Chapter9-History(US).ppt

TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,英语国家概况,英语国家概况,Chapter9History,TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,英语国家概况,TheWarofIndependence,II,CONTENT,AmericaintheColonialEra,I,1.1PilgrimFathers,In1620,PuritansthePilgrimFatherssailedforVirginiaaboardtheshipMayflower.ReasontofleefromEngland:toavoidthereligiouspersecutionLandedinwhatisnowPlymouth,Massachusetts.,1.2BostonTeaParty,TheindependenceoftheMassachusettscolonialgovernmentwascurtailed,andmoreBritishsoldiersweresenttothePortofBoston.,In1773,patriotsstagedthe“BostonTeaParty”inresponsetotheteatax.,BritishParliamentthenpassedTheIntolerableActs:,TheyboardedBritishmerchantshipsandtossed342cratesofteaintoBostonharbor.,1.3TheFirstContinentalCongress,TheFirstContinentalCongressSeptember,1774,AmeetingofcolonialleaderswhoopposedBritishoppressionwasheldinPhiladelphia.TheyurgedAmericanstodisobeyTheIntolerableActsandtoboycott(抵制)Britishtrade.Atthesametime,thecolonistsbegantodefendthemselves.,TheWarofIndependence,OnApril19,BritishtroopsweresenttoLexingtonandConcordtodisarmtheAmericanmilitiamen.ThefirstshotintheAmericanWarofIndependence.,2.1TheShotofLexington,2.2TheSecondContinentalCongress,HeldinPhiladelphiainMay1775Assumethefunctionsofanationalgovernment,FoundingContinentalArmyandNavyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington.Printingpapermoneyandopeningdiplomaticrelationswithforeignpowers.,GeorgeWashington,awealthyVirginiaplanter,wasrespectedasamanofabilityandintegrity.,OnceacolonelintheFrenchandIndianWar;OneofthefewAmericanswithconsiderablemilitaryexperience;LedthecontinentalarmytothevictoryoftheIndependenceWar.,GeorgeWashington,2.2TheSecondContinentalCongress,2.3DeclarationofIndependence,OnJuly4,1776,theDeclarationofIndependencewassigned.,Q.WhatdoestheDeclarationofIndependencetellus?,A:Ittellsofthetheoryofpolitics,whichlatteriscentraltotheWesternpoliticaltradition:Menhasanaturalrightto“Life,Libertyandthepursuitofhappiness”.Governmentcanruleonlywith“theconsentofthegoverned”;Anygovernmentmaybedissolvedwhenitfailstoprotecttherightofthepeople.,TheDeclarationofIndependencewasdraftbyThomasJefferson.Ithadtwoparts:Thefirstpartjustifiedtherightofpeopletorebelagainstagovernmentthatdeniedthemtheirnaturalrights.ThesecondpartwasadetailedindictmentofKingGeorgeforcruelties,crimesandillegalpoliticalactsagainsthumanityandAmerica.,2.3DeclarationofIndependence,Afterbeingprinted,thecopiesweresentout,broadcastandreadtocrowdseverywhere.Thedocumentgreatlyencouragedthestrugglingpeople,makingthemthinkthattheyshouldbeindependentandhavetherighttoenjoyliberty.Theywerebeginningtoshowmoreinterestsinacommoncause.Bothagreatinfluenceonthecourseofthewarandafar-reachinginfluenceinworldhistoryaswell.,2.3DeclarationofIndependence,Itdraggedonforsevenyears.Obstaclesforthecontinentalarmy:Noenoughsupplies.Tiredandhungry,whileBritishtroopsfreshandwell-equipped.BythemiddleofDecember,1776,theRevolutionseemedlost.ThevictoryatSaratoga(1777,October)turningpoint.,Watchthevideoclip,Q.Howdidthewardevelop?Andwhichbattlemarkedtheturningpointofthewar?,2.4ProcessoftheWar,ProcessoftheWar,TheassistancefromFranceBenjaminFranklinamessengertoEuropetogethelpfromothercountries.TheFrenchKingmadetwoagreementswithFranklin:FrancewouldtakepartinthewaragainstEngland.Theyagreedtotradewitheachother.SpainandHollandjoinedFranceagainstEnglandaquickendtothewar.,2.4ProcessoftheWar,In1781,adecisivevictoryatYorktowninVirginiaOnOctober19,1781,theBritishgeneralCornwalliswasforcedtosurrender,thewarcametoanend.ThetwopartssignedtheTreatyofParisin1783Americawonitsindependence,2.4ProcessoftheWar,2.5TheEstablishmentofConstitution,OnMay25,1787,theconstitutionwasdrafted.InJune1789,theconstitutioncameintoeffectinninestates.TenamendmentsTheBillofRightswereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.,TheCivilWar,3.1CausesofCivilWar,3.1.1Economicreason:twodifferenteconomicsystems3.1.2PoliticalreasonTheNorthFederalGovernmentasaunionTheSouthTheConfederateGovernment:theindependenceofeachstate,Q.WhatwastheessentialcauseoftheCivilWar?,TwodifferenteconomicsystemsexistedsidebysideIntheSouthslaverywasthefoundationTheslaveeconomyanobstacletoindustrialgrowthandexpansionIntheNorthcommerceandindustryledtheeconomyIndustrialeconomyrequiredtherestrictionofslaveryandterritoryforrawmaterials,marketsandlaborsupplyEconomicantagonismledtoincreasedconflictsbetweenNorthandSouth.,3.1.1Economicreason,SouthernCottonPlantation,WhitneysCottonGin,3.1.1Economicreason,3.2ComparisonofPower,TheNorth:twenty-threestates,22millionpopulationabundantfacilitiestomanufacturearmsandammunition,clothing,andothersuppliesmerchantmarinesandthenavyremainedinUnionhandsfederalgovernmentwasbetterabletoraisefundforwar,TheSouth:elevenstates,9millionpopulationmilitaryadvantages:activelypreparingforwarinpossessionofmanyfederalfortsandarsenalssuperiormilitaryleadership:athirdoftheregulararmysofficerswerefromtheSouthfightingonitsownsoil,3.2ComparisonofPower,3.2ComparisonofPower,TheeasternarenaVirginia.thewesternArenaareaswesttotheAppalachianRangeandtheMississippiRiverareaConfederatearmywonmanybattlesontheEasternArenawhiletheyweredefeatedagainandagainontheWesternArena.,3.3TheFierceWar,3.3TheFierceWar,OnFeb4,1861,AbrahamLincolntookofficeAbrahamLincolnayoungmanTaiwanwaspartofChina;apeacefulsettlementofthedisputebytheChinesethemselveswasinAmericaninterest.,Q.WhatcontributionsdidRichardNixonmakeinpromotingtheSino-USrelationship?,4.4PostWWIIYears,RichardNixon&PremierZhouEnlai,4.4PostWWIIYears,AmericaSince1980s,4.4PostWWIIYears,BillClinton,GeorgeHerbertWalkerBush,RonaldReagan,RonaldReganAtsixtynine,ReaganbecametheoldestpersoneverelectedasUSPresidentin1980.EconomicprogramreductionsinincometaxesandbusinesstaxesdeepcutsinfederalspendingineveryareaexceptdefenseReaganproposedawide-rangingprogramoflegislation.,4.4PostWWIIYears,GeorgeH.W.BushBushconcentratedonsocialandeconomicproblems.TwoWarsTheGulfWarOnAugust2,1990,IraqiforcesinvadedKuwait&seizeddowntownKuwaitCityDesertStormBushralliedtheUnitedNationsandCongressandsenttroopstoIraq.DestructionofIraqiArmy:weeksofairandmissilebombardment&4daysgroundattack,4.4PostWWIIYears,4.4PostWWIIYears,BillClintonthethirdyoungestpersoneverelectedaspresidentatforty-six.EconomicrecoveryWhenhewaselected,unemployment7.4%.Whenvoterswenttochoosehissuccessorin2000,unemployment3.9%.NAFTAtheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementamongtheUS,CanadaandMexicoCalledforendingrestrictionsontheflowofgoods,servicesandinvestmentCalledfortheeliminationofmostimporttaxes,Americainthe21stCentury,G