法律英语 十大句型结构.doc

1. otherwise otherwise 根据其搭配主要有如下释义：1）Under other circumstances ：在另外的情况下；不然2）In another way; differently: 以另外的方式；不同地3）In other respects: 在其他方面在法律英语中，otherwise常和unless连用，或置放在or后使用。还有一种用法是和than一起，常用来否定句子主语。In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires，state” means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap30，wills Ordinance，Art.2)在本条例中，除文意另有所指外，“国家”指拥有本身国籍法的一领域或一组领域 Unless the context otherwise requires这一句型在法例的释义部分最为常见。在汉语的译文中几乎一律译成“除另有外。根据这一类条例的上下文，otherwise意思是“不同地，用来修饰unless从句中的动词requires。但在被动语态中，otherwise通常置放在主语与动词之间或置放在被动句的助动词be与分词形式的动词之间。汉语中的译法与主动语态相同。以下是有关的若干例句：Unless in any enactment it is otherwise provided, the period of imprisonment, which may be imposed by a magistrate exercising summary jurisdiction, in respect of the non-payment of any sum of money adjudged (判决) to be paid by a conviction, whether it be a fine or in respect of the property of the subject of the offence, or in respect of the injury done by the offender, or in respect of the default Failure to perform a task or fulfill an obligation, especially failure to meet a financial obligation:未履行；拖欠：未执行任务或履行义务 of a sufficient distress To hold the property of (a person) against the payment of debts. 扣押（债务人的）财物以抵债 to satisfy any such sum, shall be such period as, in the opinion of the magistrate, will satisfy the justice of the case, but shall not exceed in any case the maximum fixed by the following scale除成文法另有规定外，对于因不缴付根据定罪裁定须缴付的款项(不论是罚款或就作为罪行主体的财物而须缴付的款项)，或因犯罪者所造成的损害，或因无足够扣押物以抵偿此等款项，则行使简易程序审判权的裁判官，可判处其认为就案情而言是符合公正原则的监禁刑期，但无论如何不得超过下表所定的最长刑期。 A notice under subjection(1)shall，unless it otherwise provides，apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself 根据第(1)款发出的通知书，除其中另有规定外，亦适用于通知书内指明的财产的收入，一如适用于该项财产本身 如 otherwise与 or连用，其意思与起连接作用的连词or之前的短语相同。例如：If 2 or more persons are defendants to a claim, as partners or otherwise, a process may be served on any of them and an award may be obtained and execution issued against any person so served notwithstanding that any other persons jointly liable may not have been served or been a party or may not be within the jurisdiction of the Board.如有2名或以上的人以合伙人或其他身份而属同一宗申索的被告人，法律程序文件可送达予其中任何一入，而判定该收件人败诉的裁定可由申索人获得，执行程序亦可向该受件人进行，即使任何其他共同有责的人可能未获得送达法律程序文件，或不属当事人，或不在仲裁处的司法管辖权范围内，均无例外。例5 Any person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not to give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an offence(ibidAn411)任何人藉恐吓、怂恿或以其他手段诱使证人或一方当事人不在仲裁处聆讯中作证，即属犯罪。 在本句中，otherwise是一个副词，意为by any other means(以其他手段），用来修饰动词induces。例6 Where a court is satisfied in proceedings for an offence under subsection(1)(b)that，having regard to the closeness of his relationship to the accused and to other circumstances。There is a reason to believe that any person was holding pecuniary resources Of or relating to money pecuniary resources: 货币资金 or property in trust for or otherwise on behalf of the accused or acquired such resources or property as a gift from the accused，such resources or property shall，until the contrary is proved，be presumed to have been in the control of the accused(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap201，Prevention of Bribery Ordinance，Art10E2)在因第(1)(b)款所订罪行而进行的法律程序中，法庭经顾及任何人与被控人关系的密切程度及其他情况后，如有理由相信该人为被控人以信托形式持有或以其他方式代被控人持有金钱资源或财产，或因被控人的馈赠而获取该等金钱资源或财产，则在相反证明成立之前，该等金钱资源或财产须推定为由被控人控制 A person who disposes of or otherwise deals with any property specified in a notice under subsection(1)or a bank or deposit-taking company which pays any money to a person specified in a copy of a notice served on it under subsection (1A) other than in accordance with the consent of the commissioner shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of$50，000 or the value of the property disposed of or otherwise dealt with，whichever is greater，and to imprisonment for 3 years 任何人并非按照专员给予的同意而将根据第(1)款所发通知书中指明的任何财产处置或以其他方式处理，或任何银行或接受存款公司并非按照专员给予的同意而将款项付予根据第(1A)款向其他送达的通知书副本中指明的人，即属犯罪，一经定罪，可处罚款$50 000，或处以所处置或以其他方式处理的财产价值的罚款，两款额以较大者为准,以及监禁3年。 在以上两个例句中，otherwise意为in another waymanner，differently，汉译时一律译成“以其他方式。在另一些法律文本中，otherwise之后跟上than，可形成0therwise than这一新的句式结构，作用相当于unless。其中的otherwise起一个方式状语的作用。此外，otherwise than这一短语一般只用在否定句中。例如：例8 No claim shall be recoverable hereunder if the benefit of the contract herein contained shall become vested in To place (authority, property, or rights, for example) in the control of a person or group, especially to give someone an immediate right to present or future possession or enjoyment of (an estate, for example). Used within : 授权：给某人或者群体权威、财产或者权利，特别是给某人对当前或者将来财产或者享乐（如地产）的权利。与in 一起用： vested his estate in his daughter.把他的地产授权于他的女儿 any other person or persons at law or in equity other person or persons at law or in equity otherwise than by will or operation of law，unless the written consent of the insurer thereto shall have first been obtained 如果本单所包含的合约利益不用遗嘱或不运用法律的方式归予正在打官司的其他任何人，就不可取得所索的赔偿，除非首先得到承保人对此的书面同意。例9 No will or any part thereof shall be revoked otherwise than (a)by marriage as provided by section 13；or (b)by another will executed in accordance with section 5；or(c)by a written revocation executed in the manner in which the will was executed；or (d)by the burning，tearing or otherwise destroying of it by the testator 律 立遗嘱之人，or by some person in his presence and by his direction，with the intention of revoking it除藉一下方式外，任何遗嘱的全部或任何部分，均不得撤销 (a)根据第13条的规定藉缔结婚姻而撤销；或 (b)藉按照第5条签立的另一份遗嘱而撤销；或 (c)藉依照签立遗嘱方式签立的遗嘱撤销书而撤销；或(d)由立遗嘱人、或由其他人在立遗嘱人面前并依其指示，将遗嘱烧毁、撕毁或以其他方法毁灭，而其意愿是撤销该遗嘱。 No will or any part thereof，which is in any manner revoked，shall be revived To restore the validity or effectiveness of. 使恢复效力：恢复有效性或效果 otherwise than by the re-execution thereof or by a codicil A supplement or appendix to a will. 【法律】 遗嘱的附录：遗嘱的补充或附录 executed in accordance with section 5 and showing an intention to revive it遗嘱的全部或任何部分，无论以任何方式撤销后，除非按照第5条重新签立或加入按照第五条签立的遗嘱更改附件，并表明意愿是恢复遗嘱的效力，否则该遗嘱的全部或任何部分均不能恢复效力。在普通英语里，other than词性上仍然是副词，用来修饰动词，如We cant collect the rent other than by suing the tenant意思相当于differently(“除非)，又如在例7中，pays any money to a personother than in accordance with the Consent of the Commissioner，修饰的是其中的动词pays。但在法律英 语中，该词也可以用来修饰名词，可译成“除外”、“非”。 附：apart from, other than, rather than 区别1. apart from: 介词短语，一般要放在句首，有两个意思： 第一个意思是：除了.以外什么也没有，（带有否定的意思）。 例如：Apart from his nose, he is quite good-looking .除了鼻子以外，他哪里都很好看。（不包括鼻子） 第二个意思是：除了.以外还，（带有肯定的意思）。 例如：Apart from the injuries to his face and hands ,he broke his legs.除了脸和双手受伤了以外，腿也断了（包括脸和手） 2. other than 表示纯粹否定的意思，有“除掉”， “此外”的意思。 例如： what result can you expect other than disgrace and failure(除了耻辱和失败以外，你能指望什么结果呢？)意思就是你什么都指望不到。 再比如： I have not read any of Dickenss novels other than David Copperfield(除了大卫科波菲尔以外，我没有度过狄更斯的任何其他小说)。3. rather than 用来表示“是。而不是。”，通常连接两个并列成分 eg:He is an artist rather than a philosopher. 他是位艺术家而不是位哲学家。 例11 Any person guilty of an offence under this Part，other than an offence under section 3, shall be liable- (a)on conviction on indictment The act of indicting. 控诉的行为 ( b)，on summary conviction- (Laws of Hong Kong，Cap201，Prevention of Bribery Ordinance，Art121)除第3条所罪行外，任何人犯了本部所订罪行，可遭处罚如下 (a)一经循公诉程序裁定(b)一经循简易程序裁定例12 If a public servant other than a Crown servant solicits or accepts an advantage with the permission of the public body of which he is an employee being permission which complies with subsection(4)，neither he nor the person who offered the advantage shall be guilty of an offence under this section(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap201，Prevention of Bribery ordinance，Art43) 非官方雇员的公职人员如有所属公共机构的许可而索取或接受任何利益，且该项许可符合第(4)款的规定，则该公职人员及提供该利益的人均不算犯本条所订罪行Subject to this section，where an order is made under Section 12AA in respect of pecuniary resources or property held by a person other than the person convicted，that other person may，within 28 days after the date of making the order, appeal against the order of the court of Appeal.在符合本条在符合本条的规定下，凡法庭根据第12AA条对并非定罪人的持有的金钱资源或财产作出命令，该人可在命令作出的日期后28天内就该命令向上诉法院提出上诉Subject to该短语在法律英文中一般都跟agreement，section，contract等法律文件名或文件中特定条款名配合使用。通常可翻译成“以为条件”、“根据规定”、“在符合的情况下、“除另有规定外”以及“在不抵触下等。例如：例14 Subject to this section，an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under subsection(5)(ibidArt12AB4) 在符合本条的规定下，上诉须按根据(5)款订立的规则内订明的方式提出，并须受该规则所订明的条件规限。例15 Subject to subsection(4)，the information referred to in section 13(2)and in section 14(2)may be required from a legal adviser as from any other person，notwithstanding that the effect of compliance with such a requirement would be to disclose any privileged information or communication 在第4款的规限下，可向法律顾问要求提供第1 3(2)及14(2)条所指数据，一如可向其他人要求，即使遵照该要求办理会造成披露有特权的数据或通讯的后果。例16 Subject to subsection(3)，the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determine the claims specified in the Schedule 在符合第三款的规定下，仲裁处具备查讯、聆讯及裁决附表内指明的申索的司法管辖权subject to在汉语中似乎至少有五六种不同译法。虽然各种译法都不尽相同，但核心意思大同小异。不管译成“以为条件”、“根据规定”，还是译成“在符合情况下、“在规限下”，但中心意思是“受制于”有关条款或须“依照”有关条款办事。因此，“根据规定”是最直截了当的翻译。如在含有两个subject t0的例14中，一处被译成“在符合本条的规定下”，另一处被译成“受该规则所订明的条件规限，这两处的中心意思都是“根据规定”。只是为了避免重复，才有稍微不同的表述而已。如果用“根据规定”来取代前两者，译文是不会有错的；只不过后者不是“规定”而是“条件”。再如例17，倘若译成“根据条文”，然后再阐述该条文的内容，则该段译文会更加通顺、流畅，易读、易懂，而且译文也更加忠实于原文，符合原文的文意Without prejudice to这个英文法律短语的功能相当于普通英文中的without affecting。与上一节subject to的句法结构相同，跟在without prejudice to这个短语之后的通常是一个指代某项法律条款的名词。但对有关事物或条款的规限程度，没有前者那么强硬。前者规限的程度是必须“符合”或“依照”有关条款或规定，后者指不要影响或损害其规限的事物。在汉语中，其意思相当于“在不损害的原则下”、“在不影响的情况下”、“不受影响”、“不妨碍”、以及“不规限”等等。 例18 Without prejudice to section 24，the following shall be treated as properly executed在不影响第24条规定的原则下，以下的遗嘱须视为正式签立例19 If，upon the hearing of a claim，the claimant does not appear，the Board may strike out the claim，without prejudice, however，to the restoration of such claim by the Board，on the application of the claimant, on such terms as it may think just如申索人不出席申索聆讯，仲裁处可剔除该宗申索，但此举对仲裁处在申索人提出申请后，按其认为公正的条款恢复该宗申索并无影响例22 Without prejudice to the rights of the Attorney General Attorney General The head of the U.S. Department of Justice and a member of the Presidents cabinet. Attorney General 司法部长：美国司法部的首长和总统内阁一成员, every complainant or informant shall be at liberty to conduct the complaint or information respectively and to have the witnesses examined and crossexamined by him or by counsel on his behalf(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap227，Magistrates Ordinance，Art1612) 在不损害律政司权利的原则下，每名申诉人或告发人可进行其申诉或告发，并亲自或由代表律师讯问及盘问证人。65 WHERE引导的法律条件从句在普通英文中，用where引导的状语从句，一般为地点状语从句。但在法律英文中，where引导的是法律条款中的条件状语从句，相当于 in the case where. 在香港，其最典型的译法是“凡.”或如”。例如：例23 Where a restraining order has been revoked or varied under this section，notice of such revocation or the order as so varied，as the case may be，shall be served on the third party to whom it is directed and on the suspected person(Laws of 140翘g Kong，Cap201，Prevention of Bribery 凡限制令已根据本条被撤销或更改，该令所针对的第三者以及受疑人须获送达撤销该令的通知书或经更改的限制令(视属何情况而定)。例24 Where an employee is granted any period of annual leave，the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that period凡雇员获给予任何一段期间的年假，雇主最迟须于该段期间后的第一个发薪日付给该雇员该段期间的年假薪酬。Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith At once; immediately. paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched(Laws of Hong Kong，Cap，227，Magistrates 凡被告人被判处罚款，但没有随即缴付罚款，裁判官可命令搜查被告人。例26Where a claimant has a claim which exceeds the monetary amount mentioned in the Schedule and which，but for the excess，would be within the jurisdiction of the Board,the claimant may abandon the excess, and thereupon the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determine the claim 如只因申索人的申索超逾附表所述的款额，以致该申索超逾仲裁处的司法管辖权范围，则申索人可放弃追讨超额的款项，而在此情况下，仲裁处有查讯、聆讯及裁决该宗申索的司法管辖权。 在原文为英文的法律篇章中，where引导的条件句用得非常频繁，甚至可以说远远超过了用when引导的条件句。就句式正式程度而言，前者一般超过后者，因为后者在某些情况下还有时间状语的成分，而以where引导的状语，几乎纯粹是法律条款中的个条件。在翻译成汉语时，最流行的译法是“凡”或“如”。在这里，我们还是有必要指出：我们可以把“凡看成是“凡是的简略形式，“如是“如果”的简略形式；因此，这两个词本身正式程度都是不足的(尤其是后者)。但是，由于在当今口语里，很少有人会用“凡”，换句话说，“凡”还不是一个口语词，用来表示正例27前款规定的人员，索取他人财物或者非法收受他人财物，犯前款罪的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。(中华人民共和国刑法第二百二十九条) Where a person stated in the preceding paragraph extorts money and goods from others or illegally accepts money and goods from others to commit the aforementioned crime，he is to be sentenced to more than five years but not more than 10 years of fixed-term imprisonment and a fine发明专利申请人自申请日起满两年尚未被授予专利权的，自第三年度起每年缴纳申请维持费。第一次申请维持费应当在第三年度的第一个月内缴纳，以后的申请维持费应当在前一年度期满前一个月内预缴。 Where the applicant for a patent for invention has not been granted a patent right within two years from the date of filing，it or he shall pay a fee for the maintenance of the application from the third yearThe first maintenance fee shall be paid within the first month of the third year. The subsequent maintenance fees shall be paid in advance within the month before the expiration of the preceding year.例29被保险人依照本章规定可以限制赔偿责任的，对该海事赔偿请求承担责任的保险人，有权依照本章规定享受相同的赔偿责任限制。 Where the assured may limit his liability in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter，the insurer liable for the maritime claims shall be entitled to the limitation of liability under this Chapter to the same extent as the assured( 例30 有下列情形之一的，行政保护在期限届满前终止： (一)农业化学物质产品独占权在申请人所在国无效或者失效的；(二)农业化学物质产品独占权人没有按照规定缴纳行政保护年费的； (三)农业化学物质产品独占权人以书面形式声放弃行政保护的（四）农业化学物质产品独占权人自农业化学物质产品行政保护证书颁发之日起一年内未向国务院农业行政主管部门申请办理登记手续的。In any of the following cases，the administrative protection shall cease before the expiration of its duration： (1)Where the exclusive right of an agricultural chemical product proves invalid or becomes invalid in the country where the applicant resides(2)Where the owner of the exclusive right of an agricultural chemical product does not pay an annual fee as prescribed； (3)Where the owner of the exclusive right of an agricultural chemical product waives the administrative protection by a written declaration： (4)Where the owner of the exclusive right of an agricultural chemical product does not apply to the competent administrative department of agriculture under the State Council for for going through the registration procedures within a year from the date on which the certificate of administrative protection of the agricultural chemical product is issued.“The administrative protection shall cease before the expiration of its duration in any of the following cases：(1) where”那么，我们就可以明显看出其用法与其余的条件状语句的区别，但是，这种用法和这类句型，在法律英语中远远没有用where引导、作条件状语的句子那么普遍。此外，如果我们将中英文两个文本中的句子结构都稍加改造，也可变成标准的“.的，与“where”句型。譬如：“农业化学物质产品独占权在申请人所在国无效或者失效的，行政保护在期限届满前终止”；与“Where the exclusive right of an agricultural chemical product proves invalid or becomes invalid in the country where the applicant resides，the administrative protection shall cease before the expiration 0f its duration.总之，where引导的条件状语与if和when引导的条件句在语法上没有任何分别，但if与when引导的条件句无论在普通文体中还是在法律篇章中都同样广泛使用，而以where引导的条件状语从句在普通文体中使用频率极低，在法律篇章中则广泛使用。从语用上讲，以where引导的条件状语从句的正式程度比较高，法律文体特性显著。故无论是法律文件的撰稿人还是外译英法律翻译人员，都喜欢使用该句式，以便制作出较为正式的法律文体。但在英译汉的实践中，中国大陆的法律文书撰写人泽家喜欢用“的”结构，香港的法律文书撰写人译家更愿意用“凡和“如”的结构来表达法律文书中用where引导的条件状语从句。由于“如”引导的汉语句式比较口语化，故我们认为用“凡.引导的汉语句式去翻译“Where的句式更为合理。Any Person who doesshallAny person who，without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, while having dealings of any kind with any other public body，offers any advantage to any public servant employed by that public body，shall be guilty of an offence任何人与其他公共机构进行任何事务往来时，无合法权限或合理辩解而向受雇于该公共机构的公职人员提任何利益，即属犯罪例33 Any person in respect of whom an order under subsection (1) has been made who contravenes To act or be counter to; violate: 违犯：与相抵触；违犯 the order commits an offence and is liable to a fine of $50，000 and to imprisonment for 12 months(ibidArt33A5j) 受法庭根据第(1)款所作命令限制的人如违反该命令，即属犯罪，可处罚款$50 000及监禁12个月。 该句型标准的谓语动词是shall+do。，但也可使用与第三人称配合的动词现在式，如在例33中用commits an offence或is liable to a fine of .这种句型还有若干变种，如主语改为every person或a person。但汉语中的译文不变。可一概译成 “任何人”Every person on whom a notice under subsection (1) is served shall，notwithstanding the provisions of any other law to the contrary save only the provisions of section 4 of the Inland Revenue Ordinance(Cap1 12)，comply with the terms of that notice within such time as may be specified therein or within Such further time as the commissioner may, in his discretion, authorize，and any person whom such a notice has been served, without reasonable excuse, neglects or fails so to comply shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of $20,000 and to imprisonment for1 year 任何人获送达根据第(1)款发出的通知书，则即使任何其他法律条文有相反规定，该人仍须在该通知书指明的时间内，或在专员酌情授权延长的时间内遵照该通知书办理，但受税务条例(第112章)第4条规定的情况除外；获送达该通知书的人如无合理辩解而忽略遵照或不遵照该通知书办理，即属犯罪，一经定罪，可处罚款$20 000及监禁1年Every person who is an employee at the commencement of the period during which the business or part thereof is closed down for the purpose specified in subsection(1)，and who is not otherwise entitled to annual leave pay in respect, of any day during that period，shall，as regards the period beginning on the appropriate day and ending on the day preceding the first day of the Close down be entitled to annual leave calculated in accordance with subsection(4)任何人如在因第(1)款所指明目的而停业或停止部分业务的期间开始时已成为雇员，而该人若非因该次停业则无权获得该段期间内任何一天的年假薪酬者，则就始于适用日而止于停业首天之前一天的期间，须有权享有按照第(4)款计算的年假。A person who willfully makes any false statement in answer to a notice under subsection(1) shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine of $20，000 and to imprisonment for 1 year 任何人在响应根据第(1)款发出的通知书时故意作出虚假陈述，即属犯罪，可处罚款$