Unit 5 Silent Spring 2.ppt

,silentspringrachelcarson,silentspring,unit5,questions/activities,check-onpreview,objectives,warmingup,silentspring,unit5,workinpairstonameenvironmentalproblemsthatarethreateningourworld.,sandstorm,desertification,soilerosion,deforestation,salinization,environmentalproblems,air-relatedenvironmentalproblemsgreenhouseeffectozonedepletionairpollutionwater-relatedenvironmentalproblemsacidrainwastewaterurbanrun-off(storm)watercrisismarinepollutionandacidification,land-relatedenvironmentalproblemsproblemsarisingfrominefficientlanduse(urbansprawl,habitatfragmentation,habitatdestruction)problemsarisingfromlandpollutionanddegradation(desertification,landpollution,soilpollution)otherenvironmentalproblemstheuseofpesticidesinefficientuseofresourcesandenergycrisisconservation(species)non-recyclablewaste(plasticandelectronicwaste)geneticengineering(geneticallymodifiedfoods)nucleardevelopmentandnanotechnologypopulationexplosion,check-onpreview,wearefacedwithallkindsofenvironmentalproblemsnowadays.butwhatistheonethatrachelcarsondealtwithinherbooksilentspring?inwhatwayisrachelcarsonunparalleled?doescarsonmeanthatinsecticidesshouldneverbeusedinagriculture?howdoyouseetheenvironmentalproblemsinyourcity?howshouldourgovernmentdo?andhowshouldwecitizensofthiscitydo?,warmingup,1.contentdevelopanenvironmentalconsciousness2.language:(newwordsandexpressions)practicereadingskills.understandingextendedessaysunderstandingcomplicatedparagraphsreadingforgistinferringtheauthorsattitudes/feelings/opinions/conclusionsdrawinginferences,objectives,warmingup,background,author,silentspring,unit5,author,rachelcarson,writer,scientist,andecologist,wasborninpennsylvania.shestudiedbiologyandreceivedhermainzoologyfromjohnhopkinsuniversity.shewrotemanybooksaboutconservation,naturalresources,andthewonderandbeautyofthelivingworld.shediedin1964afteralongbattleagainstbreastcancer.,rachelcarson(1907-1964),shehadanintenselovefornaturesinceherchildhood:“humanshavenowacquiredafatefulpowertoalterandtodestroynature.butmanisapartofnature,andhiswaragainstnatureisinevitablyawaragainsthimself.”rachelcarson,author,background,publications:underthesea-wind海风下theseaaroundus周遭之海theedgeofthesea在海之滨silentspring寂静的春天,shewasoncebitterlyattacked:“ananti-humanitariancrank,apriestessofnature,andahystericalwoman”butshecourageouslywentonfightinguntilherideacaughtonandmoreandmorepeoplejoinedin.themotherofmodernenvironmentalmovement,author,background,1.howwasitreceived?2.howsignificantisitnow?3.doesitstillmakesensenow?,author,background,aboutthebook,whenthebookfirstappeared,carsonwasbitterlyattackedbythechemicalindustryandsomepeopleinthegovernmentasanalarmist,butshecourageouslyspokeoutagainstthosecriticism.thethreatsshehadoutlinedthecontaminationofthefoodchain,cancer,geneticdamage,thedeathsofentirespeciesweretoofrighteningtoignore.forthefirsttime,theneedtoregulateindustryinordertoprotecttheenvironmentbecamewidelyaccepted,andenvironmentalismwasborn.,textanalysis,silentspring,unit5,i.structureofthetext,parti:paras.1-6atownbeforepromising;(ofplants)growingwellprosper(v)prosperity(n)thetownlayamongbooming(orwellgrowing)farms.inspring,flowersfloatedabovethegreenfieldsjustlikeclouds.,3.inautumn,oakandmapleandbirchsetupablazeofcolorthatflamedandflickeredacrossabackgroundof.,setup:tocause,produce,raise:awallablazeofcolor:animpressiveandnoticeableshowofcolors色彩斑斓para:inautumn,theoak,mapleandbirchtreesturnedyellow,redorbrown,thusmakingabeautifulshowofcolorsagainstthedarkgreenofpinetrees.payattentiontocarsonsuseofcolorindescribingthetownbeforeitsenvironmentwascontaminated:whitecloudsofflowersfloatingabovegreenfieldsinspring,theblazeofcolorinautumn,etc.,lesson11silentspring,flickerv./n.a.tomovewaveringly=twinkle;blink;limmerb.(ofanidea,thought,emotion)tobeexpressedorappearsomewhereforashorttimee.g:shadowsflickeringonthewallleavesflickeringinthewindthecandleflickeredinthewind.asmileflickeredacrosshisface.flame:tobecomesuddenlybrightwithlightorcolor,espredororangetheautumnwoodsflamedwithcolor.,4.thenfoxesbarkedinthehillsanddeersilentlycrossedthefields.(-1),(nowanimalsareintroducedafterplantlife)fromthenoisyfoxestothequietdeer,theycriedandmovedastheyliked.alllifeseemedtoliveinharmonywithitssurroundings.,5.thecountrysidewas,infact,famousfortheabundanceandvariety,abundance:nalargequantityofsthchinahasanabundanceofnaturalresource.inabundance大量，充足abundantadjthisareaisabundantinpetroleumdeposit.aboundvthestreamaboundswithfish.migrant:n(1)候鸟，迁徙动物（2）移民，移居者immigrants/migrate/migration,6.thensomeevilspellsettledonthecommunity:mysteriousdiseasesswepttheflocksofchickens;thecattleandsheepsickenedanddied.,-then,asifbysomeevilpower,disasterfellonthecommunity:strangediseasesquicklystruckdownlargenumbersofchicken;thecattleandsheepbecameillanddied.spell:wordsthatmakemagicalthingshappennotetheuseofunitwordsinenglish:aflockofchicken/sheep/tourists;aherdofcattle/elephants,7.thefeedingstationsinthebackyardsweredeserted.(-4),feedingstation:adish-likecontainerfixedontopofapostwherepeopleregularlyleavesunflowerseedsorthelikeforpassingbirdstofeedon.feedingstationsaregenerallyputupinthebackyards.-nobirdscametofeedonwhatwasthereatthefeedingstations.deserted:forsaken;visitedbynobody(herebirds)astreet/island,8.onthemorningsthathadoncethrobbedwiththedawnchorusofscoresofbirdvoicestherewasnownosound;(-4),-themorningairusedtovibratewiththesingingofbirds,buttherewasnownosound.scoresofbird:manybirdsthrob:v(1)(ofapartofthebody)tofeelaseriesofregularpainfulmovements抽动，抽筋；（2）tobeatorsoundwithastrong,regularrhythm跳动，搏动；(3)(ofaplace)tohavealotoflife,energy地方充满了活力ourcampusisthrobbingwithlife.,contrast:atownbeforetoacertainextent/degreemold:vtostronglyinfluencethewaysbscharacter,attitudeandetc对影响重大，塑造成parentsareresponsibleformoldingchildrensphysicalandpsychologicalhealth.,10.consideringthewholespanofearthlytime,theoppositeeffect,inwhichlifeactuallymodifiesitssurroundings,hasbeenrelativelyslight.(-10),-whenwethinkofthelonghistoryoflifeonearth,thedegree(orextent)thatlivingthingsaffecttheirenvironmenthasbeeninsignificantascomparedwiththeeffectoftheenvironmentonplantandanimallife.,11.butithaschangedincharacter.(-11),butthenatureofthispowertoaltertheenvironmenthaschanged.inthepast,tosurvivehumansmadeuseofwhatnatureoffered,forexample,bycuttingdowntrees,dammingrivers;nowtheycreatethingsthatdidnotexist,suchaschemicalsandunnaturalradiation.,assault:v./ntheactofattackingsomeplaceinordertocontrolitontheearlymorningofdec7th,1941,japanesenavylaunchedanassaultonpearlharbor.contamination:thestateofbeingpollutedcontaminatev污染contaminantn污染物lethal:causingorabletocausedeath(deadly,fatal)alethalnuclearweapon,12.thispollutionisforthemostpartirrecoverable.(-11),-inmostcases,thepollutedair,soil,andriversandtheseacannotberestoredtotheiroriginalnaturalstate.irrecoverable:sthyoucannotgetback无法挽回的irreparable(notreparable);incurable;irremediable,13.chemicalssprayedoncroplandsorforestsorgardenslielonginsoil,enteringintolivingorganisms,passingfromonetoanotherinachainofpoisoninganddeath.(-11),lielonginsoil:theystayinsoilforalongtimebecausetheydontbreakdownchemicallythereenteringintolivingorganisms,passingfromonetoanotherinachainofpoisoninganddeath:thechemicalsthatinsecticidescontainarelikelytoenterbirdsandanimalsinfood,andthenpassoutinwastematterfromtheirbodies,getintothesoilandareabsorbedbytheplantsthatgrowonit.whenbirdsandanimalsandpeopleeattheplants,thesesubstancesagainaretakenintotheirbodies.thisprocessgoesonandonendlessly,poisoningplantandanimallifealike.inshort,thechemicalstendtobeendlesslyrecycledinthefoodchains.,14.giventime-timenotinyearsbutinmillennia-lifeadjusts,andabalancehasbeenreached.(-12),-whentheenvironmentchanges,livingthingscanadapttotheirnewsurroundings,lenniaofyears:thousandsofyears,15.butinthemodernworldthereisnotime.(-12)-butinthemodernworld,lifehasnotimetoadjustitselftothechangeofenvironment,formanspowertotemperwithnaturehasbecometoogreat.(manissoeagertochangenatureforshort-termbenefits,hedoesnotthinkofthelong-terminterestofhisownspecies.),16.therapidityofchangefollowstheimpetuouspaceofmanratherthanthedeliberatepaceofnature.(-13)theenvironmentnolongerchangesslowlyaccordingtothelawsofnature.rather,itisrapidlychangedbyshortsighted,profit-seekingmankind.thereforeadjustmentcanneverkeepupwithchange,andanewbalancebetweenlivingthingsandtheirenvironmentcanhardlybereached.,1.impetuous:(impulsive)(1)characterizedbyunduehasteandlackofthoughtordeliberation;(2)markedbyviolentforce;youngstersareusuallymoreimpetuousthanoldpeople.dontmakeimpetuouspromises.2.deliberate:adj(1)doneonpurpose(2)doneslowlyandcarefullyv.tothinkcarefullydeliberateon/upon仔细研究，考虑theoldmanspokeinaslowanddeliberateway.hedeliberatedonwhethertobuythevilla.cf:deliberate/reflect/meditate/ponder,17.radiationisnowtheunnaturalcreationofmanstamperingwiththeatom.(-13)tamperwith:tomeddleorinterferewith任意破坏，损害，篡改，瞎搞.themachinewillself-destructifyoutamperwithit.pleasedonottamperwithmyfeelings.inthepast,radiationwasonlysentoutfromradioactivesubstancesincertainrock;todaymancreatessuchharmfulraysbysplittingthenucleusoftheatomofsuchsubstanceasradium.,18.thechemicalsarethesyntheticcreationsofmansinventivemind,havingnocounterpartsinnature.(-13)-naturedoesnotproducesuchthingsaschemicals.theyareman-made,i.e.theresultofmanscreativepower.synthetic:artificial,1.whyarepesticidesnotagoodsolution?(3reasons)theykillindiscriminately,reducingbiodiversity.(para.16)theycontaminatetheentireenvironment.(para.16)residualeffecttheycouldntsolvethepestproblem.(para.17)resistancetochemicalsresurgenceinducedbypesticides,textanalysis,detailedanalysis,partiv:discussion(15-18),2.whatdoesthe“endlessspiral”referto?(para.17)3.whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“alllifeiscaughtupinitsviolentcrossfire”?(para.17)4.whatistheauthorsattitudetowardsmansuseofchemicals?howisitimplied?rhetoricalquestions:“cananyonebelieveitis?”(para.16)“howcouldintelligentbeings?”(para.18),textanalysis,detailedanalysis,partiv:discussion,19.thesechemicalsarenowappliedalmostuniversallytofarms,gardens,forests,andhomes(-16)applysthto:（1）应用于，实践于；适合，符合（2）涂抹，擦上（3）applyoneselfto专心于，投身于（4）applyfor寻求工作，职位e.g:weshouldapplywhatwehavelearnedtopractice.shenevergoesoutwithoutapplyingsuncreamto/onherfaceandneck.mysonisapplyinghimselftothenewtoytruck.imwritingtoapplyforapositionofamanager.words:application,applicant,20.tostillthesongofbirdsandtheleapingoffish,tocoattheleaveswithadeadlyfilm,andtolingeroninsoil(-16)tokillthebirdsandfish,tocovertheleaveswithathinlayerofdeath-causingchemicalsandstayinsoilforalongtimelingeron:(1)stayorremainforalongtime(1)继续残留（2）留恋往返，意犹未尽（3）苟延残喘thoughiambackfromparis,yetmymemorieslingeron.thedelicioustastecanlingerontheplatealongtime.thoughdesperatelyillhecouldlingeronformonths,21.thewholeprocessofsprayingseemscaughtupinanendlessspiral.(-17)becaughtupin:tobecomeinvolvedin,oftenagainstyourwishes,e.g.manyinnocentpeoplewascaughtupinthedispute.anendlessspiral:anever-ending,continuousupwardmovement,paraphrase:themoreinsecticidesaresprayed,thelesseffectivetheywillbecomeindestroyingthe“pests”.thenmoredeadlychemicalswillbedevelopedtokillthem.thisprocesswillgoonendlessly.,22.darwinsprincipleofthesurvivalofthefittest(-17)inhisontheoriginofspecies(1859),darwindevelopedhistheoryofevolution.accordingtothistheory,plantsandanimalsthatcanbestadaptthemselvestotheirenvironmentwillcontinuetoliveanddevelop,whileplantsandanimalsthatdonothavethesequalitiesgraduallydisappear.thisprocessiscallednaturalselection.“survivalofthefittest”isaquotefrom“principlesofbiology”bytheenglishphilosopherherbertspencer(1820-1903).todaythephraseisoftenusedtorefertoanysituationinwhichunsuccessfulcompetitorsarequicklydestroyedordefeated.,23.immuneto(-17):unabletobeharmedoraffectedbecauseofspecialqualitiesinyourself.beimmuneto对有免疫力，不受影响beimmunefrom受保护，免除usually,adultsareimmunetocertaindiseases.hewastotallyimmunetothosegossips.aids,1.whatprinciplesshouldwefollowtosolvethepestproblem?(para.19)2.howdidthepestproblemcomeintobeing?intensificationofagriculture(para.20)invasionofimportedspecies(paras.21-23)3.doesspreadingoforganismstonewplaceshappeninnature?howdoesithappen?whatistheprimaryfactorinthisnaturalprocess?geologicalelement,i.e.separatingandrejoiningoflandswhichtookmillionsofyearstocomplete(para.21),textanalysis,detailedanalysis,partv:discussion,24.natureholdsthespecieswithinboundsbythebuilt-inchecksandbalances.(-20)naturekeepslivingthingsinproportion,regulatingtheirnumberthroughthecheckandbalancemechanismsofitself.inotherwords,whenthepopulationofonespeciesistoobig/small,naturehasawayoflevelingitoff.,para20:wordsandphrases,withinboundsbuilt-inchecksandbalance内在的制约与平衡habitat:生活习性setthestagefor:pavethewayforbuildup:increase,strengthenbeintermingledwith:bemixedwith,outofboundsa.ifaplaceisoutofbounds,peoplearenotallowedtogothere.b.ifsomethingisoutofbounds,peoplearenotallowedtodoit,useit,seeit,orknowaboutit.examples:allourtradingactivitiesarewithintheboundsofthelaw.thisareaisoutofboundstounconcernedpersons.,withinbounds（para20）beingunderlegalormoralobligation,57,naturehasintroducedgreatvarietyintothelandscapeandholdsthespecieswithinboundsbythebuilt-inchecksandbalances.(para20),固有的，内在的,amechanismofcontrollingorpreventingfromsthandkeepingtheminastableposition,paraphrase,naturekeepslivingthingsinanappropriatepercentage/proportion/scaleandregulatestheirnumberthroughthecheck-balancemechanismsofitself.,58,immuneto(para17),adj.a.notaffectedbyagiveninfluenceb.notsubjecttoanobligationimposedonothersbeimmunetosth:benotaffectedbybeimmunefromsth:avoidbeingaffectedbeimmunetopersuasionbeimmunefromtaxationbeimmunefromcriminalprosecution免于刑事诉讼beimmunetodisease对疾病有免疫力的benotimmunetotheinfluencearoundus,不能不受周围环境的影响,不能被说服的,免于纳税,59,intensify（para20）v.makeintenseormoreintense,intensifiedimagethepresshasintensifieditsscrutinyofhisbackground.,放大像新闻界已增强了对他背景的调查。,intense（强度，数量或程度）强烈的，剧烈的；（感情或感受）强烈的，极度的intenseemotionsintenseheatanintensewriter,深情酷暑感受深刻的作者,60,intensivetrainingresearch-intensiveintensivecare,强化训练研究密集型的悉心照顾,intensive深入细致的，加强的，强化的,setthestagefor(para20)v.prepareforexamples:thepresidentsrecentdeathsetthestageforamilitarycoup.军事政变willthisagreementmerelysetthestageforanotherwar?,61,aninsectthatlivesonwheatcanbuildupitspopulationtomuchhigherlevelsonafarm(developedtowheat)thanononeinwhichwheatisintermingledwithothercropstowhichtheinsectisnotadapted.(para20),dependonsthforsurvival,reachapoint/degree,onefarm,mixtogether,thepopulationofaninsectthatlivesonwheatonafarmspecializingintheproductionofwheatismuchhigherthanthatonafarmproducingmultiple-crops,becausetheinsectcannotbeadjustedtoit.,paraphrase,62,confine(para21)v./n.keepwithinbounds,restrict,pleaseconfineyourremarkstotheissuesathand.thesickchildwasconfinedtobed.,restrict,limit,tiedownshedoesntwantchildrenbecausetheywilltieherdown.tieddowntoaschedule,wecannotaltertimecasually.ilimit/confinemyselfto3cupsofcoffeeaday.trytolimit/confineyourtalktotenminutes.theysucceededinconfining/restrictingthefiretoasmallarea.thewoodsrestrict/confineourvision.,63,64,innewterritory,outofreachoftherestraininghandofthenaturalenemiesthatkeptdownitsnumbersinitsnativeland,aninvadingplantoranimalisabletobecomeenormouslyabundant.（para23）,outsidethedistancetowhichsb.canstretchoutoftheirhands,innewregion,thenumberofthenaturalenemiesinitsnativehomedecrease,thepopulationofanintroducedplantoranimalarespreadingcolossally/reproducedenormously.,paraphrase,thusitisnoaccidentthatourmosttroublesomeinsectsareintroducedspecies.(23),itiscertain,unavoidable,thatswhythemosttroublesomeinsectsinourcountryarebroughtinfromotherplaces.,“it”isusedasananticipatorysubject,paraphrase,65,question:whatisthedifferencebetweenthenaturalspreadingofspeciesandtheman-assistedprocess?andhowdoesthisprocesscontributetothepestproblem?,thenaturalspreadingofthespeciesinvolvestherestraininghandofnaturalenemiesthatkeepdownitsnumbersinitsnativeland.analienspeciesisintroducedbymanintoanewterritoryfindsnonaturalenemies,thusbecomingenormouslyabundantinnumber.,66,therearefourfactorsaccountfortheinsectproblems.oneisthedevotionofimmenseacreagetoasinglegroup.theotheristhespreadingofthousandsofdifferentkindoforganismsfromtheirnativelands.theformercreatesagoodconditionfortheincreasingofinsectpopulation.thelatterisinsectsnaturaldevelopmentthatisbasedonthechangeofnaturalenvironment,andacceleratedbymanschangingenvironment.thethirdisthatwithnewplantimported，abroadanimalsareinevitablybroughtinto.thelastisthatinnewterritory,introducedinsectshavenonaturalenemies,soitspopulationincreasedramatically.,whatledtoinsectproblems?,67,damp（para24）,a./v./n.a.slightlyb.moistenc.restrainorcheck;discouragedampdown:tocontrol,andreduce,tosupress,examples:idontliketosleepbetweendampsheets.hisclothesweredampedintherain.theraindampedtheirspirit.hisremarksdampdowntheirenthusiasm.,68,v.a.striveinoppositionoragainstdifficulties;pete,asinarace;maintainexamples:thearmiesinthetwocountriesarecontendingforcontrolofthestrategicterritory.theyhadtocontendwithlonglinesattheairport.thedefendantcontendedthattheevidencewasinadmissible.n.contention:anargument,dispute,contend(para24),indiscriminate(para25)a.a.unselective;widespread;wholesaleb.confused;chaotic;unrestrainedexamples:indiscriminatetasteinmusicindiscriminateviolencetheindiscriminateuseofpesticidestheindiscriminatepoliciesofthepreviousadministrationindiscriminatespending,无特殊音乐品味大规模的暴力事件杀虫剂的广泛使用前任内阁令人困惑的政策无节制的挥霍,71,idocontendthatwehaveputpoisonousandbiologicallychemicalsindiscriminatelyintothehandsofpersonslargelyorwhollyignorantoftheirpotentialsforharm.(para25),paraphrasemyargument/contentionisthatwhenweputthelargeamountofchemicalsintopeopleshands,wedontdistinguishpoisonouschemicalsfrompowerfullyeffectivechemicalsonlivingthings,andpeopledontknowcompletelyaboutthepotentialharmofthechemicals.,ne;exposed,thepatientsinthatwardweresubjectedtoinfection.thecampersweresubjectedtoextremeweather.hewassubjectedto