assignment 02 for “language and linguistics” .doc

第 4 页 （共 4 页）assignment 02 for “language and linguistics”（units 4-6）answer sheet语言与语言学 作业02（第4-6单元）答题纸学籍号： 102011010093 姓名： 李玲玲 分数： 学习中心： 北京学习中心 专业： _英语专业_the total marks for this assignment are 100 points. time allowed for completing this assignment is 1 hour (60 minutes).please write all your answers on the answer sheetshort answer questions 40 points1what are the different dimensions of relations between people in the society? what is the one dimension important to chinese but absent in some other cultures? choose one dimension to give an example.relations between people in society can be analyzed in terms of familiarity, emotional distance, formality; in chinese culture we make the important distinction of in-group or out-group.in chinese culture, we make another important distinction of relationship, namely between in-group and out-group. in ordinary language, we distinguish 自己人 from 居外人. note that the notions of in-group and out-group are not static, but dynamic. who are insiders and who are outsiders depend on context. in a family circle, the insiders are family members, everybody else is an outsider. in an inter-school competition, the insiders and outsiders are separated by virtue of which school people belong to. if someone chooses to boost the morale of the enemys team, he will be treated as a traitor, that is, he is no longer being treated as an insider. in an international context, chinese become 自己人, and foreigners become 居外人. 2how does language help us to organize our most basic experiences of the material world through naming, categorizing and abstraction?objects, actions and the qualities of objects and actions are the 3 basic elements of our experience of the world. language helps us to organize our experience with things into concepts. by naming we capture our immediate experience of objects and identify them. by giving category names to objects, actions and qualities, we store our experience in concepts, which are realized by words.words as symbols allow us to talk about situations removed from the here and now of the speaker.3name five of the six maxims of politeness.minimize (all things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs; maximize (all things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs. the six maxims are: the tact maxim; the generosity maxim; the approbation maxim; the modesty maxim; the agreement maxim; the sympathy maxim.the tact maxim: minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other; maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.the generosity maxim: minimize the expression of benefit to self; maximize the expression of cost to self.the approbation maxim: minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other; maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other. to put it plainly, if you approve other, exaggerate your approval; if you disapprove other, keep silent if you can.the modesty maxim: minimize the expression of praise of self; maximize the expression of dispraise of self.the agreement maxim: minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other; maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.the sympathy maxim: minimize antipathy between self and other; maximize sympathy between self and other.4what are the essential elements of a ritual illocutionary act? use an example to illustrate one of them.the right persons, the right words, the right feelings of thoughts and of course the right procedure are four essentials for ritual illocutionary acts.the illocutionary act performed in a wedding have to obtain four essentials, i.e. the right person, the right words, the right feelings of thoughts and of course the right procedure. a wedding must have a ceremony master, without whom its process cannot be monitored and preceded easily, and he is the right person. a wedding has to be conducted with proper wording, which means what is said in a wedding must be appropriate to the situation, e.g. 给新娘、新郎道喜了，新娘、新郎拜天地，等，and these are the right words. analysis and application 60 pointsthe whole process of apologizing and accepting it is divided into four chunks: a- cause b- apologize c- accept d- follow-up events.the chunk a- cause explains the apologizer is sorry for not repay the $ 100 he borrowed from victim a month before.the chunk b- apologizes has two components: the verbal say something, i.e. the apologizer said that he was really sorry for not repay $ 100 soon; and the mental feeling awful.the chunk c- accepts also has two components: the verbal accept the apology by say