对外经济贸易大学会计考研专业课 名词解释.doc

Chapter 1 AccountingBookkeeping p26The clerical(Demo) dimension of accounting that includes(Demo) recording the routine transactions and day-to-day record keeping of an enterpriseIntegrity p17The qualities complete, unbroken, unimpaired, sound, honest, and sincereGenerally accepted(Demo) accounting principles p18Principles that provide the framework for determining what information is to be include in financial statements and how that information is to be presentedGeneral-purpose information p13Information that is intended(Demo) to meet the needs(Demo) of multiple(Demo) users(Demo) that have an interest(Demo) in the financial activities of an enterprise rather than being tailored(Demo) (Demo) to the specific(Demo) information needs(Demo) of one userFinancial statement (Demo) (Demo) declaration of what is (Demo) to be true (Demo) an enterpriseInterim financial statement p12Financial statements prepared(Demo) for periods of time shorter than one yearFinancial reporting p13Financial reporting is broader than financial statements. Stated another way, financial statements are a subset are of the total(Demo) information encompassed by financial reportingBalance sheet(Demo) p42The financial statement showing the financial statement(Demo) of an enterprise by summarizing its assets, liabilities, and owners equity at a point(Demo) in time(Demo) also called the statement of financial positionIncome statement p42(Demo) financial statement summarizing the results of operations of a (Demo) by (Demo) its revenue and related (Demo) for a particular accounting period. (Demo) the net income or net loss.Statement of cash flows(Demo) p12An activity(Demo) statement that shows(Demo) the details of the companys activities involving cash during a period of timeCash flow prospects p9The likelihood that an enterprise will be able to provide an investor(Demo) with both a return on the investors investment and the return of that investmentAccounting system p6The personnel, procedures, devices(Demo) and records used by an organization to develop accounting information and communicate that information to decision(Demo) makersExternal users(Demo) p8Individual and other(Demo) enterprises that have a financial interest(Demo) in the reporting enterprise but that are not involved(Demo) in the day-to-day operations of that enterpriseInvestors p9Investors are individuals and other(Demo) enterprise that own the reporting enterpriseCreditors p9Creditors are individuals and other(Demo) enterprises that have provided(Demo) credit to the reporting enterprise (to whom debt is owned)Stockholders p61Owners of capital stocks(Demo) in a corporationInternal users(Demo) p14Individuals who use accounting information from tithing an organizationFinancial accounting p5Providing information about(Demo) the financial resources, obligations, and activities of an economic(Demo) entity that is intended(Demo) for use primarily by external(Demo) decision(Demo) makers-investors and creditorsManagement accounting p6Providing information that is intended(Demo) primarily for use by internal(Demo) management in decision(Demo) making required(Demo) to run the businessCost accounting p25Determining the cost of certain business(Demo) activities and cost informationTax accounting p6Preparation of income tax returns and anticipating the tax effects of business(Demo) transactions and structuring them in such a way as to minimize(Demo) the income tax burdenTax planning(Demo) p6Tax planning(Demo) means(Demo) anticipating the tax effects of these(Demo) transactions in a manner that will minimize(Demo) the income tax burden; it is the most challenging aspect of tax accounting.Audit p20An investigation of financial statements designed (Demo) to determine their fairness(Demo) in relation(Demo) to generally accepted(Demo) accounting principlesInternal auditing(Demo) p25The study(Demo) of internal(Demo) control structure and evaluation of the efficiency of many different aspects of the enterprises operationsInternal control structure p19Measures used by an organization to guard(Demo) against errors, waste, and fraud; to assure the reliability of accounting information; to promote compliance with management policies; and to evaluate(Demo) the level(Demo) of performance of all divisions of the companyFinancial forecast p25(Demo) (Demo) A plan of financial operations for some future periodReturn of investment p9The repayment to an investor(Demo) of the amount originally invested(Demo) in another enterpriseReturn on investment p9The payment of an amount (interest, dividends) for the using(Demo) anothers moneyCertificate in Internal Auditing p22An(Demo) (Demo) (Demo) professional designation issued by the Institute of Internal(Demo) Auditors(Demo) signifying expertise in internal(Demo) auditingCertificate in Management Accounting p22(Demo) A professional designation issued by the Institute of Management Accounting signifying expertise in management accounting.Certified public accountant p22An accountant who is licensed(Demo) by a state(Demo) after(Demo) meeting (Demo) education, experience, and examination requirementsSecurities and (Demo) Exchange Commission p19A(Demo) governmental organization that has the legal(Demo) power(Demo) to establish accounting principles and financial reporting requirements for publicly(Demo) held companies in the United StatesFinancial Accounting Standards p18A(Demo) (Demo) private-sector organization that is responsible for determining generally accepted(Demo) accounting principles in the United StatesGeneral Accounting Office p26A(Demo) federal government agency that audits many other(Demo) agencies(Demo) of the federal government and other(Demo) organizations that do business(Demo) with the federal government and reports its findings(Demo) to CongressAmerican Accounting Association p21A(Demo) professional accounting organization consisting primarily of accounting educators that is dedicated to improving accounting education, research(Demo) and practiceAmerican Institute of CPAs p20A(Demo) professional accounting organization of certified public accountants that engages in a variety of professional activities, including establishing auditing(Demo) standards, conducting research, and working closely with the FASB in establishing financial reporting standardsInstitute of Internal(Demo) Auditors(Demo) p21(Demo) A professional accounting organization that is dedicated to the promotion and development of the practice(Demo) of management(Demo) auditingInstitute of Management Accountants p21A(Demo) professional accounting organization that intends to influence the concepts(Demo) and ethical practice(Demo) of management accounting and financial managementInternal Revenue Service p26A(Demo) government organization that handles millions(Demo) of income tax returns filed(Demo) by individuals and businesses and performs(Demo) audit(Demo) functions to verify the data contained in those(Demo) returnsChapter 2 Basic(Demo) Financial StatementsSole proprietorship p61An unincorporated business(Demo) owned(Demo) by a single individualPartnership p61An unincorporated form of business(Demo) organization in which(Demo) two or more persons voluntarily associate for purposes(Demo) of carrying(Demo) out business(Demo) activitiesCorporation A(Demo) business(Demo) organized as a separate(Demo) legal(Demo) entity and charted by a state, with ownership divided into transferable shares of capital stockAsset p44Economic resources owned(Demo) by an entityLiabilities p46Debts or obligations of an entity that resulted(Demo) from past transactions, they represent the claims of creditors on the enterprises assetsOwners equity p47The excess of assets over liabilities, the amount of the owners investment in the business, plus the profits from successful operations that have been retained(Demo) in the business, it presents(Demo) the owners claims on the assets of the businessStockholders equity p62The owners equity of an enterprise organized as a corporation Capital stock(Demo) (Demo) p62Transferable units(Demo) of ownership in a corporationRetained earnings(Demo) p62The portion of stockholders (owners) equity that has accumulated as a result of profitable operations and retained(Demo) in the businessRevenues p55Increase in the enterprises assets as a result of profit-oriented activitiesExpenses p55Past, present(Demo) or future reductions in cash required(Demo) to generate(Demo) revenues; the cost of the (Demo) and (Demo) used up in the process of obtaining revenueNote payable p47A(Demo) written promise to repay(Demo) the amount owed by a particular date and usually calls(Demo) for the payment of interest(Demo) as wellAccount payable p47Liabilities arising from purchases on account(Demo) . In contrast(Demo) to notes payable(Demo) (Demo) it involve no written promises(Demo) and generally do not call for interest(Demo) paymentsOperating activities p545Transactions entering into the determination of net income, with the exception of gains and losses relating to financing or investing activities.Investing activities p545Transactions involving acquisitions or sales of investments or plant assets and making or collecting loans. The cash aspects of these transactions are shown in the investing activities section of the statement of cash flows. Noncash aspects of these transactions are disclosed in a supply monetary schedule t this financial statement.Financial activities p545Transactions such as borrowing, repaying borrowed amounts, raising equity capital, or making distributions to owners.Cash flows(Demo) (Demo) from operating activities p56Are the cash effect of revenue and expense transactions that are include in the income statementCash flows(Demo) from investing activities p56The cash effect of purchasing and selling plant(Demo) assets, intangible assets and investment.Cash flows(Demo) from financing activities p56The cash effect of the owners investing in the company and the creditors loaning money(Demo) to the company and the repayment of either or bothNegative cash flows p43A payment of cash that reduces the enterprises cash balancePositive cash p43Increases in(Demo) (Demo) of cash that add to the enterprises cash balanceArticulation p43The close(Demo) relationship that exists among(Demo) the financial statements that are prepared(Demo) on the basis(Demo) of the same underlying transaction information.Accounting equation(Demo) p48Assets are equal(Demo) to the sum of liabilities plus owners equityLimited liability p61Means the owners of a corporation are not personally liable for the debts(Demo) of the business(Demo) and they can lose no more than the amounts they have invested(Demo) in the businessLiquidity p63Having the financial ability to pay debts(Demo) as they become dueInflation p46An increase(Demo) in the general price(Demo) level, resulting in a decline in the purchasing power(Demo) of the monetary(Demo) unitDeflation p46A(Demo) decline in the general price(Demo) level, resulting in an increase(Demo) in the purchasing power(Demo) of the monetary(Demo) unitWindow dressing(Demo) p64Measures taken(Demo) by management specifically intended(Demo) to make a business(Demo) look as strong as possible(Demo) in its balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flowsBusiness entity p44An economic(Demo) unit that controls(Demo) resources, incurs obligations, and engages in business(Demo) activitiesHistorical cost p45The marginal(Demo) amount the business(Demo) entity paid to acquire the assetImmaterial p151Something of little or no consequence; immaterial items(Demo) may be accounted for in the most convenient manner, without(Demo) regard to the theoretical concepts.Generally accepted(Demo) accounting principle:1, business(Demo) entity assumption p44For accounting purposes, the business(Demo) entity is regard(Demo) as separate(Demo) from the personal(Demo) activities of its owners2, going-concern assumption p45An assumption by accountants that a business(Demo) will operate in the foreseeable future unless specific(Demo) (Demo) evidence(Demo) that this is not a reasonable assumption3, stable-dollar assumption p46An assumption by accountants that the monetary(Demo) unit used in the preparation of financial statements is stable over time or changes at a sufficiently slow rate that the resulting impact on financial statements does not distort the information4, cost principle p45The widely used principle of accounting for assets at their(Demo) original(Demo) cost to the current owner5,Objectivity principle p45Describe asset(Demo) valuations that are factual and can be verified(Demo) by independent experts6, (adequate) disclosure p64The accounting principle of providing with financial statements any financial and other facts(Demo) (Demo) that are necessary for proper interpretation of these(Demo) statements7, time period principle p100To provide the users(Demo) of financial statements with timely information, net income is measured(Demo) for relatively short(Demo) accounting periods of equal(Demo) length. The period of time covered by an income statement is termed the companys accounting period.8, conservation p102The traditional accounting practice(Demo) of resolving uncertainty by choosing(Demo) the solution(Demo) that leads(Demo) to the lower(Demo) (Demo) (more conservative) amount of income being(Demo) recognized in the current accounting period. This concept is designed(Demo) to avoid(Demo) overstatement of financial strength(Demo) or earnings.9, accrue basis of accounting p102Calls for recording revenue in the period in which(Demo) it is earned and recording revenue (Demo) in the period in which(Demo) it is earned and recording expenses (Demo) in the period in which they are incurred. The effect of(Demo) events on(Demo) the business is(Demo) recognized as(Demo) services are rendered for(Demo) consumed rather than when cash is(Demo) received or(Demo) paid.10, materiality p152The relative importance of an(Demo) (Demo) item or(Demo) amount. Items significant enough to(Demo) influence decisions are said to be material. Items(Demo) lacking this importance are considered immaterial. The accounting treatment accorded(Demo) to immaterial items(Demo) may be guided by convenience rather than by theoretical principles.11, consistency p508The accounting principle of consistency refers to the fact that a business generally should continue to use the same accounting principles and methods from one period to the next.Limitations of the cost principle:Balance sheet(Demo) does not show how much the business(Demo) is currently worth;The value(Demo) of the monetary(Demo) unit or dollar is not always stable when inflation becomes severe, historical cost amounts for assets lose their(Demo) relevance as a basis(Demo) for making decisions.Reasons for use if historical cost: Assets like land and buildings are being(Demo) used to house(Demo) the business(Demo) and were acquired(Demo) for use and not for resale; in fact, these(Demo) (Demo) assets usually cannot be sold without disrupting the business. The BS is prepared(Demo) on the going-concern assumption. Consequently, the present estimated prices at which(Demo) assets like land and buildings could(Demo) be are of less importance than if these(Demo) properties were intended(Demo) for sale.(Demo) These(Demo) are frequently among(Demo) the largest dollar amounts of the companys asset.Chapter 3 The Accounting CycleCapturing Economic(Demo) EventsAccountability p 88The condition of being(Demo) held responsible for ones(Demo) actions by the existence of an independent record of those(Demo) actions.(Demo) Establishing accountability is a major(Demo) goal of accounting records and of internal(Demo) control procedures.Accounting cycle(Demo) p88The sequence(Demo) of accounting procedures used to record, classify, and summarize accounting information. The cycle(Demo) begins with the initial recording of business(Demo) transaction and concludes with the preparation of formal financial statementsAccounting period p100The(Demo) span of time covered by an income statement. One year is the accounting period for much financial reporting, but financial statements are also prepared(Demo) by companies for each quarter of the year and each month.Fiscal year p100Any 12-month(Demo) (Demo) accounting period adopted by a businessAccount p88 A(Demo) record used to summarize all increases and decreases in a particular asset, such as cash(Demo) or any other(Demo) type of asset, liability, owners equity, revenue,(Demo) or expenseCredit p89An amount entered on the right(Demo) side of a ledger account.(Demo) A credit is used to record a decrease(Demo) (Demo) in an asset(Demo) or an increase(Demo) in a liability or in owners equity.Debit p89An amount entered on the left side of a ledger account.(Demo) A debit(Demo) is used to record an increase(Demo) in an asset(Demo) or a decrease(Demo) in a liability or in owners equity.Double-entry accounting p91 A(Demo) system of recording eve