lectureMorphology.ppt

lecture5,授课题目:morphology.,教学目标及基本要求：teachingtargetandobject,(1)letstudentsknowwhatmorphologyis,andhowthemorphemesarecombinedintolargerunitsforhumancommunication.(2)letstudentsknowhownewwordsareformed.,教学重点teachingfocus,(1)wordandwordclasses(2)word,morphemes,morphandallomorph(3)typesofmorphemes(4)morphologicalrules(5)theformationofnewwords,revisionexercises,whatisphonology?whatisthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenphoneticsandphonology?howcanwedistinguishaphone,aphonemeandanallophone?whatisaminimalpair?giveussomeexamples.,whatismorphology,morphologystudiesmorphemesandtheirdifferentformsandthewaytheycombineinwordformation.soitreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformedmorphologyisthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.,forexample:“purify”-consistsoftwoorthographicparts:“pur(e)”and“ify”,fromwhichonecanworkoutarule:anewformofverbcanbeformedbyadding“-ify”toanadjective.thisiscalledamorphologicalrule.“doing”-consistedoftwoorthographicparts“do”and“-ing”,fromwhichwecanworkoutarule:wecanput“ing”toaverbtoforma“-ingparticiple.形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.,whatisaword?whatarethemainfeaturesofaword?,whatdoyouthinkofthefollowingdefinitionsofaword?,awordisameaningfulgroupoflettersprintedorwrittenhorizontallyacrossapieceofpaper.awordisa”minimumfreeform”,thatis,thesmallestformthatcanoccurbyitself.,thefourcharacteristicsofaword,awordisasoundorcombinationofsoundswhichweproducevoluntarilywithourvocalequipment.e.g.“we”wi:awordissymbolic.itstandsforsomethingelsesuchasobject,happeningorideas.“table”wordsarepartofthelargercommunicationsystemwecalllanguage.“iteachlinguistics”wordshelphumanbeingsinteractculturallywithoneanother.(p.75),thedefinitionofawordandtheclassificationofwordsawordisameaningfulandgrammaticallanguageunitwhichcanbeusedbyitsown.everywordbelongstoacertainwordclassandinenglish,wordscanbedividedintothefollowingtenclasses:n.article,determiner,conjunction,interjection.thesetenwordclassescanbedividedintoopenclassandclosedclass,openclassreferstonoun,verb,adjective,andadverb,becausewecanregularlyaddanothermorphemeoranewwordtothesewordclasses.e.g.“boyfriend”,”dislike”,”impossible”.openclasswordsarealsotermedlexicalwordsorcontentwordsorvariablewordsfortheyallcarrycertainsemanticcontents.eg.bookbooksbooksworkworksworkedworkingfastfasterfastest,closedclassreferstoprep.article,conjunction,interjection;pron,anddeterminer,becauseitisimpossibletoaddnewwordstotheseclassesofwords.closedwordsarealsocalledgrammaticalwordsorfunctionwords,orinvariablewordssincetheirrolesarelargelyorwhollygrammatical.,isawordthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit?whatisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunit?,whatisamorpheme?（词素）amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesgrammaticaland/orsemanticmeaning.thismeansthatitcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallergrammaticalunits.amorphememaybeacompletewordoranaffix.,forexample:“book”,“help”,clap”,”from”-wordscomposedofonemorphemefortheyaretheminimalbutgrammaticalunit.“television”,gentleness”-wordscomposedoftwomorphemes.“unavoidable”-awordcomposedofthreemorpheme.,relyonemorphemerely+abletwomorphemesrely+able+itythreemorphemesun+rely+able+ityfourmorphemes,unbearableuneducatedwatchfulinspiringsoft-heartedhorsemanship,seetheexercises1and2onpage82,1)un-+bear+-able2)watch+-ful3)person+-ify(i)+-cation4)un-+exception+-al+-ly5)un-+educate+-(e)d6)inspir(e)+-ing7)soft+heart+-ed8)horse+man+-ship,1)geography2)inter-+nation+-al+-ly3)forget+-(t)en4)washington5)inform+-ation6)industry(i)+-al+-iz(e)+-ation7)pre-+dominat(e)+-ant8)pre-+conscious,allomorph（词素变体）:anallomorphisthedifferentvariantsofthesamemorpheme.itcanbephonologicallyormorphologicallyconditioned.seemoreonp.82,themorphemerepresentingthepluralformofnounscanbeexpressedby-s,-z,-iz,-vzetc.sothephoneticsegments-s,-z,-iz,-vzarethemorphsofthesamemorpheme-s,thephonologicalororthographicvariantsofthemorphemes:s.-es,-vesaretheallomorphsofthesamemorphemerepresentingthepluralformoftheenglishwords.,howmanyallomorphsdoesthepluralmorpheme”-shave?,theplural“s“hasmanymorphologically-conditionedallomorphs.forexample.(1)(e)s,asin“cats”,“matches”(2)(r)en:asin“oxen”,“children”(3)e-:asin“men”,“women”(4)ee-,asin“feet”,“teeth”(5)zero,asin“sheep”,“deer”,howmanyallomorphsdoesthepastformmorpheme“ed”have?,-edasin“worked”-dasin“lived”zeroasin“put”,howmanyallomorphsdoesthepresentparticiplemorphemeform“ing”have?,1.2.typesofmorphemes:morphemesaretheminimalunitsofmeaning.morphemescanbedividedintofreemorphemes自由词素andboundmorphemes.粘着词素freemorphemes:afreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteaword(freeformbyitself,suchas“bed”,”tree”,sing”.”dance”.sofreemorphemesaresomethinglikeroot.,boundmorphemes:aboundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,”-al”in“national”,“-dis”in“disclose”.theycannotstandbythemselves.thustheworddistemperedhasthreemorphemes:“dis+temper+ed”,ofwhichtemperisafreemorpheme.lookatthefollowingwords:unavoidable-“un+avoid+able”,“boyishness”-”boy+ish+ness”;“gentlemanliness”-”gentle+man+li+ness”,lookatthefollowingwords:unavoidable-un+avoid+able“boyishness”-boy+ish+ness;“gentlemanliness”-gentle+man+li+ness,boundmorphemescanbefurtherdividedintoderivationalmorphemes（派生词素）inflectionalmorphemes（曲折词素）;,thederivationalmorphemesmainlyrefertotheaffixes:prefixesandsuffixes.theyareattachedtotheotherfreemorphemesandusuallychangethecategoryandthegrammaticalfunction.whentheyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes,anewwordisderivedorformed.e.g.“-ify”,“-ate”,“-ic”etc.,inflectionalmorphemes（曲折词素）refertothemorphemeswhichneverchangetheirsyntacticcategorybutrepresenttheconceptoftenseandaspect.inenglish,thereareeightinflectionalmorphemes:“-s(动词第三人称单数）”,“-ed（动词过去式）”,-ing（现在分词）”,“thepastparticiple(-en)”“-s”(名词复数)“-s（名词所有格）”,”-er（形容词比较级）”,“-est（形容词最高级）”.,morpheme,freemorpheme自由词素,boundmorpheme粘着词素,derivationalmorpheme派生词素inflectionalmorpheme曲折词素,prefixes前缀suffixes后缀,lexicalmorphemesfunctionalmorphemes,2.morphologicalrulesofwordformation,lookatthefollowinglistofwords:a.b.kroupslowlyrearmclearlyslarmquicklythewordsincolumnaareonlypermissiblesoundsequencewithoutanymeanings,butthewordsincolumnbareperfectenglishwordsmadeupoftwomorphemes.thewayswordsareformedarecalledmorphologicalrules.theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords.,thecommonmorphologicalrules,1)un+adjective=not+adjectiveun+even=not+even2)re+verb=verb+againre+boil=boil+again3)dis+adjective=not+adjectivedis+continuous=not+continuous4)dis+noun=lackofthenoundis+comfort=lackofcomfort,5)dis+verb=refuseto/nottoverbdis+like=nottolike6)in/im/il/ir+adjective=not+adjective/notableto+verbin+formal=not+formalim+perfect=notperfectil+legal=not+legalir+regular=notregular,7)non+adjective=not+adjectivenon+alphabetical=notalphabetical8)non+noun=thelackofnounnon+english=thelackofenglish9)anti+noun=beingagainst+nounanti+body=beingagainst+body10)pre+verb=verb+inadvancepre+arrange=arrange+inadvance,11)mis+noun=bad+nounmis+behaviour=bad+behaviour12)verb+able=abletobeverb-edadopt+able=abletobeadopted13)verb+er=aperson+who=verb-ssing+er=apersonwhosing-s14)noun+less=lackingnounchild+less=lackingchild,15)verb+less=thatnever+verb-scease+less=thatnevercease-s16)adjective+ness=thequalityof+being+adjectiveloud+ness=thequalityof+being+loud17)noun+ish=belongingtonounswed+ish=belongingto+sweden,18)noun+ish=havingthecharacterof+nounself+ish=havingthecharacterof+self19)noun+ify=become+nounperson+ify=become=person,3.theformationofnewwords,3.1compoundingcompoundingorcompositionisaword-formationprocess.thewayofbuildingnewwordsbyputtingtwowordstogetheriscalledcompounding.,threepatternsofcompounds,nouncompoundsn.+n.armchairrainbowv.+n.pickpocketwashclothadj.+n.bluebirdblackroom,verbcompoundsnoun+verb:tovacuum-clean;tomanhandleverb+verb:tosleep-walkadj.+verb:tohighlight,adjectivecompoundsnoun+adj.:color-blind,snow-whiteverb+adj.stir-crazyadj.+adj.dark-blue,pale-yellow,3.2.derivationderivationoraffixationisgenerallydefinedasaword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffixorboth.inotherwords,meaningfullanguageelementsareputtogetherinnewcombinationssuchas“television”,transistor”,“defog”,“minibike”.,3.3.conversionconversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.soconversionisalsocalledfunctionalshift.forexample:“theenemyattackedusatnight.”“theenemylaunchedanattackonusatnight.”seemoreonp.88,3.4.blending(拼缀法)blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms:e.g.“smog”comesfromsmokeandfog.“medicare”comesfrom“medicalcare,“brunch”isablendof“breakfastandlunch”otherexamples:videophone/chunnel/motel/gasohol/eurasia/telex/telecast/,3.5.back-formation(逆生法)backingformationisatermusedtorefertoatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordisjoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage:“beg”from“beggar,“housekeep”from“housekeeper”,”lase”from“laser”,“babysit”from“babysitter”(seemoreonp.90),3.6.shorteningorabbreviationshorteningcanbedividedintoinitialism(首字母缩略词)andacronym(首字母拼音词).initialism:tousetheinitialletterofeachofthephrasetoformashorteningwordandwhenyouread,thelettersaresimplypronouncedasletters.(利用一个短语中的各个词的首字母构成的缩略词叫首字母缩略词,朗读时按字母名称读)e.g.wto/bbc/voa/(seemoreonp.89),atm:automatictellermachinecpu:centralprocessunitdvd:digitalvideodiscgdp:grossnationalproductgnp:grossnationalproductgre:graduaterecordexaminationid:identificationcard,iq:intelligentquotientmba:masterofbusinessadministrationmpa:masterofpublicadministrationso