《哈佛大学公开课：公正该如何做是好？》第58集英中字幕.doc

哈佛大学公开课：公正-该如何做是好？第5-8集英中字幕 制作：沈金河()目 录第5集2第6集34第7集69第8集97第5集(新集)雇来的枪手hired guns在上一讲结束时，我们讨论到洛克关于when we ended last time, we were discussing在同意基础上所建立的政府，问题就出来了lockes idea of government by consent and the question arose,“是什么限制了政府的权力，what are the limits on government that even the agreement使得即便多数人同意，也不能侵犯它？”of the majority cant override?这是我们上次结束时的问题that was the question we ended with.我们讨论了财产权的问题we saw in the case of property rights以洛克的观点来看，由民主选举出来的政府that on lockes view a democratically elected government有权向人民征税has the right to tax people.政府征税应经过人民的同意it has to be taxation with consent因为这的确涉及到，为了公共利益because it does involve the taking of peoples property而拿走个人的财产。然而征税的时候for the common good but it doesnt require the consent并没要求征求每个独立个体的意见of each individual at the time the tax is enacted or collected.它只要求人们在进入社会前what it does require is a prior act of consent要事先征求同意，并承担一些政治义务to join the society, to take on the political obligation而一旦你承担了这些义务，你就同意了接受多数人的约束but once you take on that obligation, you agree to be bound by the majority.这些就是关于征税的讨论。但你也许会问so much for taxation. but what you may ask,对于生命权又会怎样？政府可以征兵about the right to life? can the government conscript people并把人们送到战场么？and send them into battle?又如何解释我们拥有自己这一观点？（上一集讨论过的观点）and what about the idea that we own ourselves?如果政府能够通过强制立法和执行其权力isnt the idea of self-possession violated if the government can,这不是违背了我们拥有自己吗？through coercive legislation and enforcement powers, say例如政府说，“你要冒生命危险去打伊拉克”you must go risk your life to fight in iraq.洛克会怎么说？what would locke say?政府是否有权这样做？does the government have the right to do that?是的，事实上他在第139节说到yes. in fact he says in 139, he says,“重要的是政治机关或军事当局what matters is that the political authority or the military authority不是专制的，这是问题的关键”not be arbitrary, thats what matters.同时他也给了一个很有说服力的例证and he gives a wonderful example.他说：“即便是一名中士，更不用说是一位将军he says a sergeant, even a sergeant, let alone a general,也可以命令士兵，迎着大炮而上a sergeant can command a soldier to go right up to a face of a cannon这位士兵将必死无疑，但中士有权要求他这样做where he is almost sure to die, that the sergeant can do.将军甚至可以给那些擅离职守，或不服从命令的士兵the general can condemn the soldier to death for deserting his post判处死刑or for not obeying even a desperate order.尽管他们拥有生杀大权，但but with all their power over life and death, what these officers cant do他们却没权拿走该士兵的一分一厘is take a penny of that soldiers money because that has nothing to do因为这种做法是不合法的with the rightful authority,因为这是主观武断的，腐败的that would be arbitrary and it would be corrupt.因此，同意在洛克的理论中变得非常重要so consent winds up being very powerful in locke,这种同意不是指，个体对税收或军令的同意not consent of the individual to the particular tax or military order,而是一开始同意加入政府、but consent to join the government and to be bound受大多数人的约束by the majority in the first place.这就是同意的关键所在，而且它重要到thats the consent that matters and it matters so powerfully即使是建立在我们所拥有天赋的that even the limited government created by the fact生存权、自由权以及财产权这一事实上的有限政府that we have an unalienable right to life, liberty, and property,即便这个有限政府也只是受限于even that limited government is only limited in the sense普遍适用的法律、法规that it has to govern by generally applicable laws,而且不能是专制的。这就是洛克的理论the rule of law, it cant be arbitrary. thats locke.那么这就引出了一个关于同意的问题：well this raises a question about consent.在建立政权和服从的义务时why is consent such a powerful moral instrument为什么“同意”是如此一个强大的道德工具？in creating political authority and the obligation to obey?今天我们从一个具体的征兵案例today we begin to investigate the question of consent来探讨“同意”的问题by looking at a concrete case, the case of military conscription.也许有人会问，因为我们拥有自己now some people say if we have a fundamental right我们有一些基本的权利that arises from the idea that we own ourselves,那么政府征兵去参战就是对这一权利的侵犯its a violation of that right for government to conscript citizens有人则不同意这说法to go fight in wars. others disagree.他们说，这是政府的合法权力others say thats a legitimate power of government,不管怎样，这是民主选举的政府of democratically elected governments, anyhow,我们都有义务服从and that we have an obligation to obey.我们以美国攻打伊拉克为例lets take the case of the united states fighting a war in iraq.新闻报导告诉我们，军队在完成news accounts tells us that the military is having great difficulty招兵指标上有很大困难meeting its recruitment targets.看一下美国政府应对consider three policies that the u.s. government无法完成招兵指标时might undertake to deal with the fact的三项对策that its not achieving its recruiting targets.解决方案一：增加工资和福利solution number one: increase the pay and benefits从而吸引足够数量的士兵to attract a sufficient number of soldiers.方案二：采用强制征兵体系option number two: shift to a system of military conscription,用抽签法，谁抽中了have a lottery, and whose ever numbers are drawn,谁就要去伊拉克参战go to fight in iraq.方案三：军事外包system number three: outsource, hire what traditionally聘请世界各地被称为“雇佣军”的人have been called mercenaries, people around the world那些合格的、有能力的who are qualified, able to do the work,仗打得好的，而且愿意接受able to fight well, and who are willing to do it现有的工资水平for the existing wage.让我们做个简短的投票so lets take a quick poll here.多少人倾向于增加开支？how many favor increasing the pay?相当多的人a huge majority.多少人赞成强制征兵体系？how many favor going to conscription?在这个屋里，也许有十几人选择强制征兵maybe a dozen people in the room favor conscription.那外包的解决方案呢？what about the outsourcing solution?好了，大约有两三十人okay, so there may be two, three dozen.在内战期间，北方军利用during the civil war, the union used a combination强制征兵和市场体系相组合的方法of conscription and the market system to fill the ranks of the military来填补军队士兵的空缺to fight in the civil war.一开始，这是一个强制征兵的系统it was a system that began with conscription但如果你被抽中，而又不想去but if you were drafted and didnt want to serve,你可以雇佣别人顶替你去you could hire a substitute to take your place很多人这样做and many people did.你可以根据市场，来付钱为了找人顶替you could pay whatever the market required人们在报纸上打广告in order to find a substitute, people ran ads in newspapers,在分类广告栏，标价500美元，有时甚至1000美元in the classified ads offering 500 dollars, sometimes 1000 dollars,来找人顶替自己for a substitute who would go fight the civil war去参战in their place.事实上，据报道，安德鲁 卡内基 in fact, its reported that andrew carnegie被征召了，他只用了比他一年花在was drafted and hired a substitute to take his place高级雪茄上还少些的钱for an amount that was a little less就雇佣到了顶替他服役的人than the amount he spent in the year on fancy cigars.现在我想听听，你们对内战时兵役制的看法now i want to get your views about this civil war system,我们暂且叫它“混合制”，强制征兵+市场交易call it the hybrid system, conscription but with a buyout provision.多少人认为这是一个公平的制度how many think it was a just system?多少人会捍卫南北战争时实施的这一制度？how many would defend the civil war system?有人吗？还有吗？anybody? anybody else?多少人认为这是不公正的？how many think it was unjust?你们中大多数人不喜欢这一制度most of you dont like the civil war system,你们认为这是不公正的you think its unjust.我们来听听反对的声音。你为什么不喜欢它？lets hear an objection. why dont you like it?这有什么不好呢？请whats wrong with it? yes.支付300美元，就豁免一次well, by paying $300 to be exempt one time around,你其实是在用金钱，来衡量生命的价值youre really putting a price on valuing human life我们之前确定了，人的生命很难用金钱衡量and we established earlier, thats really hard to do因此，他们是在完成不可行的事情so theyre trying to accomplish something that really isnt feasible.因此，支付300、500或1000美元good. so paying someone $300 or $500 or $1,000 00:10:00,270 - 00:10:02,260你实质上是在衡量他们生命的价值youre basically saying thats what their life is worth to you.这就是他们生命的价格，这是在给他们的生命标价thats what their life is worth, its putting a dollar value on life.-很好，你叫什么名字？-lizthats good. whats your name? -liz.lizliz.00:10:11,370 - 00:10:12,890那么，谁能回答liz的问题well, who has an answer for liz.你要为这个征兵制辩护，你会怎么说？you defended the civil war system, what do you say?如果你不喜欢价格，那么你有选择是否if you dont like the price then you have the freedom被雇佣的自由。这完全取决于你to not be sold or hired so its completely up to you.我不认为，为你贴上特定的价格是必须的i dont think its necessarily putting a specific price如果这是他自己贴上去的，我不认为这on you and if its done by himself, i dont think theres anything在道义上，有什么错误thats really morally wrong with that.而那个收下了500美元的人so the person who takes the $500,我们可以说，他是在对自己的生命估价lets say, hes putting his own price on his life或者在为自己生命的风险估价，or on the risk of his life and he should have the freedom他有选择那样做的自由to choose to do that.没错exactly.你叫什么名字？- jasonwhats your name? - jason.jason，谢谢你现在我们要听听jason. thank you. now we need to hear另一个批评者的意见，请from another critic of the civil war system. yes.对那些低收入者而言，这是几乎就是一种强制its a kind of coercion almost, people who have lower incomes,对卡内基来说，他完全可以不理会这次征兵。300美元对他而言for carnegie he can totally ignore the draft, $300 is an irrelevant是小数字。但对那些低收入者而言in terms of his income but someone of a lower income,他们基本上是强迫被征召theyre essentially being coerced to draft, to be drafted,很可能，他们找不到人来顶替its probably theyre not able to find a replacement.告诉我你的名字tell me your name.sam.sam00:11:26,130 - 00:11:30,970sam，你说的是sam，如果一个贫穷的劳动者sam. all right so you say, sam, that when a poor laborer为了300美元，而参加内战，他实际上是被强迫的accepts $300 to fight in the civil war, he is in effect being coerced鉴于他的经济状况by that money given his economic circumstances而卡内基可以置身事外，付钱就不用服兵役whereas carnegie can go off, pay the money, and not serve.好吧，我想听听其他人对sam的回复alright. i want to hear someone who has a reply to sams argument,这个看起来是自由交易，但实际上是某种形式的强迫that what looks like a free exchange is actually coercive.谁能回答sam的问题，请who has an answer to sam? go ahead.其实我同意sam的说法id actually agree with him in saying that 00:12:11,719 - 00:12:12,640你同意samyou agree with sam.我同意他说，正是因为强迫，抢走了我们的理智i agree with him in saying that it is coercion in the sense that it robs individual of his ability to reason.好的，你叫什么名字？okay, and whats your name?raulraul.00:12:23,780 - 00:12:27,080好了，那么raul和sam一致认为all right. so raul and sam agree that what looks看起来像是自由交易、自由选择、自愿的行为like a free exchange, free choice, voluntary act其实有强迫的因素在里面actually involves coercion.这是一种最为恶劣的极度强迫its profound coercion of the worst kind因为征兵的任务，不来成比例地落到了社会的某个阶层because it falls so disproportionately upon one segment of the society.很好，那么raul和sam得出了一个强有力的观点good. alright. so raul and sam have made a powerful point.谁愿意对此进行回应？who would like to reply?谁能回答raul和sam？who has an answer for sam and raul? go ahead.我不认为这个招兵体系i dont think that these drafting systems和志愿服役体制are really terribly different from all-volunteer army有多么不同sort of recruiting strategies.整个关于支付人们去当兵的想法the whole idea of having benefits and pay for joining the army是一种强迫人们服兵役的策略is sort of a coercive strategy to get people to join.诚然，应招的志愿者，不成比例地 it is true that military volunteers come from disproportionately来自低收入者和国家的某些特定区域lower economic status and also from certain regions of the country你也可以用类似爱国主义的说法，来试图让人们觉得where you can use like patriotism to try and coerce people自愿当兵到伊拉克，是件正确的事情to feel like its the right thing to do to volunteer and go over to iraq.告诉我你的名字and tell me your name.emilyemily.00:13:29,400 - 00:13:34,030好的，emily说，alright, emily says, and raul youre going to have toraul 你得准备对此进行回应reply to this so get ready.emily说，不错，内战征兵体制中有强迫性的因素emily says fair enough, there is a coercive element当一个劳动者为了500美元，顶替了卡内基to the civil war system when a laborer takes the placeemily 承认这点of andrew carnegie for $500. emily concedes that but she says但她说，如果你批评南北战争时的制度if that troubles you about the civil war system你不也应该指责现行的兵役制度吗？shouldnt that also trouble you about the volunteer army today?在你回答前，你在第一轮投票时选了什么？before you answer, how did you vote in the first poll?你有赞成志愿服役制吗？我没有表决did you defend the volunteer army? i didnt vote.你没有表决。顺便问一下，you didnt vote. by the way,你没有表决，但你有将投票权you didnt vote but did you sell your vote出售给你身旁的人吗？没有。好吧to the person sitting next to you? no. alright.那么，你对那论点怎么看？so what would you say to that argument.我认为，两者情况不一样i think that the circumstances are different in that南北战争时，有征兵体制there was conscription in the civil war.今天制度不一样。我想，今天的志愿者there is no draft today and i think that volunteers有更为深刻的爱国主义意识for the army today have a more profound sense of patriotism与内战中被迫参战的人相比that is of an individual choice than those who were forced这更多是一种个人自愿into the military in the civil war.怎样 更少的强迫？somehow less coerced?更少的强迫less coerced.即使美国社会仍然有不平等even though there is still inequality in american society?即使，就如emily所指出那样even though, as emily points out, the makeup of the american military美国军队的组成，并不是整个美国人口的反映is not reflective of the population as a whole?我们在此做个调查。这里有多少人lets just do an experiment here. how many here have either served或有家庭成员曾在军队服役in the military or have a family member who has served in the military就在这一代，不包括父母？in this generation, not parents?就这一代的家庭成员family members. in this generation.有多少人，自己和兄弟姐妹都没在军队服役？and how many have neither served nor have any brothers or sisters who have served?这是否验证了你的观点，emily？does that bear out your point emily?是的yes.好的，现在我们需要听听。你们大多数人alright. now we need to hear from most of you defended the idea00:15:43,569 - 00:15:51,910都赞成志愿服役制。而且绝大多数人of the all volunteer military overwhelmingly and yet overwhelmingly,认为南北内战的征兵制度是不公正的people considered the civil war system unjust.sam和raul 讲了反对内战征兵制度的理由sam and raul articulated reasons for objecting to the civil war system,它在不平等的背景下发生it took place against a background of inequality因此人们服兵役and therefore the choices people made to buy their way in to military service并非真正出于自愿，多多少少是被强迫的were not truly free but at least partly coerced.接着，emily 将这一争论，更加挑明then emily extends that argument in the form of a challenge.好了，那些赞成志愿服役制的人alright, everyone here who voted in favor票需要解释一下of the all-volunteer army should be able should have to explain00:16:33,150 - 00:16:34,960这在原则上有什么不同whats the difference in principle.志愿服役制，和几乎每个人反对的doesnt the all-volunteer army simply universalize the feature内战兵役制，不是有很多相同点吗？that almost everyone found objectionable in the civil war buyout provision?我阐述得对吗，emily？did i state the challenge fairly emily?是的yes.好了，我们要听听，志愿服役制的辩护者okay. so we need to hear from a defender看看他们怎么回应emily的质疑of the all volunteer military who can address emilys challenge.谁能？请who can do that? go ahead.志愿服役制和南北征兵体制的不同之处在于the difference between the civil war system and the all-volunteer army system在南北战争时，你不是被政府雇佣is that in the civil war, youre being hired not by the government,而是被个人雇佣，因此不同的人，雇佣不同的人but by an individual and as a result, different people who get hired支付的也不同by different individuals get paid different amounts.而志愿服役制，士兵都是被政府雇佣in the case of the all-volunteer army, everyone who gets hired并得到相同数额的支付is hired by the government and gets paid the same amount.你同等地支付人们去参军its precisely the universalization of essentially paying your way这使得志愿服役制变得公平to the army that makes the all-volunteer army just.emily?emily？00:17:38,590 - 00:17:39,740我想，我的表述稍有不同i guess id frame the principle slightly differently.在志愿服役制中，有人可以置身事外on the all-volunteer army, its possible for somebody完全不去考虑战争to just step aside and not really think有人可能这样说about the war at all. its possible to say,“我不需要钱，我不必对此有何意见”i dont need the money, i dont need to have an opinion about this,“我不必对参军和保卫国家负有义务”i dont need to feel obligated to take my part and defend my country.而强迫性的征兵制，明确写着的征兵with the coercive system, or sorry, with an explicit draft这是一种威胁，面对征兵制then theres the threat at least that every individual每一个人都不得不做出某种的决定will have to make some sort of decision也许就因为这样regarding military conscription and perhaps in that way,志愿服役制就会更为公平些its more equitable.的确，如果不是在征兵制度下，卡内基可以不用参军its true that andrew carnegie might not serve in any case but in one,他可以完全抽身事外，但在志愿服役制下，则带有某种责任he can completely step aside from it, and the other theres some level of responsibility.如果是你，emily，你倾向于哪种制度，是征兵制吗？while youre there, emily, so what system do you favor, conscription?硬是要表态的话，我想我倾向 志愿服役制i would be hard pressed to say but i think so因为它让国民们都感到一定的责任感because it makes the whole country feel a sense of responsibility而不是战争来了for the conflict instead of having a war只有少数人在思想上支持，但没有真正承担起责任来thats maybe ideologically supported by a few but only if theres no real responsibility.很好，谁想回应？请继续good. who wants to reply? go ahead.我想指出完全志愿兵役制so i was going to say that the fundamental difference和南北内战兵役制的根本区别在于between the all-volunteer army and then the army in the civil war在志愿服役制中，首先是你志愿参加is that in the all-volunteer army, if you want to volunteer然后才是报酬that comes first and then the pay而在内战征兵制中comes after whereas in the civil war system,那些，接受报酬的人the people who are accepting the pay并不一是想参军的arent necessarily doing it because they want to,他们这样做，首先是为了钱theyre just doing it for the money first.你认为，在志愿服役制中，除了工资外what motivation beyond the pay do you think is operating大家参军还有什么动机？in the case of the all-volunteer army?比如爱国主义like patriotism for the country.爱国主义，那么patriotism. well what about 00:19:20,620 - 00:19:22,850保卫国家的愿望and a desire to defend the country.的确一部分是为了钱。但事实是，我想there is some motivation in pay but the fact that its first and foremost爱国是首要和最重要的动机an all-volunteer army will motivate first i think, personally.你认为它更好吗？告诉我你的名字do you think its better? and tell me your name.jackiejackie00:19:36,919 - 00:19:39,200jackie，你认为人们出于爱国主义jackie do you think its better if people serve in the military而不仅仅为了钱，是否更好？out of a sense of patriotism than just for the money?是的，毫无疑问是.南北内战中有个主要问题yes, definitely because the people who that was o