyourMexicanbusinesscounterpartstoconverseatamuchcloserphysicaldistancethanyoumaybeusedto.AMexicanssenseofpersonalspaceismuchsmallerandphysicalcontactisnotfrownedupon.DOtakeyourtimeduringbusinessdealingswithyourMexicancolleaguesandavoidpressingforfinaldecisions,rememberthattimeinMexicodoesnotalwaysequalmoney,asinsomewesterncountries.DONTmakedirectandfrequenteyecontactwheninconversationwithyouMexicanbusinessassociates.Mexicanstendnottomakedirecteyecontactasasignofrespect.DONTbeoverlyaggressivewhilenegotiatingbusinessdeals,asitisconsideredrude.DONToffergiftsofextremelyhighvalue.GiftgivingisnotarequirementofMexicanbusinessetiquette,butasmallgiftwillbegratefullyacceptedandappreciated.,FaceAvitalelementofMalaysianculture,aswithmostAsiancultures,istheconceptofface.InMalaysiansocietyto“loseface”,thatistolosecontrolofonesemotionsortoshowembarrassmentinpublic,isperceivedasanegativedisplayofbehaviour.Malaysianswilluseanumberofmethodsinorderto“saveface”.Laughter,forinstance,isoftenusedtomaskonestruefeelingsandcanrevealnumerousemotionsincludingnervousness,shynessordisapproval.SavingfaceisparticularlycrucialinbusinesscontextsascausingyourMalaysiancounterparttolosefacemayinfluencetheoutcomeofyourfuturebusinessdealings.,MalaysiancultureKeyconceptsandvalues,HighcontextcultureInhighcontextculturessuchasMalaysiameaningisoftenmoreexplicitandlessdirectthaninmanyWesterncultures.Thismeansthatwordsarelessimportantandgreaterattentionmustbegiventoadditionalformsofcommunicationsuchasvoicetone,bodylanguage,eye-contactandfacialexpressions.InMalaysia,becausebusinessispersonalandbasedontrust,developingrelationshipsratherthanexchangingfactsandinformationisthemainobjectiveofcommunication.ThisalsorelatestotheMalayculturalvaluesofcourtesy,tolerance,harmonyandface.Directanswers,particularlynegativeones,areavoidedinordertopreventdisagreementandpreserveharmony;twoveryimportantaspectsofMalaysianculture.,FatalismMalaysiancultureiscentredonthediversereligiousvaluesofHinduism,Buddhism,andIslamandassuchreliesheavilyontheconceptoffatalism.Fatalismisthebeliefthatsuccess,failures,opportunitiesandmisfortunesresultfromfateorthewillofGod.Inabusinesscontext,whenformulatingideasandmakingdecisionsMalays,whoarepredominantlyMuslim,willtendnottorelyonempiricalevidenceorhardfacts,butprefertobeguidedbysubjectivefeelingscombinedwiththeIslamicfaith.YourChineseandIndiancolleagueswillalsotakeasimilarapproachsincefeelingsandemotionsplayasignificantpartintheirbusinessculture.Consequently,negotiationsmaytakelongerthanexpectedandyourMalaysiancounterpartswillviewdecisionmakinginamorepersonallight.,WorkingpracticesinMalaysiaWhenschedulingbusinessmeetingsinMalaysiaonemusttakeintoconsiderationtheimportanceofprayertimesinthispredominantlyMuslimcountry.Fridaysareaparticularlyreligiousdayoftheweekandifpossiblemeetingsshouldnotbescheduledforthistime.Attitudetopunctualityvariesaccordingtowhichnationalityyouaredoingbusinesswith.TheChineseforexampleexpectpunctuality,whereasbothethnicMalaysandIndianbusinesspeoplehaveamorerelaxedattitudetowardstime.Asageneralrule,youwillbeexpectedtobepunctual;thereforeitisadvisedtoarrivetobusinessappointmentsontime.IfyourbusinessinMalaysiarequiresinteractionwithMalaysiangovernmentofficials,ensurethatallcommunicationtakesplaceinthelanguageofBahasaMalaysia.ThemajorityoftransactionsandcorrespondencewithMalaysiancompanieshowever,willgenerallybeconductedinEnglish.,StructureandhierarchyinMalaysiancompaniesRegardlessofthesizeornatureofthecompany,hierarchyisanintegralpartofMalaysianbusinessculture.Malaysiancompaniesgenerallyfollowaverticalhierarchicalstructurewhereauthorityisdirectedfromthetop.InkeepingwithMalaysianculture,titlesandjobdescriptionsplayasignificantpartinmanyMalaysiancompanies.Theyareimportantforemployeesinordertoemphasisethelineofauthoritywithinthebusiness.WorkingRelationshipsinMalaysiaMalaysiansrespectforauthorityisevidentinmostbusinessdealings.Therelationshipbetweensubordinatesandtheirsuperiorsforexampleisdistinctandhighlyofficial.Malaysiansdonotaddresstheirbossesbytheirfirstname,butusetitlessuchas“Mr”and“Madam”followedbytheirhonorificformofaddress.RelationshipsbetweenMalaysianbusinesscolleaguesarebasedonmutualrespectand,assuch,thesameprocedureusedwhenaddressingtheirsuperiorsisalsoappliedwiththeirMalaysianbusinesscolleagues.,BusinesspracticesinMalaysiaWhenmeetingyourMalaysiancounterpartsforthefirsttime,afirmhandshakeisthestandardformofgreeting.However,youshouldonlyshakehandswithaMalaysianbusinesswomanifsheinitiatesthegesture.Otherwiseanodorasinglebowisappropriate.WithsuchanarrayofculturesinMalaysiaaddressingMalaysiansproperlycanbedifficult.Itisadvisedtofindoutinadvancehowyoushouldaddressthepersonyouaretomeet.Generallyspeaking,aMalaysfirstnameisindividuallygiven,whilethesecondandthirdnameindicatethoseofthefatherandthegrandfather.Insomecasesthewords“bin”(son)or“binti”(daughter)canbeaddedafterthegivenname.Giftsarenotusuallyexchangedastheymaybeperceivedasabribe.However,intheeventthatyouarepresentedwithagift,itiscustomarytoacceptitwithbothhandsandwaituntilyouhaveleftyourMalaysiancolleaguesbeforeopeningit.Besuretoreciprocatewithagiftofequalvalueinordertoavoidlossofface.BusinesscardsarecustomarilyexchangedafteraninitialintroductioninMalaysia.SincealargeproportionofMalaysianbusinesspeopleareChinese,itwillbeusefulifyourcardisprintedinbothEnglishandChineseandthatdetailsofyoureducation,professionalqualifications,andbusinesstitleareincluded.Cardsshouldbepresentedandreceivedwithbothhands,andtimeshouldalwaysbespentexaminingtheinformationbeforeplacingitonthetableorinabriefcase.,Malaysianbusinessetiquette(DosandDonts)DObepatientwithyourMalaysiancounterpartsduringbusinessnegotiations.Theprocessisoftenalonganddetailedonethatshouldnotbehastened.DOremainpoliteanddemonstrategoodetiquetteatalltimes.ElderlyMalaysianbusinesspeopleforexampleshouldbetreatedwithrespectandalwaysacknowledgedbeforeyoungermembersoftheorganisation.ThisisanessentialpartofachievingsuccessfulbusinessdealingsinMalaysia.DOtaketimetoestablishproductivebusinessrelationshipswithyourMalaysiancolleagues.Initialmeetingsaregenerallyorientatedtowardsdevelopingsuchrelationshipsandwillbemaintainedthroughoutandbeyondthenegotiations.Withoutthem,yourbusinessplansmaybefruitless.DONTassumethatasignedcontractsignifiesafinalagreement.Itiscommonfornegotiationstocontinueafteracontracthasbeensigned.DONTbesurprisedifyourMalaysiancounterpartsaskwhatyoumayconsidertobepersonalquestions.InMalaysia,askingpeopleabouttheirweight,incomeandmaritalstatusforexample,isnotuncommonandisviewedasanacceptableapproachtoinitialconversations.DONTenterintobusinesswithaMalaysiancompanywithoutaletterofintroductionfromabankormutualacquaintance.Thiswillhelpyourrequestforafuturemeeting,asMalaysiansprefertoconductbusinesswiththosetheyarefamiliarwith.,Kibun(pride,face,mood,orstateofmind)InordertomaintainaKoreanssenseofKibun,particularlyinabusinesscontext,onemustshowtheproperrespectandavoidcausinglossofface.Inaculturewheresocialharmonyisessential,theabilitytoidentifyanothersstateofmindiscrucialtosuccessfulbusinessventures.Forthisreason,youmustbeawareofsubtletiesincommunication,observingnon-verbalandindirectcuesthatoftensuggestthetruesenseofwhatisbeingcommunicated(HighContext).Inhwa(harmony)Asacollectivistsociety,consensusisanimportantelementinpromotingandmaintainingharmonyinKorea.Toavoiddisturbinginhwa,Koreanswilloftenreplywithapositiveanswerandshowreluctancetogivedirectrefusals.InKoreanbusinessculturethismanifestsitselfinaninnatesenseofloyalty,employeeobedienceandcourteousandformalbehaviour.,Korea,ConfucianismWithitsrootssetdeepinKoreanculture,ConfucianismcontinuestopervadetheconsciousnessofmanyKoreans,shapingtheKoreanmoralsystem,itsnationallaws,andgeneralwayoflifeinKorea.TheubiquitousConfucianbeliefsandvaluesofcontemporaryKoreansocietyhighlightaplethoraofsocialconcerns,andincludeobligationtowardsothers,respectforfamily,eldersandauthority,loyalty,honour,andfilialpiety.PersonalRelationshipsInKorea,personalrelationstakeprecedenceoverbusiness.Inordertobesuccessful,itisvitaltoestablishgood,personalrelationshipsbasedonmutualtrustandbenefit.Koreanbusinesscultureisfirmlygroundedinrespectfulrapportandinordertoestablishthis,itisessentialthatyouhavetherightintroductionandapproachthecompanythroughamutualfriendoracquaintanceattheappropr