英语本科毕业论文-情感异化理论下乌托邦精神的异化.doc

本科生毕业论文（设计）册 学院 XXX学院 专业 英语教育 班级 XXXX级英语教育X班 学生 XXX 指导教师 XXX XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书编 号： 论文（设计）题目： 情感异化理论下乌托邦精神的异化 学院： XXX学院 专业： 英语教育 班级： XXXX级英语教育X班 学生姓名：XXX 学号： XXXXX 指导教师： XXX 职称：XX 1、 论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务本论文的研究目标是用情感异化理论探讨乌托邦精神的异化过程及其表现。其主要任务是弄清乌托邦精神异化的原因。2、论文（设计）的主要内容 本论文分为三章，第一章佛洛姆的情感异化理论，第二章介绍乌托邦精神异化的表现，最后一章讨论了乌托邦精神异化的原因。3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线 本论文的基础条件是前人对乌托邦精神异化解读的成果。 研究路线是运用情感异化理论，对乌托邦精神异化的这一现实进行细致的分析。4、主要参考文献BibliographyNineteen Eighty-Four1 Brooks, Cleanth, Warren, Robert Penn. Understanding Fiction. 3th Edition，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，London：Pearson Education,2004.2 Corry, John. How Do You Like Your Orwell?. The American Spectator, 2003/20043吴元迈. 20 世纪英国文学史. 青岛：青岛出版社,2004.4张中载. 十年后再读十年后再读一九八四评乔治 奥威尔. 外国文学,1996(1).5、计划进度阶段起止日期1确定初步论文题目3月16日前2与导师见面，确定大致范围，填开题报告和任务书，导师签字3月16日-3月23日3提交论文提纲3月23日-3月30日4交初稿和文献综述3月30日-4月20日5交终稿和评议书5月8日前指 导 教师： 年 月 日教研室主任： 年 月 注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书XXX 学院 英语教育 专业 XXXX 届学生姓名XXX论文（设计）题目情感异化理论下乌托邦精神的异化指导教师XXX专业职称XX所属教研室英语基础教研室研究方向教学法与语言学课题论证：本论文用情感异化理论探讨乌托邦精神的异化过程及其表现并进一步阐释乌托邦精神异化的原因。方案设计：第一章佛洛姆的情感异化理论，第二章介绍乌托邦精神异化的表现， 第三章讨论乌托邦精神异化的原因。进度计划：3月16日前确定初步论文题目 3月23日前写开题报告、任务书3月30日前提交论文提纲4月20日前提交初稿和文献综述5月8日前交终稿和评议书指导教师意见： 指导教师签名： 年 月 日教研室意见： 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述Literature Review The research on Orwells life and his masterpiece Nineteen Eighty-Four has been goingon for many years at home and abroad. In the western critic circle, many critics based on theinnuendo and criticism of Soviet socialism in Nineteen Eighty-Four make a subjectivejudgment that Orwell must support capitalism. Nineteen Eighty-Four was also taken to be as apropaganda weapon of liberal ideology. Although during this period, many commentatorshave pointed out that the true nature of Nineteen Eighty-Four is a warning, but a situation thatthe comments biased and limited to its ideas and themes didnt come to an overallimprovement until the end of the Cold War. In the past 20 years, with the worlds situationchanging, study on Nineteen Eighty-Four from abroad is no longer limited to the analysis of its political ideas and themes, but has expanded to an analysis from multiple angles ofliterature, feminism, negative effects of science and technology, post-colonialism, and so on. According to different angled of analysis, the researches about Nineteen Eighty-Fourboth foreign and domestic focus on four main directions, that is, the political stance, theauthenticity of the prophecy, feminism, and comparison with other literary works. Political connotation has been the focus of scholars research on Nineteen Eighty-Four.The judgment of the political position Orwell holds in Nineteen Eighty-Four has made animpact on the spread and research of his book all the time. During the Cold War, Orwell wasbilled as an “anti-Soviet propaganda writer” in the western literature. Thus, NineteenEighty-Four was resisted by some people in America, especially by the leftists. They believedthat Nineteen Eighty-Four directed its attack at Stalins totalitarian rule, and thus Orwell was awriter of anti-communism and an ally of imperialists. However, this view is challenged byothers. The dissentient voice is based on the study that Orwells early works reflected hisaversion to colonialism and imperialism, such as Shooting an Elephant, and come to theconclusion that Orwell is an anti-imperialist and Nineteen Eighty-Four only expressed itsconcerns about totalitarianism, therefore Orwell is marginalized as a “leftist” writer. With theend of the Cold War and the reduction of the ideological impact, the evaluation of Orwellspolitical stance reflected in Nineteen Eighty-Four has tended to be objective by degree. DavidA. Goodman made it clear in 60th Anniversary of the Publication of Orwell that “Literary critics usually think that George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four is opposed to Stalin of the Soviet Union, but in fact it concerns a socialist totalitarian society which is out of control” (Goodman, 1984: 33). Similarly, Zhu Kunling makes a conclusion in Orwell s Dystopia and His Focus on the Political Realities Brief Comments on Orwell andHis Masterpiece that “ In Nineteen Eighty-Four, what Orwellcriticizes is not a particular person or political system, but all the dictators and authoritariangovernments on Earth through the ages” (Zhu, 2000: 96). Zou Jie makes a furtherconsideration Another Comment on George Orwell and His and that “Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four criticizes the drawbacks of the SovietUnion, but at that time the socialism of Soviet Union had been deteriorating for a long time,the Soviet model is only one kind of socialism”, so “Orwells anti-communism seemsimpossible”(Zou, 2000: 1213). Currently, according to the in-depth analysis of NineteenEighty-Four coupled with Orwells political stance he described personally, domestic andforeign scholars have reached a basic agreement that Nineteen Eighty-Four reflects Orwellviolates all totalitarian oppression, and desires for freedom and equality, in fact he really aidssocialism, but it is the one he imagines in his way. The critics have been debating the accuracy of Nineteen Eighty-Four, a politicalprophecy. Starting from the logic of totalitarian development, Orwell mades a bold predictionabout the society in future, and speculates on operational mechanism of the powers and themeans of controlling ideology. By a detailed analysis of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Goodmanpointed out that among 137 scientific, technological and social changes predicted in the book,there were 100 changes having been realized in the mid-1970s. Without exception Orwellspredictions were all on the basis of social reality at that time, and he drew them by technicalprocessing. Just because of this point, critics attacked Nineteen Eighty-Four that it was not buta copy of the reality at that time, especially the one of the Soviet Union. With thedevelopment of the times, they believed that history also had validated the error of George Orwells predictions. After 1984 many critics held an optimistic attitude that this is just a false alarm, andthought that Orwells fictional imagination in Nineteen Eighty-Four had passed away. KrishanKumar mentioned Epsteins view in the book review On Nineteen Eighty-Four: Orwell andOur Future, and he thought “With the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the elimination oftotalitarianism, Nineteen Eighty-Four will be read continuously, but only as a work belongingto a particular stage. Obviously, Orwell is a failed prophet” (Kumar, 2006: 407). This series ofsuperficial views on Nineteen Eighty-Four fail to realize its far-reaching significance, and areobjected by more critics. These critics argue that the title of Nineteen Eighty-Four is given byreversing the last two digits of the year 1948 when Orwell wrote the book, in order to expressa kind of irony. The totalitarian world depicted in the book will not necessarily appear in 1984;maybe it will come true in 2050, 2084 or 3000. As mentioned in a book review, “1984, thisfigure is not important, but the significance of the totalitarianism it indicates” (Kumar, 2006:405). Therefore, while it is a long time since 1984, the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four stillaffects many people, with inspiration for many of todays heated issues today. Nineteen Eighty-Four does not involve women in its topic, but Blu Tirohl argued in Orwells Exploration: Nineteen Eighty-Four: Use Sex to Resist that “Orwells contactexperience with females makes the women he described in the book appears extremelysuperficial” (Tirohl, 2000: 60). Julia, the heroine in Nineteen Eighty-Four, is a figure with anempty mind and little knowledge. She has no interest in the protagonist Winstons resistanceto oppression and authoritarianism. As for the feminist critics rising in the late 1960s, it cantbe too appropriate to take Nineteen Eighty-Four as a target of criticism. Feminist critics arguethat what Orwell shows us is a world dominated by men, at the same time the image ofwomen like a mother the protagonist yearning for has many flavours of the traditional women.Robert M Kirschen pointed out in Modernism and progress: Fitzgerald, Hemingway andOrwell that American writer Daphne Patty is a main critic among the feminist critics whocommitted to criticize Orwell. She proposed in Orwells Mystique: the Research ofPatriarchal Ideology that “Orwell is a misogynist. In other respects, he is a very excellentperson, but his remarks about women are unacceptable” (Kirschen, 2008: 163). However,Chinese writer Wang Xiaomei, in the Male-centered Theory in Nineteen Eighty-Four, makes adeep exploration of the background of Orwells discrimination against women, analyzed thecauses, and summarized the characteristics of the heroine Julia, which makes a further step inthe domestic research of this area (Wang, 2005: 8794). Some researches about Nineteen Eighty-Four study it by comparing it with other writersworks. Nineteen Eighty-Four by Orwell, Brave New World by British writer Huxley and Weby Russian writer Zamyatin are known as “trilogy of dystopia in the 20th century”. Thesethree dystopian novels are often inevitably made a comparison with one another. KrishanKmnar made a comparison between Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World in the bookreview On Nineteen Eighty-Four: Orwell and Our Future. He thought “Brave New World is abetter prediction, because American society is to a large extent similar to one of utility andenjoyment depicted in the book. But Nineteen Eighty-Four is a better novel, because the book conveys the depth of Orwells thinking and expresses the fear of totalitarianism in a uniquewriting style” (Kumar, 2006: 407). Robert M Kirschen also wrote an article to point out thatOrwell, Fitzgerald and Hemingway had many similarities, because they all contributed to thedevelopment of civilization in the 20th century. Kirschen especially took NineteenEighty-Four as an example, and said “what Orwell wrote is not only the advancement ofscience and technology, but ideological progress” (Kirschen, 2008: 159). Similarly, JohnCorry also made a comparison between Orwell and Hemingway in What Is George Orwell toYou, but from a different angle, he concerned the common male-centered ideology in theirworks (Corry, 2003/2004: 67). In order to introduce the study of Nineteen Eighty-Four intoChinese context, many Chinese scholars compared with the works of our country fromdifferent angles and entry points. For example, Huang Ling compared Nineteen Eighty-Fourwith Old Clouds from the perspective that ideological control would make people lose theirfreedom of spirit (Huang, 2005: 6366). In addition to the four main aspects mentioned previously, a few scholars studied thisclassic work from viewpoint of linguistics, narratology, existentialism of Sartre or Lacan.Although these researches are not large-scale right now, they have made certain progress,expanded the area of research, and increased the possibility for the academic to make amulti-dimensional study on Nineteen Eighty-Four in future.本科生毕业论文设计题目情感异化理论下论乌托邦精神的异化作者姓名 XXX 指导教师 XXX 所在学院 XXXX学院 专业（系） 英语教育 班级（届） XXXX级 1班 完成日期 XXXX 年 5 月 8 日On The Alienation of Utopias Spirit Under The Theory of Alienation of AffectionByXXXXProf. XXXX, supervisor A ThesisSubmitted to the Foreign LanguagesInstitute in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts at XXXXUniversityMay XXXXAbstractSince the existence of human beings, people always pursue delightful and hamonious life. However, unequality always accompanies the process of humans development, which forces the individuals to seek good way to seek equal society. Of those, the writers envisaged ideal state and institutions in their works. Brave New World (1932) by British writer Huxley We by Russian writer Zamyatin (1920) and Geoge Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four are of the most representitive.These three works are known as “Trilogy of Anti-utopian”. Orwell is regard as the cold conscience of 20th century. His genuine foresight is admired by the public.His two unti-utopian novels Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm are masterpieces.The unti-totalitarianism was fully demonstrated in Nineteen Eighty-Four, where the Oceania shares a large number of common characteristcs with Nazi German and Soviet Union in 20th century. As for China where the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution once flourished, after reading the novel, I cannot help but marvel. I kept considering one question after reading the novel, that is why the wonderful state becomes a devil which swallows freedom and humanity. Futunately, with the help of Fromns Theory of Alienation of Affection, I can interpret the question from a specific perspective.The introduction gives a brief presentation about Orwell, his works and literature review.The body can further be divided into three chapters. Chapter one is about Fromn and his theory. Chaper two tells the forms of alienation. And Chapter three interpret the causes of alienation. Key words : Nineteen Eigty-Four Geoge Orwell Anti-totalitarianism中文摘要自人类诞生以来，人们一直追求着幸福和谐的生活，然而不平等却始终伴随着人类的历史发展过程。这促使一些有识之士不断探求社会平等之良策，其中一些作家在其作品里构设理想的社会和国度。这其中最具代表性的是英国赫胥黎的美丽新世界，俄国作家扎米亚京的我们和乔治奥威尔的1984，这三部作品也被称为反乌托邦三部曲。奥威尔被誉为二十世纪的良心，其天才的预见力为世人所叹服。他的两部反乌托邦小说1984和动物庄园可以称为巨著。1984里表现出强烈的反极权主义思想，文中虚构的国度与二十世纪苏联，纳粹德国的历史很相像。对于经历过“大跃进”和“文革”的中国人来说，读罢此书，不禁让人唏嘘不已。读完此书，我一直在思考一个问题，那就是为什么原来设想的很美好的国度却成为吞噬自由与人性的恶魔，幸运的是借助于佛洛姆的异化情感理论可以阐释其中缘由。这就是我为什么要写此篇论文。 引言部分简要介绍的乔治奥威尔的生平及其主要作品，以及后来的研究学者对于奥威尔的研究。主体部分可以进一步分为三个章节。第一章介绍了佛洛姆的生平事迹和他的理论成果。第二章分析了异化的形式及其表现。第三章根据佛洛姆的理论，进一步阐释了其异化的原因。 关键词：1984 乔治奥威尔 反乌托邦主义Contents Abstract摘要IntroductionChapter One The Theory of Aliention of Affection10A Erich Frommand his theory of aliention.101 Erich Fromm.102 Erich Fromms theory of aliention .10 2 Chapter Two The Forms of Utopia Spirits Alienation13A The mind control131 The cage of language132 Propagand and falsification143 Doublethink15 4 Three absurd slogans.16 B Political design.171 Social construction system.172 Omnipresent surveillence.183 Extreme punishment.18Chapter Three The Causes of Alienation of Utopia Spirit20A Dichotomy of survive201 Another layer of meaning of freedom202 Escaping from freedom21B Social filter221 Filtering of newspeak222 Filtering of doublethink23Conclusion25Notes.26Bibliography27IntroductionGeoge OrwellGeoge Orwell(25 June 1903 21 January 1950), whose real name is Eric Arthur Blair, was an English novelist and journalist. His work is famous for clarity, intelligence and wit, awareness ofsocial injustice, opposition tototalitarianism, and commitment todemocratic socialism. Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903, inMotihari, Bihar, in India.His father worked in the Opium Department of theIndian Civil Service as a monior official. When Eric was one year old, his mother took him and his sister to England. Eric Blair described his family as lower-upper-middle classbecause of poverty. Therefore he was sent to a second-rate boarding school St. Cyprus. Ryan School.The school shared many shacrateristics with a totalitarian society: the whip education, hierarchy, the strong bullying the weak,standardization, hostility toward intelligence .etc. The miseries of his childhood in St.Cyprus, Ryan school Orwell later expressed in his autobiographical essay, Such, Such,Were the Joys (1947) planted the seeds of his thought against hierarchy and totalitarian ideology in his youth.Later, Orwell won a scholarship in his own effort to the most famous secondary school in Britain Eton Public School, wheras he did not feel happy in the school around elites and aristocrats. His background made him suffer discrimination. The experience of his early years had an extremely important effect on his ability to sympathize with people living at the bottom of society, his calling for equality, the formation of the ideology of humanity emancipation, and the way he views totalitarianism.Perhaps for the considerations of his family ecnomic conditions or the thought he could not find a place among the elites,after he graduated from Eton Public School, Orwell did not follow the way most Eton graduate goes，taking the advantage of Eatons fame and eventually get into the upper class. Orwell went to Burma as a police in 1922.Though he enjoyed many prelilleges such as making close observations of the trial, flogging, imprisonment, and hanging of prisoners,he did not feel the sense of imperialist pride.On the contrary,the experience produced his the ideology of anti-colonialism and anti-imperialism. Since the job made his consicosness suffered a lot,O