华盛顿欧文英文介绍.ppt

WashingtonIrving,TheSketchBook,AmericanRomanticism,Itstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.startedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrvingsTheSketchBookendedwithWhitmansLeavesofGrass.,BackgroundsofAmericanRomanticism,A.RomanticMovementinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluence;B.ManyEnglishandEuropeanmastersofpoetryandprosemadestimulatingimpactonAmericanRomanticism.1).WalterScott:Waverlynovels,TheLadyoftheLake2).Byron:Orientalromances3).Gothictradition,thecultofsolitudeandofgloom,Romanticism,associatedwithimaginationandboundlessness,ascontrastedwithclassicism,whichiscommonlyassociatedwithreasonandrestriction.Themostprofoundandcomprehensiveideaofromanticismisthevisionofagreaterpersonalfreedomfortheindividual.,Romanticism,A.amovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies;B.ItemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsocietyasareactiontotheIndustrialRevolution;C.ItlookedtotheMiddleAgesandtodirectcontactwithnatureforinspiration;D.Itgaveimpetustothenationalliberationmovementin19th-centuryEurope.,AmericanRomanticism,1.Time:thepublicationofWashingtonIrvingsTheSketchBook（1819）andendedwithWhitmansLeavesofGrass（1855）;2.Itwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense;3.Thewritersemphasizedindividualism,placingtheindividualagainstthegroup.Theyaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself,andcherishedstronginterestinthepast,thewild,theremote,themysteriousandthestrange.,AmericanRomanticism,4.thewritersstressedtheelementof“Amerianness”intheirworks;5.BeingaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,itisalsocalledtheAmericanRenaissance;6.AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.,AmericanRomanticism,A.Romanticismcelebratesthetriumphoffeelingandintuitionoverreason.Itissuspiciousoftherationalistexplanationsoftheuniverseandhumannaturebytheenlightenmentwriters.B.Sincetheyplacedahighervalueonthefreeexpressionofemotionandonthepowerofimagination,theyshowedgreaterinterestsinthepsychicstates.,AmericanRomanticism,C.RomanticismlookedbacktotheMiddleAgeswithanostalgicfascination.Gothicstyles,“oriental”stylesandotherexoticstyleswerefavoredbyromanticists.D.Romanticismexaltedtheindividualoversociety,thusshowingastrongdislikingforthebondageofconventionandcustoms.,AmericanRomanticism,E.Natureisbelievedtobethesourceofgoodnessandantithesisofsocietyassocietytendstobecorrupt.F.Culturalnationalism-ortheproudbeliefononesownculturalgeniusandheritage-isalsoastrikingcharacteristicofromanticism.,AmericanRenaissance,alsocalledNewEnglandRenaissance.aperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,fromthe1830sroughlyuntiltheendoftheAmericanCivilWar.Itcameofageasanexpressionofanationalspiritnationalism.OneofthemostimportantinfluencesintheperiodwasthatoftheTranscendentalism,mainlyfromRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau.,MajorwritersofAmericanRomanticism,Poets:HenryWordsworthLongFellow,EdgarEllenPoe,WaltWhitman,EmilyDickinsonFiction:WashingtonIrving-comicfablesJamesFenimoreCooper-frontieradventuresNathanielHawthorne-psychologicalromancesEdgarAllenPoe-Gothictales,WashingtonIrving(1783-1859),anAmericanauthor,essayist,biographerandhistorianoftheearly19thcentury.HeisbestknownforhisshortstoriesTheLegendofSleepyHollowandRipVanWinkle,bothofwhichappearinhisbookTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.,WashingtonIrving(1783-1859),thefirstAmericanwriterstoearnaninternationalreputationFatheroftheAmericanliteratureHisTheSketchBookmarkedthebeginningofAmericanromanticism,WashingtonIrvingsLife,Irvingsbirthplace:NewYorkCityFamilybackground:aratherwealthymerchantfamily.Education:adesultorystudent;readingwidelyinEnglishliteratureathome;studyinglawbutshowingmoreinterestinliterature,WashingtonIrvingsLife,In1783,IrvingwasbornintoawealthyNewYorkmerchantfamily.Fromaveryearlyage,hebegantoreadwidelyandwritejuvenilepoems,essaysandplays.Later(1806),hestudiedlawandledforatimetheleisurelylifeofagentlemanlawyer.In1809,hisfirstbookAHistoryofNewYork,writtenunderthenameofDiedrichKnickerbocker,wasagreatsuccessandwonhimwidepopularity.,WashingtonIrvingsLife,In1815,hewenttoEnglandtotakecareofhisfamilybusinessthere,andwhenitfailed,hadtowritetosupporthimself.In1826,asanAmericandiplomaticattach,hewassenttoSpain,wherehegatheredmaterialforhiswriting.From1829to1832,hewassecretaryoftheU.SLegationinLondon.Thenwhenhewasfifty,hereturnedtoAmericaandbought“Sunnyside”,hisfamoushome.Therehespenttherestofhislife,livingalifeofleisureandcomfort.Hediedin1859.Hewasnotmarried.,IrvingacquiredhisfamoushomeinTarrytown,NewYork,knownasSunnyside,in1835.Hespenthisrestlife,exceptforaperiodoffouryears(1842-1846).,Irvingsgrave,II.LiteraryAchievements,1809:AHistoryofNewYork纽约外史1820:TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.见闻札记Twofolktales:“RipVanWinkle”and“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”(睡谷传奇)1822:BracebridgeHall布雷斯勃列奇庄园1824:TalesofaTraveller游客谈1835:ATourofthePrairies大草原游记,Comment,ThefirstAmericanauthortowininternationalrecognitionThefirstprosestylistofAmericanromanticismInhisSketchBookappearedthefirstmodernAmericanshortstories.HisessaysaremodelsofperfectEnglish.,Comment,Irvingcreatedhumorbythewayhesaidthings:1)Hedelightedinmakingironicremarkswhichsayjusttheoppositeofwhathemeant.2)Heuseddignifiedwordstoproduceahalf-mockingeffect.3)Hewasalsofondofexaggeratingtheseriousnessofsituations.,Comment,Henotonlyprovidedayoungnationwithhumorous,fictionalaccountsofthecolonialpastbutalsohelpedcreateanAmericanmythologywhichismadeupofstoriesabouttheAmericanpastsowidelyreadastobefamiliartonearlyeveryAmerican.,RipVanWinkle,AdaptedfromaGermanfolktaleItviewsastrikingcontrastbetweentheindependentUnitedStatesandtheformerBritishcolonyfromtheeyeofanativeinhabitantafterhis20-yearsleep.,RipVanWinkle,ThestoryofRipVanWinkleissetintheyearsbeforeandaftertheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.Inapleasantvillage,atthefootofNewYorksKaatskillMountains,livesthekindlyRipVanWinkle,acolonialBritish-AmericanvillagerofDutchdescent.,RipVanWinkle,Ripisanamiablethoughsomewhathermiticmanwhoenjoyssolitaryactivitiesinthewilderness,butisalsolovedbyallintownespeciallythechildrentowhomhetellsstoriesandgivestoys.However,atendencytoavoidallgainfullabor,forwhichhisnaggingwife(DameVanWinkle)chastiseshim,allowshishomeandfarmtofallintodisarrayduetohislazyneglect.,RipVanWinkle,Oneautumnday,Ripisescapinghiswifesnagging,wanderingupthemountainswithhisdog,Wolf.Hearinghisnamebeingshouted,RipdiscoversthatthespeakerisamandressedinantiquatedDutchclothing,carryingakegupthemountain,whorequiresRipshelp.Withoutexchangingwords,thetwohikeuptoanamphitheatre-likehollowinwhichRipdiscoversthesourceofpreviously-heardthunderousnoises:thereisagroupofotherornately-dressed,silent,beardedmenwhoareplayingnine-pins.,RipVanWinkle,AlthoughthereisnoconversationandRipdoesnotaskthemenwhotheyareorhowtheyknowhisname,hediscreetlybeginstodrinksomeoftheirliquor,andsoonfallsasleep.Heawakesinunusualcircumstances:Itseemstobemorning,hisgunisrottedandrusty,hisbeardhasgrownafootlong,andWolfisnowheretobefound.Ripreturnstohisvillagewherehefindsthatherecognizesnoone.Askingaround,hediscoversthathiswifehasdiedandthathisclosefriendshavediedinawarorgonesomewhereelse.,RipVanWinkle,HeimmediatelygetsintotroublewhenheproclaimshimselfaloyalsubjectofKingGeorgeIII,notknowingthattheAmericanRevolutionhastakenplace;GeorgeIIIsportraitonthetowninnhasbeenreplacedbythatofGeorgeWashington.RipisalsodisturbedtofindanothermanisbeingcalledRipVanWinkle(thoughthisisinfacthisson,whohasnowgrownup).,RipVanWinkle,Themenhemetinthemountains,Riplearns,arerumoredtobetheghostsofHendrick(Henry)Hudsonscrew.Ripistoldthathehasapparentlybeenawayfromthevillagefortwentyyears.AnoldlocalrecognizesRipandRipsnow-adultdaughtertakeshimin.Ripresumeshishabitualidleness,andhistaleissolemnlytakentoheartbytheDutchsettlers,withotherhen-peckedhusbands,afterhearinghisstory,wishingtheycouldshareinRipsgoodluck,andhavetheluxuryofsleepingthroughthehardshipsofwar.,TheLegendofSleepyHollow,IttellsthestoryofIchabodCrane,whoisalean,lanky,andextremelysuperstitiousschoolmasterfromConnecticut,whocompeteswithAbrahamBromBonesVanBrunt,thetownrowdy,forthehandof18-year-oldKatrinaVanTassel,thedaughterandsolechildofawealthyfarmer,BaltusVanTassel.AsCraneleavesapartyheattendedattheVanTasselhomeonanautumnnight,heispursuedbytheHeadlessHorseman,whoissupposedlytheghostofaHessiantrooperwhohadhisheadshotoffbyastraycannonballduringsomenamelessbattleoftheAmericanRevolutionaryWar,andwhoridesforthtothesceneofbattleinnightlyquestofhishead.,TheLegendofSleepyHollow,Ichabodmysteriouslydisappearsfromtown,leavingKatrinatomarryBromBones,whowastolookexceedinglyknowingwheneverthestoryofIchabodwasrelated.AlthoughthenatureoftheHeadlessHorsemanisleftopentointerpretation,thestoryimpliesthattheHorsemanwasreallyBromindisguise.,HowtoAnalyzeanEssay?,1.Takeapencilinyourhand.2.Readtheessayoveronce,quickly,lookingforthemainidea,forwhattheessayisaboutingeneral,andforwhattheauthorseemstobesaying.Dontgetboggeddownindetails.(Ifyoucometoanunfamiliarword,circleitbutgoonreading).,HowtoAnalyzeanEssay?,3.Checkthemeaningofunfamiliarwords.Iftheyseemtobekeywords,andscribbleabriefdefinitionatthebottomofthepageorattheendoftheessay.