unit 5 Why nothing worksppt课件.ppt

Unit5Whynothingworks,1,Ivealwayswantedtoownandcontroltheprimarytechnologyineverythingwedo.SteveJobs,DiscussionSupposeyouroldmobilephoneisbroken.Repairingitcosts100yuanwhilepurchasinganewonecosts1,000yuan.Whatwillyoudo?,2,1.Hasyourcellphone,yourcomputer,yourcamera,yourMP3orsomethingofthekindeverrefusedtowork?Whenthishappens,whatorwhomdoyouputtheblameon?Whatdoyounormallythinkisthecauseofthefailure?2.Manythingsthatusedtobemadebyhandarenowmanufacturedbymachine.Whichdoyouhavegreaterfaithin:hand-madeproductsormachine-madeproducts?Why?,3,4,EvidencefromText,PomoIndianbasketandEskimoskinboat,Qualityisnotdependentontechnologyalone.,3,2,Quality-controlinstrumentsneedmaintenance;gaugesgooutoforder;Xraysandlaserbeamsneedadjustment.,Quality-controlgadgetsandsamplingaresubjecttoMurphysLaw.,1,1,Illustrationsorexamplesprovided,Whatisillustratedorexemplified,Para.,No.,5,management,theworkeronthefactoryfloor,theofficehelp,thesalespeople,variousstagesinvolvedinproductionanddistributioninamodernsociety,5,5,pottery-making,basket-weaving,canoe-building,craftspecialtiesadoptedbydifferentmembersofthebandorvillage,3,4,Menmadetheirownspears,bowsandarrows,andprojectilepoints;womenwovetheirownbasketsandorfiber.AndthewholePara.4,Producersandconsumerswereeitheroneandthesameindividualorclosekinthatguaranteedthehighestdegreeofreliabilityanddurability.,3,3,6,EvidencefromTextProcess:InPara.3Harrisemploysprocesstohelpexplaintheformationofsocialrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Thestep-by-stepexplanationmakesiteasyforthereadertofollowtheauthorsflowofthoughts.Contrast:Inthelasttwoparagraphs,Harrisemployscontrast.Thepurposeistorevealthewidedifferenceinthequalityofproductsmadebytheproducerforhimselforhiskin,andofthosemadeforunknownusers.Thiscontrastoccurringtowardstheendoftheessaynaturallyaddsemphasistothethesis.,7,Murphyslawisanadage（格言）inWesternculturethatbroadlystates,Iftherearetwoormorewaystodosomething,andoneofthosewayscanresultinacatastrophe,thensomeonewilldoit.如果有两种选择，其中一种将导致灾难，则必定有人会作出这种选择.Itisalsocitedas:Anythingthatcangowrongwillgowrong.;凡事只要有可能出错，那就一定会出错。ThesimilarWhatevercangowrong,willgowrong,or,Whatevercangowrongwillgowrong,andattheworstpossibletime,intheworstpossibleway.,8,FOREXAMPLE.THEOLDSAYING:Ineverhadasliceofbreadparticularlylargeandwidethatdidnotfalluponthefloorandalwaysonthebutteredside.“面包落地的时候，永远是抹牛油的一面着地”Whenyouwasstandinginline,andyouwaswaitingimpatiently.Andthenyouchangedateam,intheend，youhasfoundoutthattheoriginalteamwasfaster.,9,SummaryOfMURPHYSLAWS1.Nothingisaseasyasitlooks.任何事都没有表面看起来那么简单；2.Everythingtakeslongerthanyouthink.所有的事都会比你预计的时间长；3.Anythingthatcangowrongwillgowrong.会出错的事总会出错；4.Everysolutionbreedsnewproblems.每一个解决方案都会带来新的问题。,10,Attribute:Ifyouattributesomethingtoaneventorsituation,youthinkthatitwascausedbythateventorsituation.把归因于;把归咎于;Ifyouattributeaparticularqualityorfeaturetosomeoneorsomething,youthinkthattheyhavegotit.加于;认为为所有Ifapieceofwriting,aworkofart,oraremarkisattributedtosomeone,peoplesaythattheywroteit,createdit,orsaidit.出自Womentendtoattributetheirsuccesstoexternalcausessuchasluck.Peoplewerebeginningtoattributesuperhumanqualitiestohim.This,andtheremainingpaintings,arenotattributedtoPicasso.,11,thesavantknownonlyasMurphySavantisaFrenchwordinorigin,meaningapersonofgreatknowledgeofsomesubjectoramanofprofoundlearning.EdMurphy,anaircraftengineer(seethenextnote),isbynomeansasavantinthetruesenseoftheword.Butthelawheformulatesseemstobeuniversallytrue.SotheauthorusesthetermsavantwhichismodifiedbyknownonlyasMurphy,meaningthatthissavantisofahumbleorigin.,12,corollaryn.anidea,anargument,orafactthatnaturallyfollowssomethingelseCorollariestoMurphysLawsuggestthemselvesascluestotheshoddygoodsproblem.FromMurphysLawwemayfindanswerstotheproblemofbadlymadegoods.,13,MurphysLawThisisahumorousmaximdeclaring,ingeneral,thatifanythingcangowrong,itwill.Thelaworiginatedin1949withCaptainEdMurphy,anaircraftengineer.Referringtoatechnician,hesaid,Ifthereisanywaytodoitwrong,hewill.Theprojectmanager,GeorgeE.Nichols,assignedthenameMurphysLawtothatandsimilarstatements.AdditionalformsofMurphysLawincludenothingisaseasyasitlooksandeverythingtakeslongerthanyouthinkitwill.,14,untiladecentintervalhaselapseduntilasufficientlylongperiodoftimehaspassedThebasicmeaningofdecentisproper;sociallyacceptable,e.g.decentbehaviour,decentclothing.Inthiscontext,adecentintervalsuggeststhattheamountoftimeshouldbelongenoughforpeopletoacceptasproper.Elapsev.Thiswordisusedtoindicatethepassingoftime.e.g.Threeweeks/Fourmonths/Twoyearshaveelapsed.,15,forestallv.preventordefeat(apersonorhisplans)byactingfirste.g.Beforehehadtimetoexplainwhatheproposedtodo,hisplanwasforestalled.Thepoliceforestalledtheburglarsattempttobreakintothejewellers.,16,commitmentn.theactofpledgingordevoting(oneself)toacourseofaction;(inthiscontext)obligationordeterminationtoforestallMurphysLawe.g.Theteacherscommitment(responsibility)ismorethanimpartingknowledge.Apersoniscommittedifhedevoteshimselftoacertaincause,e.g.acommittededucationist.Ifapersoncommitshimselftosomething,hepromisestogivehistime,moneyorloyaltytoaplan,action,cause,etc.e.g.Thegovernmenthascommitteditselftoincreasingbudgetforeducation.Theyarejustdatingeachother;theyhavenotyetcommittedthemselvestoarelationshipyet.,17,thesehumaninputsitreferstointelligence,skillandcommitmentintheprecedingsentencescientificsamplingproceduresaprocesstoassessthequalityorcharacterofawholebyexaminationofasample;theprocessortechniqueofdeterminingthetraitsorattitudesofawholebycollectingandanalyzingdatafromarepresentativesegmentofit,18,subjecttoaffectedby;dependenton;governedorcontrolledbye.g.Pricesaresubjecttochange.(affectedby)ThefundingissubjecttoapprovalbytheBoardofEducation.(dependenton)Everycitizenissubjecttothelawofthecountry.(Everycitizenmustobeythelaw.)ViolatorsaresubjecttoaRMB100fine.(Violatorsmustpaythefine.),19,maintenancen.thewayofproducingmaterialgoods;theproductionofmaterialgoods;Themaintenanceofabuilding,vehicle,road,ormachineistheprocessofkeepingitingoodconditionbyregularlycheckingitandrepairingitwhennecessary./Maintenanceismoneythatsomeonegivesregularlytoanotherpersontopayforthethingsthatthepersonneeds.Thewindowhadbeenreplacedlastweekduringroutinemaintenance.Hehastopaymaintenancetohisex-wife.,20,1.WhatroledoesMurphysLawplayinHarrisswriting?(Para.1)MurphysLaw,whichseemstobeananswertothequestionposedbythetitleWhyNothingWorks?,isinfactnoansweratall.Butitcallsthereadersattentiontoaphenomenonsocommonthatitisoftentakenforgranted.ThusithelpsleadtowhatHarrisintendstodiscussinthispassage:Whatcausesthingstogowrongsoquickly?Canwedoanythingtopreventitfromhappening?,21,2.WhichsentenceinPara.1tellsusthatHarristhinksMurphysLawisirresistible?ThesentenceWhileMurphysLawcanneverbewhollydefeated,itseffectscanusuallybepostponed.tellsusthatHarristhinksthelawisirresistible.3.ExplainthemeaningofthewordinputsasusedinIfthesehumaninputsareassistedby”(Para.1)Inputs,asthecompoundingindicates,meanswhatisputin.Inthiscontext,thewordreferstotheeffortsmadeandresponsibilitytakenbyhumanbeings,totheintelligence,skill,andcommitmenttheycontributetoproduction.,22,artifactn.anobjectthatismadebyman,suchasatooloradecoration,especiallyonethatisofhistoricalintereste.g.Variousartifactsofprehistorictimeswerediscoveredduringtheexcavation.,23,dispelv.remove(falsebelief,doubt,fear)byprovingthemwronge.g.Hisencouragingwordsdispelledallmydoubtsaboutmyowninability.Thedoctorswordsdispelledmyfearsaboutthenatureofthetumor(肿瘤).,24,wehonorthelabelhandmadeweshowrespectfor/thinkmuchofthetagwhichsaysthatthearticleismadebyhanddwindlingbreedsofmodern-daycraftspeoplepresent-daycraftsmenwhoarebecomingfewerandfewerinnumber,25,Forwhatreason(s)doesHarristhinkthatpeoplenowadayshonourthelabelhandmade?(Para.2)Peoplehaveahighregardforhandmadeproductsnowadaysbecauseoftheirreliabilityinquality(andtheirassociationwithamorepersonalrelationshipbetweentheproducerandtheconsumer-Para.3).,26,ThePomoIndiansbelongtoaNorthAmericanIndiantribethatformsthesecondlargesttribalgroupinCalifornia,U.S.A.ThenamePomocomesfromasuffixthatthePomopeopleaddtomanywordsintheirlanguage.ThePomowomensfinebasketryistheartistictriumphofthepeople.Pomobasketryincludessmallmasterpiecesaswellaslarge,colourfullydecoratedcontainers,andisconsideredamongtheworldsfinest.,27,Insummer,Eskimosusedtwokindsofboatsforhuntingandtravel.1.Thekayak(皮艇)wasdeckedoverexceptforamanholethataccommodatedoneperson.Suchcrafthadframesmadeofpiecesofdriftwoodboundtogether.Theframeswerecoveredwithdehairedsealskinssewnwithwaterproofstitching.2.Theumiak(木框皮艇)wasalarge,openboatmadebycoveringadriftwoodframewithsplitwalrushidesorsealskins.,28,29,craftspecialtiesspecialkindsofhandicraftbarteranequalexchangeofgoodswithoutmoneyinvolvede.g.Wehadnomoneysowehadtolivebybarter.Chickens,goatsandrabbitswereofferedforbarteratthebazaar.,30,1.HarristakeshisreadersthroughtwodevelopmentalstagesofwhathetermsasprehistoryinPara.3.Whatarethey?Whatremainedunchangedinthesetwostages?1)Peoplemadethingsforthemselvesandfortheirclosekin.2)Peopleobtainedmanyitemsthroughbarterandtrade.Theconnectionbetweentheproducerandtheconsumerremainedintimate,permanent,andcaring.,31,Parkaisatypeofheavyjacketwithahood,oftenlinedwithfurorfakefur,soastoprotectthefacefromacombinationoffreezingtemperaturesandwind.Thiskindofgarment,originallymadefromcaribouorsealwasinventedbytheCaribouInuit,Inuit(Eskimo)oftheArcticregion,whoneededclothingthatwouldprotectthemfromwindchillandwetnesswhilehuntingandkayaking.,32,thestateoftheartthelevelofdevelopment(asofadevice,procedure,process,technique,orscience)reachedatanyparticulartimeusuallyasaresultofmodernmethods,33,CanyouidentifythetopicsentenceofPara.4?Whatfunctiondoesthisparagraphperforminthepassage?No.Notwithintheparagraph.Thewholeparagraphisanillustrationofthesortofintimaterelationshipbetweentheproducerandtheconsumermentionedinthepreviousparagraph.,34,massproductiontheproductionormanufactureofgoodsinlargequantitiesbymachinerymassmarketingofferingtosellthingstoasmanypeopleaspossible,35,theintimatesentimentalandpersonalbondstheclose/familiaremotionalandperson-to-personrelationship/connectionwitherv.becomeweakerorshrinke.g.Plants,trees,flowersmayallwitheraway,andsomayoneshopes,whenonebecomeshopeless.,36,eachnewemployeecontributesadiminishedsharetotheoverallproductionprocesseachnewemployeebecomesmorespecialized,thusmorerestrictedinhisworktask,i.e.hedoesonlyaspecializedportioninthewholeproductionprocess,37,entionaldamagetomachines,buildings,etc.carriedoutsecretlytoweakenagovernment,anenemy,orasaproteste.g.Allattemptsatsabotagemustbemercilesslycrushed.,38,HasHarrisimpliedorstatedexplicitlythecauseofshoddygoods?Whatisit?(Para.5)HehasstateditexplicitlyinPara.5becausetheintimatesentimentalandpersonalbondswhichoncemadeusresponsibletoeachotherandtoourproductshavewitheredaway.,39,OralWorkTherootofthewordmanufacturemanu-bearsthemeaningofhand,byhand,whichremindsusofatimewhenthingswerealmostallmadebyhand.Nowasaresultofmodernization,mass-productionandmass-marketinghavebecomethenorm.Somepeoplethinksuchamodernmodeofproductionistheguaranteeforthequalityofgoodsproducedwhileothersdisagree.Formtwogroupsholdingoppositeviewsconcerningtheissueandfindsupporttoyourview.,40,Exposition:CauseandEffectSignificanceCauseandeffectrelationshipsinvolveacrucialthinkingprocess.Whenyousolvecauseandeffectproblems,youareputtingthingstogether.YoudontthinkofFactAandFactBseparately.YouthinkofthemasFactAandFactBtogether.ExampleConsiderthesetwostatements:1.Thewomandiedandthenherhusbanddied.2.Thewomandiedand,soonafter,herhusbanddiedofgrief.,41,StructureInthesecondstatement,thedeathofthewifeisthecause,andthedeathofthehusbandistheeffect.Thisisthesimplestandmostcommonexpressionofacauseandeffectrelationship.Ithastheseproperties:1.Thecausecomesfirst.2.Thetie-inofthecauseandtheeffectisstatedinobviousterms(ofgrief).3.Thereareonecauseandoneeffect.Thedeathofthegrief-strickenhusbandoccurredsoonaftertheburialofhiswife.Inthisstatement,theeffectcomesfirstandthecauseisfoundlater.Thisreversestheordermostfamiliartoourwayofthinkingaboutcauseandeffect.,42,WritingTechniqueInwritinganexpositoryparagraphdevelopedbycauseandeffect,thereareatleastthreemethodsavailable:1.Oneeventleadstoanumberofresults.Lookatthefollowingoutlineforacause-and-effectparagraph:TopicSentence:Thefailureofelectricpowerinthecityhadanumberofinterestingconsequences.I.Mobilitywascertainlyreduced.A.Surfacetransportationwasstrained.B.Verticaltransportationthatis,elevatorsceased.II.Patiencewasnotonlyavirtuebutanecessityaswell.A.Peoplehadtolearntobepatientwiththesituation.B.Peoplelearnedthattheyhadtobenotonlypatientwith,buthelpfulto,oneanother.,43,2.Anumberofcausesleadtoaneffect.Supposeyouwerereadytogotoclassonacertaindayandanumberofirritatingeventskeptyoufromit.Youcandescribethesituationbysayingthatanumberofreasons(causes)keptyoufromclass(oneeffect).,44,3.Oneeventcausesaneffect,butthateffectthenbecomesthecauseforalaterresult,andsoon.Thinkofthislittlepoem:Forwantofthenailtheshoewaslost;Forwantoftheshoethehorsewaslost;Forwantofthehorsetheriderwaslost;Forwantoftheriderthemessagewaslost;Forwantofmessagethebattlewaslost;Forwantofthebattlethewarwaslost.,45,Indevelopingaparagraphofcauseandeffect,rememberthatitisnotenoughsimplytolistthecausesortheeffectsatrandom.Theymustbearrangedaccordingtoaplanandheldtogetherinaunifiedwhole.Also,mostexpositionreliesonanumberofdevelopingtechniques.Learntousenotcausesandeffectsalone,butcausesandeffectsassistedbyothermethodslikeexampleorcomparison.,46,1.Wehave,formostofourlifetime,beenstrivinghardtopreventourthingsfrommalfunctioningorgettingbrokendownatleasttillafterarelativelylongerperiodoftheirapplication.2.ToavoidtheeffectofMurphysLaw,onecannotdependonspecialquality-controlinstrumentsandscientificsamplingproceduresonly,becausetheyarealsogovernedbythesamelaw.3.Machine-madeandhandmadebasketsorboatsalikemaysoonbebrokenwhenputtoapplicationbyaninattentiveandrecklessuser.4.Inlargercompanieswithamorerefinedwork-sharingsystem,relationsbetweenpeopletendtobelesssocaredfor,andMurphysLaw,therefore,islikelytobemoreapplicable.,47,1.Theharshrealitytheycouldnotevadedispelledalltheirromantichopesforarosyfuture.2.Oursportsmeetwillbepostponedtonextweekbecauseoftheunpredictableweather.3.Everyvisitortothisexhibitionmustshowhis/heridentitycardnomatterwhohe/sheis.4.Therenovationplanfortheoldcitycentreissubjecttotheapprovalofthemunicipalgovernment.5.Theexperienceofrepeatedsetbacksandfailuresdidnotwitherawayhishopes.6.E-mailissoquickandconvenientinsendingmessagesthatithasalreadyreplacedtraditionalmailservicetoalargeextent.7.Thesightofthe