指导书、实习报告文献翻译.doc

第1部分 设计题目及要求根据教师提供的桥址资料(详细情况见地质资料图)确定所设计的桥型为预应力混凝土简支箱形梁桥。1. 技术指标1) 道路等级：二级公路2) 孔跨布置：3跨，标准跨径30m3) 设计荷载：公路级4) 桥面坡度：不设纵坡，车行道双向横坡为2.0%5) 桥面横向布置（双向2车道）：9m（行车道）+20.5m（栏杆）6) 桥轴平面线形：直线2. 设计要求进行详细地结构设计计算和验算，并绘出施工图（不少于10张主要设计图纸）。 设计计算书要求书写整齐、计算数据准确，设计构思合理，尽量采用先进技术。图纸要求布局合理，线条清晰，比例正确，字体规范，通过设计计算和制图使学生熟练掌握结构内力计算，构件截面强度、刚度、稳定性验算和构件尺寸拟定等内容；掌握桥梁设计的主要内容和设计程序。 第2部分 设计内容和进度安排1. 设计内容及其要求1）根据所选题目要求和提供的桥址资料完成桥跨布置工作，并根据最终的设计内容完善桥跨布置。2）设计的计算工作(1) 上部结构计算 根据教师指导确定主梁和横隔梁的具体结构形式，计算恒载和活载内力，进行承载能力极限状态的荷载组合。 预应力钢筋设计计算，估算所需预应力钢筋截面积，确定预应力钢筋的具体布置形式。 控制截面的强度验算和应力计算。 变形验算。(2) 下部结构计算 根据教师指导确定下部结构（墩台基础）的具体形式，计算恒载和活载内力，进行承载能力极限状态的荷载组合。 配筋设计 变形验算。3）设计出图（A3幅面设计图，每人完成10张，具体内容可参考下面说明（供参考）(1) 桥跨布置图（一）（反映立面和平面的总体布置图）(2) 桥跨布置图（二）（反映横向的总体布置图）(3) 主梁一般构造图（跨中）(4) 主梁一般构造图（支点）(5) 跨中钢筋构造图(6) 支点钢筋构造图(7) 主梁预应力钢筋构造图(8) 主梁横隔板构造图(9) 搭板一般构造图(10) 搭板钢筋构造图(11) 桥墩一般构造图(12) 桥墩桩柱钢筋构造图(13) 桥墩盖梁钢筋构造(14) 桥台一般构造(15) 桥台盖梁钢筋构造(16) 锥坡一般构造4）论文工作除设计图纸外，毕业论文应包括以下主要内容：(1) 设计任务、基本资料(2) 与设计题目相关的设计理论和技术的简况(3) 详细的计算、设计过程说明，包括计算公式、数据及必要的图表等(4) 对本次设计的总结，包括自己的收获、感想及毕业设计中存在的问题等内容。2. 毕业设计进度安排本届毕业设计总时间为15周，具体安排如下：周次内容安排1毕业设计实习2毕业设计实习3毕业设计开题：布置设计任务，开始桥跨布置工作4上部结构设计，恒活载内力计算和内力组合5下部结构设计，内力计算6上、下部结构同时进行配筋计算7进行各项验算8辅助设计9开始论文整理、图纸绘制工作10论文整理、图纸绘制工作11论文整理、图纸绘制工作12论文整理、图纸绘制工作13指导教师审核毕业设计，提出修改意见14毕业设计学院统一审查及修改15毕业设计答辩3提交成果1) 毕业设计计算书，严格遵从烟台大学土木学院的论文格式和内容。2) 施工设计图（每人不少于10张主要设计图纸）。3) 毕业实习报告。第3部分 参考文献1 邵容光结构设计原理北京：人民交通出版社，1995.32 范力础桥梁工程（上册）北京：人民交通出版社，1996.13 胡兆同桥梁通用构造及简支梁桥北京：人民交通出版社，2001.34 徐光辉，胡明义公路桥涵设计手册，梁桥（上册）北京：人民交通出版社，2000.75 江祖铭，王崇礼公路桥涵设计手册，墩台与基础北京：人民交通出版社，2000.56 中华人民共和国交通部部标准公路桥涵设计通用规范北京：人民交通出版社，2004.107 中华人民共和国交通部部标准公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范北京：人民交通出版社，2004.118 中华人民共和国交通部部标准公路工程技术标准北京：人民交通出版社，2004.29 中华人民共和国交通部部标准公路桥涵地基与基础设计规范(JTJ 02485).北京：人民交通出版社，1985. 10 姚玲森桥梁工程北京：人民交通出版社，2008.711 陈忠延主编.土木工程专业毕业设计指南桥梁工程分册. 北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.12 龚晓南. 土力学. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002.13 凌志平,易经武.基础工程. 北京：人民交通出版社,1997.14 李国平桥梁预应力混凝土技术及设计原理北京：人民交通出版社 ，2004 15 范力础预应力混凝土连续梁桥北京：人民交通出版社，198816 徐岳，王亚君，万振江预应力混凝土连续梁桥设计北京：人民交通出版社，2000.5毕业实习报告前 言：2011年3月，我在烟台栖霞同三高速公路项目部实习。这是我第一次正式与社会接轨踏上工作岗位，开始与以往完全不一样的生活。每天在规定的时间上下班，上班期间要认真准时地完成自己的工作任务，绝不草率敷衍了事。对自己，对工作，对学校的声誉负责。所谓实践是检验真理的唯一标准，通过实习，使我近距离的观察了道路的修筑过程，学到了很多很适用的具体的施工知识，这些知识往往是我在学校很少接触，很少注意的，但又是十分重要、十分基础的知识。让我更深一步的了解理论与实际的差别。一、实习目的：通过对栖霞同三高速公路实地实习认识，使我对高速公路的沥青路面的施工、道路的设计以及其它公路相关设施的设计与布置，有了一次全面的感性认识，加深了我们对所学课程知识的理解，使学习和实践相结合。二、实习时间：2011年3月1日至3月15日三、实习内容：1. 路基施工1） 挖方路基在路堑开挖前作好坡顶截水沟,并视土质情况作好防渗工作。开挖前应将适用于种植草皮和其他用途的表土储存起来，用于绿化填土。路基开挖必须按设计断面自上而下开挖，不得乱挖、超挖及欠挖，开挖至路基顶面时应注意预留碾压沉降高度。当边坡为石方时，石方爆破应以小型爆破、控制爆破或静态破碎为主。宜采用综合开挖法施工。在接近设计坡面部分的开挖，采用爆破施工时，应采用预裂光面爆破，以保护边坡稳定和整齐，爆破后的悬凸危岩、破裂块体应及时清除整修。对石方路堑，超挖部分应用水泥稳定级配碎石底基层材料全段面铺筑整平层碾压密实，严禁用土充填。2) 填方路基路基填土不得使用腐殖土,生活垃圾土、淤泥,不得含杂草、树根等杂物，粒径超过10cm的土块应打碎。应选用级配较好的粗粒土为填料，且应优先选用砾类土、砂类土，且在最佳含水量时压实。路基填方若为土石混和料，且石料强度大于20MPa时，石块的最大粒径不得超过压实层厚23，当石料强度小于15MPa,石料最大粒径不得超过压实层厚。路床土质应均匀、密实、强度高。路堤修筑范围内，原地面的坑、洞、墓穴等应用原地的土或砂性土回填，并进行压实，路堤基底为耕地或松土时，应先清除有机土种植土、树根、杂草后，再压实。其压实度不应小于90。当路基穿过水塘或水田时，必须抽干积水，清除淤泥和腐殖土，压实基底后方可填筑，当地下水位较高或土质湿软地段的路基压实度达不到要求时，必须采用有效措施进行处理，当填方路段的地面自然横坡大于1：5时，应在斜坡上分级挖成宽度不小于2.0m，并向内倾斜24%的台阶,并用小型夯实机加以夯实后方可进行分层碾压。路基填土高度小于80cm时，基底的压实度不宜小于路床的压实度标准，基底松散土层厚度大于30cm时，应翻挖后再回填分层压实，或掺5（干土质量的百分比）的生石灰后再辗压。填方边坡上部8m为1:1.5，8m以下为1:1.75，中间为2m宽的马道。路基应采用重型振动压路机分层碾压，分层的最大松铺厚度，土方路堤不大于30cm，土石路堤不大于40cm，填筑至路床顶面最后一层的最小压实厚度，不应小于8cm。不同种类的土必须分段分层填筑,不应混杂且用不同土填筑的层数宜少。管径顶面填土厚度必须大于30cm，方能上压路机辗压。桥涵、管道沟槽、检查井、雨水等周围的回填土应在对称的两侧或四周同时均匀分层回填压(夯)实，填土材料宜采用砂砾等适水性材料或石灰土。若机动车行道下的管、涵、雨水支管等结构物的埋深较浅，回填土压实度达不到规定的数值时，按下表的要求处理。采用振动压路机碾压时，应遵循先轻后重，先稳后振，先低后高，先慢后快以及轮迹重叠等原则。至少碾压3遍直到达到规定的压实度为准。2. 管道施工1) 管道放线本工程排水管道放线均按检查井坐标表严格放线，检查井坐标点为主线管道轴线投影与检查井横轴线交点。2) 现场复核本工程雨、污水上下游管线必须接顺。设计要求在施工放线时首先复核上下游现状管渠、接纳水体等的位置、标高、断面尺寸等，若与设计有不符之处，必须立即通知设计单位研究处理。3) 沟槽开挖管道及构筑物沟槽开挖边坡应有一定的坡度以保证施工安全。沟槽开挖边坡最陡值根据不同土质按1:0.11.5控制，如果现场条件不允许，必须采取加支撑等措施。对于填方地段，须在填方进行至管顶标高1.0m之上后方可开挖管道沟槽，填方应按道路路基要求进行。4) 地基处理管道及构筑物地基承载力不小于0.2Mpa。沟槽在填方地段、地基受到扰动或沟槽超挖的，管道基础以下必须分层夯实回填，密实度不小于90%。对于地质条件较差地段，如淤泥、杂填土等，必须进行换填。换填材料根据具体情况分别采用原土、砂石、浆砌片石、素混凝土等，具体采用材料及换填深度按相关设计图说。5) 管道安装 所有管道的安装必须严格执行给水排水管道工程施工及验收规范的规定。玻璃钢夹砂管、塑料管的安装主要参考生产厂家提供的使用说明书技术要求，还必须符合埋地给水排水玻璃纤维增强热固性树脂夹砂管道工程施工及验收规程、纤维缠绕玻璃钢管道安装验收规程等专业规程。6) 测试与试验 所有的材料、产品均应有出厂检验合格证书，进场应按相关程序进行进场检验。双壁波纹管、玻璃钢夹砂管的双橡胶圈承插接口在安装完毕后，须进行接口的水密性试验，试验方法按照各自相关专业规范进行。所有的污水管道在回填前还必须按照给水排水管道工程施工及验收规范的规定做管段闭水试验。3. 沥青混合料的拌和施工工艺流程1）拌合及运输在工厂拌制混合料所用的固定式拌和设备有间歇式和连续式两种。前者系在每盘拌和时计量混合料各种材料的重量，而后者则在计量各种材料之后连续不断地送进拌和器中拌和。该拌和站采用的是德国安曼4000型间歇式拌和机。在拌制沥青混合料之前，应根据确定的配合比进行试拌。试拌时对所用的各种矿料及沥青应严格计量。通过试拌和抽样检验确定每盘热拌的配合比及其总重量（间歇式拌和机）、或各种矿料进料口开启的大小及沥青和矿料进料的速度（连续式拌和机)、适宜的沥青用量、拌和时间、矿料和沥青加热温度、以及沥青混合料出厂的温度。对试拌的沥青混合料进行试验之后，即可选定施工的配合比。运输车辆采用30t的大中型自卸汽车；a、运输车辆装备棉被、苫布等保温防尘装置，防止成品在运输过程中被扬尘污染；b、运输车辆车槽四角密封坚固，防止在运输成品过程中呈热融状态的沥青由于滴漏对周边环境造成污染；c、每层铺筑完成后，进行交通管制，如遇大风或沙尘污染，在下层施工前注意清扫干净；d、在与一期工程交叉施工时，协调好道路交通，如确实需要通过，须经我方同意，对车辆进行清洗后方可通过，但严禁挖掘机等重型机械通过； 2) 铺筑铺筑工序如下：a基层准备和放样面层铺筑前，应对基层和路基进行检查处理，确保道路的基层和面层有很好的黏结，减少水分浸入基层。为了控制混合料的摊铺厚度，在准备好基层之后进行测量放样，沿路面中心线和四分之一路面宽处设置样桩，标出混合料的松铺厚度。采用自动调平摊铺机摊铺时，还应放出引导摊铺机运行走向和标高的控制基准线（俗称走钢丝）。高速公路和一级公路在施工前应铺筑试验段。试验段的长度应根据试验目的确定，宜为100200m。试验段宜在直线段上铺筑，如在其它道路上铺筑时，路面结构等条件应相同，路面各结构层的试验可安排在不同的试验段上。四、体会与总结：紧张的半个月的实习生活结束了，在这一个月里我还是有不少的收获。实习结束后有必要好好总结一下 。 这次实习让我深刻体会到读书固然是增长知识开阔眼界的途径，但是多一些实践，给自己定个位，也是一种绝好的提高自身综合素质的选择。此次的实习活动，在社会这个大学校中学习实践知识。这也是我第一次真正接触社会，感受社会。我坚信通过这一段时间的实习，所获得的实践经验对我终身受益，在我毕业后的实际工作中将不断的得到验证，我会不断的理解和体会实习中所学到的知识，在未来的工作中我将把我所学到的理论知识和实践经验不断的应用到实际工作来，充分展示自我的个人价值和人生价值。为实现自我的理想和光明的前程努力。文献翻译Status And Development of Prestressed Concrete BridgeAbstract: This article from the composition of concrete materials, technology and construction of tension and seismic performance to elaborate on the status of proposed increase in the level of pre-stressed concrete technology.Keywords: seismic performance of concrete, steel construction technologyIntroduction Prestressed concrete is an urgent need to resume the war after World War II wounds, rapidly developed from Western Europe.Half a century, from, materials, techniques, to the civil works, and have achieved great development.Especially with the gradual maturity of the concept of partially prestressed, breaking the tension and cracking of concrete can not be bound, greatly expanded its range of applications.Prestressed concrete has become a major domestic and international civil engineering structural material, and prestressed technology to expand the application to steel, brick, stone, wood and other structural materials, and to deal with structural design, construction, using conventional techniques is difficultsolve various difficult.Prestressed concrete in China than in Western Europe started about 10 years later, but the rapid development of the large number of applications.Investment in China in recent years in civil engineering, construction scale in rank in the world.In concrete engineering, prestressing technology has made tremendous progress.Recent decades, Chinas rapid development of prestressed concrete bridge, in terms of bridge type, span and construction methods and techniques are ground-breaking development, many pre-stressed concrete bridge construction technology has reached the international advanced level.This article focuses on the characteristics of its constituent materials and the development of prestressed concrete situation and prospects.Concrete China has built from prestressed concrete bridge of view, most of them are using 40 to 50 concrete, and then prepared using water-reducing agent and other additives, plastic concrete, and the development of concrete pumping process.With the increase of bridge span, the bridge structure to reduce the weight of concrete gradually to high strength, light direction.Japan back in the 1970s with 80 built several concrete span of 45 simply supported prestressed concrete railway bridge in Germany in the main bridge across the 136 rich Lingle using lightweight concrete.Chinas current high-strength, lightweight concrete has already been achieved.Such as the construction of the largest Buddhist temple in Chongqing Yangtze River Bridge, is a main span of 450 meters of twin pairs of cable-plane prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge.Chongqing Yangtze River Bridge by the largest Buddhist temple in the successful development of the 60 test loyalty silica fume high-strength concrete bridge girder casting the first time in use.Modified materials as concrete, silica fume high-strength concrete are easy to cast, the overall density, and high long-term stability and strength, can improve the intrinsic quality of construction, the bridge construction market has great application value.SteelCurrently used mainly in high-strength prestressed steel wire strand and thick high-strength steel three categories.Bridge on the use of prestressed steel has been moving in high-strength, low relaxation, large diameter direction.Before the mid-1980s, Chinas performance of prestressed steel more than the international community behind, gradually narrowing the gap between the last 20 years.Prestressed steel production process because the continuous improvement of plant performance and become better and more material.To improve efficiency in recent years, the increase in material strength, but in some cases, the intensity of growth is lower ductility and toughness of the material cost.Prestressed high strength steel, and sometimes increase the risk of hydrogen stress corrosion.These adverse features should be paid.New materials such as fiber-reinforced plastic, in the past mainly for aerospace and aviation, is now in the construction industry.Use of these materials are mainly due to the following advantages: durability in all environments and with anti-corrosion properties, light weight, high strength and nonmagnetic properties.Fiber reinforced plastics can be used as pre-stressed and non-prestressed materials.These materials have linear elastic stress - strain relationship, until the pull-off.Their performance with the performance of different reinforced and prestressed steel, also require new design methods.Since 1939, Frances first Belgian-style system with the first system, the pre-stressed technology from the pre-tensioned to the progress of post-tensioned, for a variety of large-span prestressed structure opened the way for the development.Prestressed anchor with the anchor corresponding to the tendons, into crude steel anchor, steel beams anchor and anchor strand three categories.In recent years, the group used to anchor strand anchoring system, are widely used.With the continuous improvement of the quality of land, its anchor performance is getting better.When used according to the needs of multi-strand formed by the bunch, the whole bundle tension, China has grown to 1200.Large tonnage of steel beams using prestressed greatly simplifies the post-tensioning process.Cantilever construction for the use of the bridge, each cycle can greatly reduce the number of prestressed beams, and prestressed beam through the flat section of curved so that the anchor position on the layout fixed, saving wear-beam, tensioning, grouting and other processesthe time spent, thus speeding up the construction schedule.Another large-tonnage prestressed beams, cloth beam is easy, after a reasonable choice is not easy because after the cloth beam can be done to increase the structure and size, resulting in material waste, can reduce the complexity of the anchor tooth block, will ease the template to speed up the construction period.Unbonded tendon is coated with anti-rust lubricant post-tensioning tendons, the construction of this tendon can be directly installed in reinforced as in the template.Unbonded tendons need to reserve channel, post-wear beams, grouting and other processes and material savings, speed up the construction schedule.Therefore, with the construction of simple construction and high efficiency.But its strength and stiffness with the corresponding lower compared to bonded prestressed tendons.From a durability perspective, rust and seriously deal with its anchor capped.Bonded tendon grouting problem because there are durability issues, there is often a pre-stressed pipe grouting or compaction grouting dissatisfaction issues, which may lead to tendon corrosion can not be ignored.Unbonded prestressed tendons in our long-span bridges in the application is increasing.Unbonded tendons because of its advantages will be more and more attention, but on its strength and durability issues still need to further strengthen and continuously improve.In vitro claim the use of prestressed concrete structures is the recent development in the direction of one of the construction industry.In vitro construction of prestressed concrete way on the international bridge nearly 90 years.However, due to early corrosion process is imperfect, because of higher costs to obtain the results are unsatisfactory.But since the 1980s, advances in technology, several in vitro pre-stressed technology improved, becoming more perfect, more and more of its applications.Pre-stress from the point of view, it is the most pre-stressed concrete, steel beams arranged in a cross-section, the change to the side and through the anchoring device to pass the pre-stress.This method not only can be applied to new construction, can also be used to reinforce the existing structure.Use early in the pre-stressed, tendons have been used in vitro bridge construction, but, because of the technical conditions, this method in the 1950s almost been abandoned.Corrosion-resistant (fiber reinforced plastic) cable, high-performance cable and cable protection systems in vitro development of in vitro re-emergence of pre-stressed technology to provide favorable conditions.Use of external prestressing technology bridge project has the following advantages: 1) The board is not installed within the pipe, reduces the thickness of the plate, thus reducing the weight of the bridge; 2) prestressed cable easy to install; 3) easy to check the prestressed cableis conducive to maintenance of cable; 4) prestressed cable replacement or re-tension as possible; 5) significantly shorten the construction period, particularly the use of prefabricated bridge construction sub-assembly method.In vitro pre-stressed concrete bridge technology is widely used in construction.And has been used for highway and bridge construction precast viaduct segments.Another great potential in vitro pre-stressed technology is the use of the original concrete structure reinforcement and repair.In recent years, the technology has been applied to many new structures, including: the structure set in a large eccentric prestressing cable to improve the performance of the force structure that can be used in the concrete flange and the corrugated steel webs composed of composite structuresamong the high use of lightweight materials to reduce the structural weight.Construction Technology Prestressed concrete bridge and construction technology are inextricably linked, the level of construction technology directly to the bridge span, linear, cross-sectional forms.Prestressed concrete continuous beam they use a covered stent in the initial construction method, the span is generally 40 or less, and long construction period, construction materials and more.1960 Prestressed Concrete Bridge after the introduction of cantilever construction method, prestressed concrete girder bridge to the rapid development of its capacity of 200 or more across, the scope is also expanding.Cantilever span bridge assembly method will split up, simple in construction, assembly of short duration, speed, especially for multi-span long associated bridge (span of less than 100) is a high efficiency and construction.Prestressed concrete beams of the construction methods as well Pushing, moving mold method, the hole set up by law.In recent years, engineers from the Ukraine, a new pre-stressed technology is the invention of the first tension between France and between France and post-tensioning process.It is not yet solidified in the pouring of concrete when the prestressed concrete in the case of consolidation pressure.Prestressed need to impose such a special sliding template and can pass the concrete pressure device.It makes the same case beam reinforcement ratio increased the carrying capacity of 25-34%, column capacity increased 75%, crack resistance unchanged.This method has been weighing 30 tons to use the bridge structure.Prestressed concrete structural seismicCurrent international engineering concrete structures prestressed concrete structures for seismic issues given attention.Osaka, Kobe, Japan in 1995 after the earthquake, combined with the concrete structure (including pre-stressed concrete structure) the actual performance in the earthquake were investigated and made a lot of work, other countries have also made a lot of research work.Studies have shown that pre-stressed structure is the ability of the earthquake zone, and reinforced concrete structures, requires a rational design and construction.Vertical prestressed reinforcement used in reinforced concrete structures can improve seismic performance.Using vertical prestressed concrete structures, can improve the structures ability to resist horizontal loads, and can quickly recover after the earthquake.In the earthquake, the precast prestressed concrete structure will yield to produce plastic hinge, the entire structure to improve the ductility and energy dissipation capacity and to avoid damage, which has a good seismic performance.Outlook In order to meet Chinas economic development, alleviate the problem to the p