unit 6 where is the news leading usppt课件.ppt

Unit6Whereisthenewsleadingus?,1,Themanwhoreadsnothingatallisbettereducatedthanthemanwhoreadsnothingbutnewspapers.ThomasJeffersonDiscussionWheredoyougeteverydaynewsfrom?Aremostofthemfromnewspaper,TV,radio,webpages,microblogs,mobilephoneportals,etc.?Why?,2,1.Whatisyourmajorchannelforlearningthenews?Readingnewspapers,watchingTV,orsurfingtheInternet?Whatdoyouthinknewsshouldcover?2.WhatdoyouthinkisthejobofanewspaperreporteroraTVanchor?Isitjusttoreporttothepublicthenews,i.e.whatishappeningaroundtheworld?Arethey,knowinglyorunknowingly,influencingtheattitudeofthepublictowardswhattheyarereportinginparticularoreventheiroutlookonlifeingeneral?,3,4,ArgumentCombinedwithOtherPatternsofDevelopmentDefinitionofArgumentArgumentisareasonorasetofreasonsgivenwiththeaimofconvincingothersthatanactionorideaisrightorwrongorpersuadingotherstobelieveinsomething.WhatisaGoodArgumentApersonisconvincedwhenheisinducedbylogicalreasoningtogiveuphisbeliefandacceptwhatissaidtoberight,andheispersuadedwhenheisledtoactinaccordwithwhatheisadvisedtodo.,5,ExamplesfromTextNormanCousinsessayWhereIstheNewsLeadingUs?isagoodexampleofargument.Itaimstoargueforthepremisethattheresponsibilityofthenewsmediaistosearchoutandreportonimportantevents.Italsoaimsatpersuadingnewsmenandwomentotakeupthisresponsibility.Insomearguments,theauthorspositionispresentedatthebeginningofhiswritingandthenhegoesontosupportitinvariousways.Ortheauthormaypresenthisargumentattheendofhiswritingastheresultoflogicalinference.ButneitheroftheseisthewayinwhichCousinsorganizeshisessay.ItissomewherenearthemiddleoftheessaythatwefindCousinspresentationofhisviewpoint.,6,CousinsargumentisfoundinPara.9:theresponsibilityofthenewsmediaistosearchoutandreportonimportanteventwhetherornottheycomeundertheheadingofconflict,confrontation,orcatastrophe.Inthefirst8paragraphs,Cousinshassuccessfullyledhisreaderstothisconclusion.Hebeginswithaquestionaddressedtotwojournalists:Whyarethenewspapersandthetelevisionnewsprogramssodisaster-prone(Para.3)?Thenhejudgestheiranswertobewrongbecausehedoesnotthinkthejournalistsarereallyresponsible.Ratherhethinksitisamatterofthedefinitionofnews(Paras.4-6).,7,Ifnewsisdefinedexclusivelyaswhathashappenedinthepast24hours,itcanonlybetheeruptivehappenings,thusonlythedisasters.Humanprogressisnoteruptiveforithappensonlyinbitsandpieces.Butthesepositiveeventsarealsonewsandshouldbyallmeansbecoveredbythemedia(Paras.7anewsmanthroughandthrough;anewsmancompletelytothecorecompletelyTelligent,sensible,andknowledgeable;showingalotofpracticalknowledge,13,waysandmeans1)methodsandmeansofaccomplishingsth.2)legislationandmethodsforraisingrevenuesforpublicexpensee.g.Hetriedeverywaysandmeanstogethisworkdoneaheadoftime.Hehasntgotajob,butheseemstohavewaysandmeansofgettingmoney.,14,scrutinizev.examineindetailwithcarefulattentioninordertofindsomeusefulinformationaboutsomethinge.g.Sheleanedforwardtoscrutinizetheirfaces.Thebuildinginspectorscrutinizedthearchitectsdesign.,15,addressv.directspeechorwritingtosb.e.g.Sheaddressedherremarkstotheaudienceforcefully.Theletterwasaddressedtothestaffoftheuniversity.,16,disaster-proneadj.tendingtoreportdisasters/badnews;interestedinreportingdisastersproneadj.likelytosufferfromanillness;tendingtoshowaparticularnegativecharacteristice.g.Sheispronetoanger/exaggeration/flu.Itisbelievedthatpeoplewithfairskinwhosunburneasilyarepronetodevelopskincancer.Itmayalsobeusedafteranounwithahyphencombiningthetwo,e.g.accident-prone(oftenhavingaccidents),injury-prone(oftengettinginjuries).,17,Modify:tochangesthslightly,especiallyinordertomakeitmoresuitableforaparticularpurposeThesoftwareweusehasbeenmodifiedforus.Patientsaretaughthowtomodifytheirdiet.Distortion:changingofsomethingintosomethingthatisnottrueornotacceptable;changingoftheappearanceorsoundofsomethinginawaythatmakesitseemstrangeorunclear.downsidenewsnewsofanegativenature,18,collidewithcrashviolentlyintoe.g.Thefully-loadedtruckcollidedwithastationwagon.Heransofastthathecollidedwithapedestrianinthestreet.,19,amisshapenpictureadistortedviewoftheworldMisshapen:sobadlyformedoroutofshapeastobeuglymisshapenvegetablesHerhandsweremisshapenbyarthritis.,20,thesumtotaltheentireamountofsomethingwhenallthevariouspartsareconsideredtogether;thewholee.g.Thesumtotalofwhatshesaidamountedtoaflatrefusal.,21,ingredientn.constituent,componentThiswordisoftenusedincooking,referringtothedifferentthingsthatcombinetomakesomekindoffood.e.g.Flour,eggs,sugar,andshorteningarethechiefingredientsofanykindofcake.Ithinkthatisoneofthemajoringredientsinhissuccess.,22,Whatarethetwodifferingnotionsofnewsrepresentedinthearticle?Howdoesthedifferenceaffectnewsreportinginthemassmedia?(Paras.6and7)Twotypesofnews:1)sudden,eruptivehappeningsinthepast12-24hours2)progressofcivilizationthatcomesinbitsandpiecesNewsisgenerallyassumedtobewhathashappenederuptivelyinthemostrecentpast;thusitconsistsmainlyofdisasters.,23,apublicmoodofdefeatismanddespairastateoffeelingdefeatedandhopelessonthepartofthegeneralpublicinhibitorsofprogresshindrancesorobstructionstoprogress,24,Anunrelieveddietoferuptivenewsdepletestheessentialhumanenergiesafreesocietyneeds.Acontinuousreportingofnegativenewsreducesthehumanpotentialthatafreesocietyisinneedof.,25,然而，一味聚焦这些报道，则是失真的画面。人类文明成果远远多于灾难总和。每种文明中最重要的成分就是进步。但进步不会立即发生，也没有爆发性。一般来说，它是一点一滴逐步发展的，在某个特定时刻是微不足察的。但是所有微小的进步都参与了历史性的巨变的实现，使社会更加美好。就是这类活生生的历史，绝大多数的新闻媒体没有予以充分的反映，结果导致我们对社会的正面发展了解不足，对灾难却知之甚多，这又使人产生失败和绝望的情绪，而这些情绪易于阻碍社会进步。爆发性新闻大餐令人忧心忡忡，大大削减了自由社会所需的动力，绝望和愤世的情绪使人没有动力迎接严峻的考验。,26,positivenewsbecontrivedpositiveorfavourablenewsbemadeupcontrivev.makeorinventinacleverway;cause(sth.)tohappeninaccordancewithonesplansorwishese.g.Hewasquicktocontriveanexcuseforhisabsenceatthelastmeeting.,27,getacrossmakesth.understoodandacceptede.g.Hetriedeverywaytoexplain,buthejustcouldntgethisideasacross.,28,conflict,confrontation,orcatastropheThethreewordsindicatethreestagesofopposition:conflictdisagreementbetweenopposinggroupsoropposingideasconfrontationopposingeachotherorbeinghostiletoeachotherfacetofacecatastropheaterribledisasterasaresult(ofaconflictoraconfrontation),29,asplendidcombinationofheavenandhellastrikingcombinationofbliss/happinessandsuffering/wretchedness,30,perspectiven.aparticularwayofconsideringsth.e.g.Theauthorwritesfromahistoricalperspective.Keeptheprobleminperspective.(thinkabouttheprobleminareasonableway),31,qualifyv.reachanecessarystandard,e.g.ofknowledge,ability,oracertainqualitye.g.AftershegotherM.D.degree,shequalifiedasadoctor.Asshedidnothavetherequiredworkexperience,shewasnotqualifiedfortheposition.,32,nitrogen-fixationamountofnitrogensecured/set/established/madedefinite（固氮作用）,33,ScientistsallovertheworldarenowpursuingthisprospectinthehopeofcombatingfamineScientistsarenowstrivingforthelikelihoodofsuccess,hopingthatitwillbringfaminetoanend.Pursuev.continuesteadilywith;carryone.g.Shehopeof/thathopingthate.g.Heworkedextremelyhardinthehopeofpassingthecollegeentranceexamination/inthehopethathemightpasstheexamination.,34,prospectn.reasonablehopeofsth.Happening;chancesofbeingsuccessfule.g.Theprospectofhisbeingelectedasthecommitteechairisencouraging.Thereshardlyanyprospectofsuccessforhim.,35,WalterLippman(18891974)U.S.journalistandpoliticalphilosopher,wellknownforhiswritingsoncurrentsocialandpoliticaleventsandphenomena.HiswidelysyndicatedcolumnTodayandTomorrowfortheNewYorkHeraldTribunewasreadbymillionsfromSeptember1931untilhisretirementin1967.,36,TheacquiredcultureisnottransmittedinourgenesWhatweattain/getfromsocietydoesnotbecomeourinborn/inherentcharacter.Ageneisapartofacellinalivingthingwhichcontrolsitsphysicalcharacteristics,growth,anddevelopment.Genesarepassedfromonegenerationtoanother.isnottransmittedinourgenesdoesnotenterourgenes,doesnotbecomeapartofourgenestransmitv.passfrom(onepersonorthing)to(another)e.g.Bacteriatransmitdiseases.WeexchangeinformationbytransmittingitthroughE-mail.,37,onceandforalldonecompletelyasafinalsolutiontoaprobleme.g.Wehopethedisputewillbesettledonceandforall.Thecarjuststoppedworkingonceandforall.,38,BernarddeChartresa12thcenturyFrenchNeo-Platonistphilosopher,scholar,andadministrator,whosedateandplaceofbirthareunknown.Presumablyhediedafter1124.Dwarfsstanding/sittingontheshouldersofgiantsisametaphor,meaningthosewhodevelopfutureintellectualpursuitsbyunderstandingtheresearchandworkscreatedbynotablethinkersofthepast.Themetaphorwasfirstrecordedinthe12thcenturyandattributedtoBernarddeChartres.Itwasfamouslyutteredbythe17thcenturyscientistIsaacNewton.,39,boostingourselvesuponourexperiencesimprovinganddevelopingourselvesthroughourexperiencesboostupmeansliftbypushingupfrombelowliterally.e.g.PleaseboostmeupsothatIcanseewhatshappeninginthegarden.Often,boostmeansincrease,raise.e.g.Wehopeourproductionwillbeboostedby20%.,40,41,1.ImagineyourselftobeaTVreporter.Nowyouaretogiveanon-the-spotreportofadisastroushappeningtotheviewers,say,acaraccident,avillagehitbyland-slide,aderailedtrain,acampusshooting,orwhatever.Mikeinhandandfacingthecamera,whatareyougoingtosaytocovertheaccident?Bearinmindtheobligationsofanewsman.Whatyousayisnotasimportantashowyousayit.SentencepatternsforyourreferenceIamstandingAccordingtoAsyoucansee,42,43,44,45,46,2.Thefocusofthetextisontheobligationsofthemassmediaprofessionals.Nowselectanewspaperreport,eitherfromanEnglishnewspaperoraChineseone,andhaveagroupdiscussiononhowthereporterfulfillshis/herresponsibilities,andalsoinwhatwayorwayshe/sheaffectstheoutlookofhis/herreadersthroughhis/herreporting.SentencepatternsforyourreferenceThetonesuggestsIfthereporthadhe/shewouldWithnopriorknowledgeofthereader,47,48,NarrationDefinitionNarration,amodeofdiscourse,followsthepatternofstorytelling,inwhicheventsareoftenarrangedinchronologicalsequence,thatis,inaccordancewiththeorderoftime.Theseeventsmovefromonetimetoanother,backwardorforward,orforwardorbackward,dependingonhowthestoryistoldandwhoistellingit.ExampleYesterdayattheswimming-pooleverythingseemedtogowrong.SoonafterIarrived,Isatonmysunglassesandbrokethem.Latermybathingsuitcaughtontheroughedgeofachair,tearingaholein,49,thesideofthesuit.ButmyworstmomentcamewhenIdecidedtoclimbuptothehighdivingtowertoseewhattheviewwaslike.OnceIwasupthere,IrealizedthatmyfriendswerelookingatmebecausetheythoughtIwasgoingtodive.IdecidedIwastooafraidtodivefromthatheight.SoIclimbeddowntheladder,feelingveryembarrassed.Inthisparagraph,thewriterdevelopsthecontrollingideaofeverythingseemingtogowrongbyrevealingthethreeincidentsthebrokensunglasses,thetornbathingsuit,andclimbingdownfromthehighdivingtowerintheirsequenceofoccurrence.,50,WhatisGoodNarrationAmostimportantstandardforjudgingthevalueofanynarrativeishowwellitshowsthepassageoftime.Anarrativewritermayinvariablyfindusefulsuchtransitionalwordsasfirst,then,next,afterthat,finally,etc.tohelphimtellastoryasasequenceofevents.Sometimes,however,thetimeorderissoobviousthatsuchwordsmaynotbenecessary.ExampleHereisanotherparagraph:Whatledtotheactualcarcrashcanbeanalyzedonlybyexaminingthespecificdetails.Whenwethoughtaboutitlater,wedecidedthatthefirstreasonforthecrashwasthefactthatwewerealmostcompletelyrelaxed.SwimmingatLehmannsHotSpringshadmadeusalldrowsy.,51,ThoughMotherhadvolunteeredtodrive,Fatherhadinsistedthathecouldmanageit.Thesoftmusicwelistenedtoonthecarradioalsohelpedustorelax.Evenourconversationwassubdued.Second,theconditionoftheroadandthecaralsocontributedtothesituation.ThelongstraightstretchofhighwayafterweemergedfromthewindingcanyonlulledFatherintooverconfidence.Thepowersteeringonourcarmutedthefeeloftheroad.Hiseyelidsdroopingalmostimperceptibly,Fathergraduallyletthecarwanderacrossthecenterline.Thescreechofmetalonmetal,aquickjerkofthewheeltotheright,hardbraking,andweweresafeagainbutthewholeleftsideofourcarwasacrumpledmassofsteelwhereithadhittheguardrail.,52,Thetworeasonsforthecarcrashascitedbytheauthorhaveillustratedthatanarrativeparagraphmayalsomovefromthelessimportanttothemoreimportantfeaturesofanevent.Here,too,thetransitionalwords(firstandsecond)areimportantinhelpingthereaderknowhowthingshappenedandwhatactuallyhappened.,53,54,1.Thebeliefthatallnewsisbadnewstobetheworkingprinciple/conceptuponwhichday-to-daymediaactivitiesarecarriedout.2.Eventsaboutintellectual,cultural,andmoralrefinement/advancementprogressinourculture/civilizationtodayprevailovernegativeevents.3.Iamnotsayingthatarrangementsshouldbemade,asaremedy,tohavethefrontpagedevotedexclusivelytothereportageof“positive”news.4.Therearegoodhappeningsandbadhappeningsperceivedinthisworldoftoday,whichshouldbegivenequalimportancetoinbothourobservationandstudy.,55,Translation1.Ifthereisanythingyouarenotclearaboutthedevice,addressyourinquirytoourheadoffice.2.Beforeweputthenewplanintopractice,wehadbetterscrutinizeeveryaspectofittomakesurethatitispracticable.3.Weexpectthattherewillbeachangeforthebetterinthesecuritysituationofthisareaafterthenewregulationsareimplemented.4.Donttakehiswordsliterally.Hesjustcrackingajoke.