NonverbalCommunication.ppt

nonverbalcommunication,chen,teachingobjectives,1.toidentifythedefinitionsofnonverbalcommunication,2.toknowtheimportanceofnonverbalcommunication,3.tounderstandthevariouscategoriesofnonverbalcommunicationandtheirculturalinterpretation,nonverbalcommunication,narrowlyspeaking,nonverbalcommunicationreferstointentionaluseofnonspokensymboltocommunicateaspecificmessage.speakingisjustonemodeofcommunication.,questions(43:00-46:30),1.whydidmr.presidentinsistsendingsomespecialtyofvirginiastatetohisprospectivegirlfriend?dogwood(水木,山茱萸);hamtotheinterestanddesireoftheobject2.whatarethosenonverbalbehaviorswhensidneyistalkingtohisboss?smile;putlegsondesk;gestures,significance,nonverbalbehavioraccountsformuchofthemeaningwederivefromconversation.(pg.94)itaccountsformostofthefeelingexpressedinconversation.itspontaneouslyreflecthespeakerssub-consciousness.wemaycontrolourwordsbutthenonverbalbehaviorsgiveourtruefeelingsaway.evenifwearesilent,thenonverbaldimensionisalwayspresent.silenceisgold.,alliancebetweencultureandnonverbal(pg.96),manynonverbalexpressionsvaryfromculturetoculture,anditisjustthosevariationsthatmakenonverbalmisinterpretationabarrier.byunderstandingimportantculturaldifferencesinthisbehavior,youwillbeabletogathercluesaboutunderlyingattitudesandvalues,becausenonverbalcommunicationoftenrevealsbasicculturaltraits.,categoriesofnonverbalcommunication(pg.95),1,2,3,4,bodylanguage(kinesics),paralanguage,1.linearvs.cyclical,2.mono-chronicvs.poly-chronic,chronemics,thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.,linearvs.cyclical,thesenseoftimetimeiscyclical(past-oriented)lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.timeislinear(futureoriented)westernculturesthinktimeislinearaflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.,chinesepeoplepaymoreattentiontothepasteventsorthehistory.只争朝夕;前车之鉴;三生有幸inislamcultures,peoplebelievethatallahcontrolsthefuture,sotheyfocusonthepresent.aturkishproverb:“theeggoftodayisbetterthanthehenoftomorrow.”americansemphasizemoreonthefuture.neverdoamericansstopatthepast,andtheyholdthattheycanandshouldpredictthefutureandmakeapreciseplanortimeschedule.thereisagooddaycoming.timeismoney.,monochronicvs.polychronic,1.monochronictimemonochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.monochronictimeisstructuredandoftenrigid.everythingisscheduleddowntotheminuteandprecautionsaretakentoguardagainstinterruptions.whenunavoidableinterruptionsoccur,theyarenormallymetwithasenseofstressandpanic.(p97),2.polychronictimepolychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.clocktimeisoftenarbitrarytopolychrons.interruptionsareexpectedandsometimesevenwelcome.peopleandcultureswhorunonpolychronictimemultitaskwellandoftenflitfromprojecttoproject.thesepeoplefocusonmaintainingpersonalrelationshipsmorethancompletingtasks.,case-analysis,monochronicandpolychroniccultureshowmanymistakesdoesms.berisikmakeaccordingtomr.maramisculture?itsinsaneorirreligioustoschedulethefutureforonlygodcandecreewhatwillorwillnotoccur.future-orientedvs.present-oriented,proxemics,1.bodydistance,2.bodytouch,3.seating,4.furniturearrangement,proxemicsreferstotheperceptionanduseofspace.,bodydistance,1.intheunitedstateshallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichu.s.peopleinteract:theintimatezone,thepersonalzone,thesocialzone,andthepubliczone.2.inindiainindia,thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcaste(种姓制度)mayapproachothercastes.3.inarabarabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthannorthamericans.anarabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator.,spaciouscompartment,whatmayleadtothedifferentconceptofspace?thewaypeoplearrangeandusepublicspacesalsoreflectsculturalattitudestowardsspaceandprivacy.mostjapanesehavefoundawayofcopingwiththeovercrowdedpublicspaceofthesubwaysystem.inthisenvironment,filledwithpeoplepushingandshovingoneanother,thejapaneseriderseachbecomeanisland.eachisaloneaslongashedoesnotacknowledgeanyoftheotherpeople;theothersdonotreallyexistinhisspace.aspointedoutearlier,spacebecomesapsychologicalphenomenon.,bodytouch(pg.100),touchculturenon-touchculturethearabsvirtuallyenvelopeachotherintheirbreath.inenglish-speakingcountries,touchingsb.casuallymaycauseunpleasantreactions.thereislittlebodytouchinginpublicinasianculturewiththeexceptiontobabiesandchildren.exceptions,inthailandandlaos,itisrudeforastrangeroracquaintancetotouchachildonthetopoftheheadbecausetheheadisregardedasthehomeofthespiritorsoul.itisbelievedthatachildsspiritorsoulisnotstrongenoughtobetouchedandhastendencytobecomeillifpatted.,inmanyinternationalbusinesssettings,thehandshakehasbecomeanacceptedtouchbetweenbusinesspeoplewhentheyfirstmeet,replacingorcomplementing(补充)traditionalgreetingrituals.butthetypeofhandshakevarieswidely.,thehandshakewiththebowillustratesthatgreetingritualsinmanycasescombinedifferenttypesofnonverbalcommunication.asmentionedabove,thegermanandjapanesebowdiffer.,seating,intheunitedstates,theytendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandbesidethem.thechineseoftenexperienceuneasinesswhentheyfacesomeonedirectlyorsitonoppositesideofadeskortablefromsomeone.,dfeacb,f-aacrossthecornerc-bsidebysidec-dacrossthetable,f-a(crosscorner)conversationsweretwiceasfrequentasthoseatc-d(face-to-face),whichinturnwerethreetimesasfrequentasthec-b(side-by-side)type.,seating,inkorea,seatingarrangementsreflectstatusandroledistinction.inacar,office,orhome,theseatattherightisconsideredtheoneofhonor.forthejapanese,themostimportantpersonsitsatoneendoftherectangulartable,withthosenearestinrankattherightandleftofthisseniorposition.inchina,themostinfluentialpersonusuallysitstowardthedoor.,furniture,frenchspaceisareflectionoffrenchculture.everythingiscentralized,andspatiallytheentirecountryislaidoutaroundcenters.ingermany,whereprivacyisstressed,officefurnitureisspreadthroughouttheoffice.injapan,wheregroupparticipationisencouraged,manydesksarearrangedhierarchicallyinthecenterofalarge,commonroomabsentofwalls.chinesegeomancyistheartofarrangingthephysicalenvironmenttoestablishharmonywiththenaturalenvironmenttoachievehappiness,prosperity,andhealth.,thejapaneseofficelayoutsendsastrongsymbolicmessage:weareinthistogether.thewelfareofthewholeismoreimportantthantheconcernsofindividuals.whilebehindthescenestheremaybequiteabitofmaneuveringforindividualrecognition,onthesurfaceharmonyrulesandeveryoneworksforthecommongood.,officearrangement,chineseopen,americanpartitioned,kinetics,2.gesture,1.posture,3.facialexpression,5.smell,4.eyecontact,posture,posture,thewaysomeonestands,sits,orwalks,cansendpositiveornegativenonverbalmessages.posturecansignalagreementordisagreement.appropriatepostureisrelatedtoapersonsstatusinsociety.(cultural)forexample,themanagermaystanderectwhentalkingtosubordinates,butthesubordinatesmaydroptheirshoulderswhentalkingtothemanager.,gestures,gesturescanbeemblemsorsymbols(the“ok”gesture),illustrators(policeofficershandhelduptostoptraffic),orregulators(puttingyourhandonyourchesttocalmdown.)gesturesareusedtoaddemphasisorclaritytoanoralmessage.,commonhandgestures,“v”pointing“ok”thebeckoningcountingtherearealsoculturaldifferencesregardingtheamountandsizeofgesturesemployedduringtheconversation.,headmovement,inmostculturesnoddingonesheadisseenasagreeingandshakingonesheadisseenasrejecting,althoughbulgarians（保加利亚人）dotheoppositetheyshaketheirheadswhenagreeing.aloweredheadinwesternculturecansignifydefeatoruncertainty.inasianculturesloweringonesheadmaymeanacceptingonesplaceinthehierarchy.incontrast,tiltingtheheadupwardinwesternculturesisinterpretedasbeingarrogant,asillustratedintheexpression,hisnosewasintheair.”,facialexpressions,wordsareoftenaccompaniedbydistinctfacialexpressions.inmanycultures,whenpeoplearesurprised,theymayopentheireyeswideandopentheirmouths.whentheylikesomething,theireyesmaybeam,andtheymaysmile.whentheyareangry,theymayfrownandnarrowtheireyes.,whilemanyfacialexpressionscarrysimilarmeaningsinavarietyofcultures,thefrequencyandintensityoftheirusemayvary.latinandarabculturesusemoreintensefacialexpressions,whereaseastasianculturesusemoresubdued(克制的)facialexpressions.,smiling,peopleinallculturessmileattimes;however,themeaningofasmilemayvary.dependingontheculture,itcanindicatejoyandamusement,butitcanalsoindicateembarrassment.inanattempttoappearopenandfriendly,peopleintheunitedstatessmilealot.everyonesmilesateveryone.toothercultures,theamericansmileoftenappearsinsincereandfrozen.,injapan,mendontsmileinpublic,andwomenarenotsupposedtoshowtheirteethwhentheysmile.thegermansrecognizethattheworldisnotnecessarilyapleasantplace.lifeisdoingonesduty,anddutydoesnotlenditselftosmiling.koreansconsideritinappropriateforadultstosmileinpublic.formanyotherculturesineastasia,thesmileoftenisnotanexpressionofpleasurebutofembarrassment.,eyecontact,thestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyesistermedoculesics.intheunitedstates,staringatapersonisconsideredasignofinterestandmayevenbeinterpretedassexuallysuggestive.(ogling)intheunitedstatesitiscustomarytolookatthespeakersmouthwhenlisteningbutmakeintermittent(间歇的)eyecontactwiththeeyesofalistenerwhenspeaking.,inotherculturessuchasjapan,korea,andthailand,staringisalsoconsideredrude.aspeakerrivetsthelistenerwithsustained,unbrokeneyecontact,butalistenerdoesnotmakeeyecontactorlookatthespeakersfaceconsistentlyinchina.inmostcultures,mendonotstareatwomen.infranceanditaly,however,mencanstareatwomeninpublic.,smelling,thestudyofcommunicationviasmelliscalledolfactics.apersonssmellcanhaveapositiveornegativeeffectontheoralmessage.filipino:naturalsmellamericans:artificialsmellmostasians:anextension,thebadsmell,1.dopeoplehavethesameideaaboutfragrance?,2.vocalqualifiers,3.vocalization,paralanguage,1.voicequality,paralanguageliesbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.itinvolvessoundsbutnotwords.,vocalqualifiers,thetermvocalqualifiersreferstovolume,pitch,andoverallintonationormelodyofthespokenword.doesthespeakervarythevolumebetweenloudandsoft;inotherwords,doeshespeaksoftlyordoesheshout?doesthespeakerraiseorlowerhisvoiceattheendofasentence?doesshespeakevenly?doesthespeakervarythespeedofwhatshesays?,vocalqualifiersdifferfromculturetoculture.endingsentenceswithahighpitchinamericanenglishmayindicateself-doubtanduncertainty.infrench,ontheotherhand,sentencestendtoendonahigherpitchthanineithergermanorenglish.thefrenchspeakermaybeverycertainofwhatsheissaying,yetalistenerfromau.s.orgermanculturalbackgroundmayhaveadifferentimpression.listenbetweenthelines,vocalization,allculturesusenonwordnoisessuchasaham,urn,er,suckinginonesbreath,orclickingonestongue.t