上海高考英语各类体裁概要写作技巧-word文档.doc

上海高考英语概要写作技巧家庭是幼儿语言活动的重要环境，为了与家长配合做好幼儿阅读训练工作，孩子一入园就召开家长会，给家长提出早期抓好幼儿阅读的要求。我把幼儿在园里的阅读活动及阅读情况及时传递给家长，要求孩子回家向家长朗诵儿歌，表演故事。我和家长共同配合，一道训练，幼儿的阅读能力提高很快。 Rubrics for summary writing (2019-9-14) 宋以后，京师所设小学馆和武学堂中的教师称谓皆称之为“教谕”。至元明清之县学一律循之不变。明朝入选翰林院的进士之师称“教习”。到清末，学堂兴起，各科教师仍沿用“教习”一称。其实“教谕”在明清时还有学官一意，即主管县一级的教育生员。而相应府和州掌管教育生员者则谓“教授”和“学正”。“教授”“学正”和“教谕”的副手一律称“训导”。于民间，特别是汉代以后，对于在“校”或“学”中传授经学者也称为“经师”。在一些特定的讲学场合，比如书院、皇室，也称教师为“院长、西席、讲席”等。 评分标准: 观察内容的选择，我本着先静后动，由近及远的原则，有目的、有计划的先安排与幼儿生活接近的，能理解的观察内容。随机观察也是不可少的，是相当有趣的，如蜻蜓、蚯蚓、毛毛虫等，孩子一边观察，一边提问，兴趣很浓。我提供的观察对象，注意形象逼真，色彩鲜明，大小适中，引导幼儿多角度多层面地进行观察，保证每个幼儿看得到，看得清。看得清才能说得正确。在观察过程中指导。我注意帮助幼儿学习正确的观察方法，即按顺序观察和抓住事物的不同特征重点观察，观察与说话相结合，在观察中积累词汇，理解词汇，如一次我抓住时机，引导幼儿观察雷雨，雷雨前天空急剧变化，乌云密布，我问幼儿乌云是什么样子的，有的孩子说：乌云像大海的波浪。有的孩子说“乌云跑得飞快。”我加以肯定说“这是乌云滚滚。”当幼儿看到闪电时，我告诉他“这叫电光闪闪。”接着幼儿听到雷声惊叫起来，我抓住时机说：“这就是雷声隆隆。”一会儿下起了大雨，我问：“雨下得怎样?”幼儿说大极了，我就舀一盆水往下一倒，作比较观察，让幼儿掌握“倾盆大雨”这个词。雨后，我又带幼儿观察晴朗的天空，朗诵自编的一首儿歌：“蓝天高，白云飘，鸟儿飞，树儿摇，太阳公公咪咪笑。”这样抓住特征见景生情，幼儿不仅印象深刻，对雷雨前后气象变化的词语学得快，记得牢，而且会应用。我还在观察的基础上，引导幼儿联想，让他们与以往学的词语、生活经验联系起来，在发展想象力中发展语言。如啄木鸟的嘴是长长的，尖尖的，硬硬的，像医生用的手术刀样，给大树开刀治病。通过联想，幼儿能够生动形象地描述观察对象。 1. 本题总分为15分, 其中内容10分, 语言5分。（这部分还有待最终确认，可能是5+5）2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。各档次给分要求: 内容部分A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。语言部分A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。把握文体特点记叙文：what who when where why how议论文：opinion/ idea+ argument (supporting ideas / reasons)说明文：phenomenon/ problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)新闻：a focus on the first paragraph, and the first or last sentence of the other paragraphs样题解读 Dirt Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground. （299W）解析： Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.One possible version： People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点3) However/ Nevertheless, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点4)观点表达型议论文: 1.文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精炼。2第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century.可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2“For a long time in history, 。.”很好地总结了这些要点。3.第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变“since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea可得出要点3“However, people began to change 。.”4.文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，On the contrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4“However, some scientists believe that exposure to。.”表达很恰切。文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词However/ Nevertheless。 第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的) 第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (挡住), open up (打开), upon (之后；立即) 第三段：long-lived (长期存在的), sell the idea (说服某人接收某个观点)第四段：warn sb off (警告某人不要靠近), position (观点), gain some ground (取得优势)记叙文The Voice in the BoxWhen I was quite young, my family had one of the first telephones in the neighborhood. I remember well the polished wooden case fastened to the wall on the lower stair landing. But my first personal experience with this genie-in-the-receiver came one day while my mother was visiting a neighbor. Amusing myself at the tool bench in the basement, I hurt my finger with a hammer. The pain was terrible, but there didnt seem to be much use crying, because there was no one home to offer sympathy. I walked around the house, and finally arrived at the stairway. The telephone! Quickly I ran for the footstool and dragged it to the landing. Climbing up, I unhooked the receiver and held it to my ear. “Information Please,” I said into the mouthpiece just above my head. A click or two, and a small, clear voice spoke into my ear, “Information.” “I hurt my finger” I cried into the phone. The tears came readily enough, now that I had an audience. “Isnt your mother home?” came the question. “Nobodys home but me,” I sobbed. “Are you bleeding?” “No,” I replied. “I hit it with the hammer and it hurts.” “Can you open your icebox?” she asked. I said I could. “Then break off a little piece of ice, and hold it on your finger. That will stop the hurt. Be careful when you use the icepick (冰锥),” she said. “And dont cry. Youll be all right.” After that, I called Information Please for everything. I asked her for help with my geography, and she told me where Philadelphia was, and the Orinoco, the romantic river that I was going to explore when I grew up. She helped me with my arithmetic, and she told me that my pet chipmunkI had caught him in the park just the day beforewould eat fruit and nuts. 范文这是一篇记叙文，考生需要在文中找到人、时、地、事情的起因、经过、结果等主要信息。参考答案： One day I hurt my finger when alone at home. It occurred to me that I could use the telephone to call the operator. She gave me detailed instructions and comforted me. I later turned to the magic device for help with almost everything. 能力目标： 【读】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意【写】能用自己的语言概括所读材料another version：The author tells us a story about her experience of using the telephone to ask for help. One day, she got her finger hurt but there was no one at home to turn to. Then the telephone caught her eye, and she picked up the receiver and talked to the operator. Luckily, she was told how to deal with the injured finger. 说明文样题Could fast food make it harder to stop and smell the roses? (放慢脚步 享受人生)A new study from the University of Toronto suggests that fast food might make it harder to stop and smell the roses. Researchers pointed out that Americans have gained more and more leisure time, yet they arent any happier. The problem could be that modern conveniences make us more impatient, and therefore less able to appreciate small moments of joy. To test the theory, the University of Toronto researchers carried out a few different tests focused on fast foods, the typical American “symbols of the culture of impatience,” and happiness. In one of the tests, researchers told 257 people to rate pictures based on whether they were suitable for ads. Participants saw a series of pictures: One group saw fast food in regular packaging while the other group saw the same food set out on ceramic tableware (瓷器餐具). Afterward, some of the participants were shown photographs of “scenic natural beauty” and then were asked to rate their happiness. Others rated their happiness without seeing the pictures. The researchers found that people who saw the fast food before viewing the nature photos tended to rate their happiness lower. Yet those who simply rated their happiness without seeing the nature shots beforehand were actually a little happier if theyd seen fast food in advance. Researchers said that suggests fast food doesnt directly cause unhappiness but decreases the ability to enjoy things. Researchers cautioned, however, that much more research was needed to determine exactly how fast food and happiness are correlated (相互关联) and how strong the relationship really is. 参考答案： A study from the University of Toronto shows fast food will affect peoples ability to enjoy things, thus making them less happy. In one test, among the 257 participants, those who saw pictures of natural beauty after being shown fast food rated their happiness lower than those who didnt. But researchers said more research was needed to confirm the findings. 能力目标： 【读】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意【写】能用自己的语言概括所读材料议论文样题：Four-day Workweek In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. If a law required companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay, it would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional pay the company has to prepare for these people, because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone (容易出错的) employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifte