chapter 4 cutural differences in everyday conversation.ppt

guasha(thetreatment),guashaisamovieaboutthedifferencesbetweenamericanandchineseculture.xudatongisavideogamesdesignerinst.louis.whenhisfathervisitsfromchina,heperformsguasha(achinesetraditionaltreatment)onhisgrandson,whichleavesbrightredmarksontheskinandcausesalawsuitofchildabuse.inthecourt,datongloseshistempersothatfinallyhelosescustodyofhisson,andthissceneisshockingandthought-provokingtomostofthechineseaudiences.,guasha(thetreatment),guashaisatreatmentintraditionalorientalmedicineinwhichawoodenboardrepeatedlyslidesacrossthepatientsacupuncture/acupressure/massagepoints.itworksinsimilarprincipleslikethatofacupuncture/acupressure/massage.thismethodwouldinevitablyleavebruiseontheskin,andthestorybeginshere,whenthevisitinggrandpawhodoesnotspeakanyenglishusedthistraditionalpracticetotreatthegrandsonwhenbothsonanddaughter-in-lawwereatwork.,discussion,whatculturaldifferencesareshowninthismovie?,culturaldifferencesineverydayconversations,i.keypoints,linguisticbehaviorisapartofhumanbehaviorthatdiffersfromculturetoculture.wewillknowthatmoreaboutenglishandchineseandenglishandchineseculturesifwelookhardatthewaysinwhicheverydayconversationisconductedinenglishandchineseandtrytofindouttheculturaldifferencesunderlyingthem.,vocativesandculture(称呼语与文化),vocativesareusedtoaddressotherstodrawtheirattention.theyareanindispensablepartofeverydayconversations.theyincludenames,standardappellatives,termsofoccupations,epithets(绰号）,etc.,1.names,namesincludegivennames,surnames,fullnames,withorwithoutatitle,andnicknameorpetnames.surnamesareinherited.,1.names,a.englishnames:fullname=givenname+surname/familynameex.lindajones(名+姓,琳达.琼斯)ithasbeensaidthattherearemorethan35,000surnamesadoptedbyenglishspeakers,whocurrentlyhaveonly1000orsogivennamesavailable.,b.chinesenames:王刚(姓+名)therearemorethan100surnamesinchinese.however,intheoryatleast,anychinesecharactercanbeadoptedasgivennames.sothechinesepeoplehaveawiderrangeofpossibilitiestoselectfromwhennamingtheirchildren.,thoughthereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenapersonandthenameassignedtohimbyhisparents,namesbynotbecleartospeakerofotherlanguages.andthenamingoftheirbabiesisapersonalaffairoftheparentswhocanfreelyselectanynameoftheirchildren.however,parentsselectnamesfortheirchildrenaccordingtotheirmortal,aesthetic,political,philosophicalconceptsshapedbytheculturetheyarein.givenames,areinfact,culturerichlanguageitems.,(1)fourtypesofcommonenglishpersonalnames,religiousnamesthereligiousnamesareassociatedwithchristianitywhichisforeigntomostofthechinesepeople.thesenamesremindusofthecloserelationshipofthewesternlife-styletochristianity.,plantofflowernamesplant,especiallyflower,namesarepopularamongfemaleenglishspeakers.andweknowthatmanychinesefemalesbearflowernames,too.flowersarebeautyembodied.anditisahumannaturetolovebeauty.itisonlynaturalforhumanbeings,especiallyfemales,toloveflowersandflowernames.,plantofflowernames,weaponnames,thereareweaponnamesinenglish,whicharebornebymoremalesthanfemales.manyenglishspeakersweresoldierstowhomweaponsareindispensible.itseemsthatenglishspeakersareparticularlyfondofpikesarepersonalnames.incontrast,“剑“and“盾”arefoundmoreoftenthanothersinchinesepersonalnames.,weaponnames,nameofknowledge,authority,fame,englishbabiesmaybenamedafterinfluentialfigures.thispracticewas,however,absentfromtraditionalchineseculturewhichwascharacterizedbyaclearlydelineatedstratifiedsocietyinwhichthenames,forexample,ofonesrelativeoneortwogenerationsorofficialsorotherinfluentialfiguresweretaboostotheordinarychinese.noonedaredtonamehisbabiesafterthem.,unclesam,johnbull,英、汉姓名的共同性和差异性1.共同性1）英、汉姓名均具有一定的性别特征不论在英语还是汉语中，男性的名字多数与搏斗、武器、高尚及名声等有关；女性的名字多与花、鸟等弱小动物有关。英语中男性的名字多用gilea(盾)，oscar(人赐矛)，alger(矛)，walter(统帅)等。汉语中男性的名字多用袅、雄、义、勇、博、文等。英语中女性的名字多用lily(百合花)，flora(花朵)，laura(月桂)等。汉语中女性的名字则多用兰、花、丽、珠、莲、玉等。,2）英、汉名字均具有一定的意愿特征英语男性名字的alger,giles,oscar,walter和汉语男性名字的袅、雄、勇等均表达了父母及长辈对后辈的殷切期望，期望他们长大后能成为勇敢或才华横溢的人。女性名字用字的特征则体现了父母期望女儿能长的美丽及对她们的珍爱之意。,3）英、汉名字均具有一定的时代特征在19世纪的英国，在公众场合女性多以男性名字作为笔名。如简爱、呼啸山庄的英国著名女作家勃郎特姊妹就采用英国贯用的男性名字为笔名。阿克逊贝尔是安勃郎特的笔名；埃利斯贝尔为艾米莉的笔名。现代社会则不需要受此限制，笔名可用可不用，更不需要以男性姓名取代女性姓名了。在汉语名字中，建国之初，大多数父母为其子女取名为建国、国荣、国军、国新、国庆等这些与新中国成立这一事件及当时人们的喜悦心情有关文字。这些都体现了时代的特征。,2.英、汉姓名的差异性1）构成形式不同英语姓名：givenname+familynamegivenname+middlename+familyname通常情况下，名要放在姓的前而，如约翰肯尼迪和理查德德尼克松两人的姓名中，约翰和理查德德分别为他们的名，肯尼迪和尼克松分别是姓。汉语名字：父姓或母姓+名姓又分为两种：一种是单姓，如赵、钱、孙、李等。另一种是复姓，如欧阳、司马、诸葛等。名字又分为单字名、双字名。单字名即用一个字；双名则为两个字。其中双字中的第一个字在古代多为诅辈流传下来的家族所排的字。,2）信仰来源不同英文的名字与汉语的名字最大的区别在于姓名大多与宗教和上帝有关，如：eliot(上帝的礼物)，john(上帝是仁慈的)，abran(圣州),angela(天使)，olga(神圣的)，这与以英语为母语的人大多信仰人主教或基督教有关。在坚持辩证唯物主义、历史唯物主义的社会主义中国，人们的名字则更多的表达了坚信共产党、拥护社会主义中国的强烈愿望这些从建国时期的名字就可以看出。,waysofaddress,inrecentyears,thetrendofmanyenglish-speakingpeoplehasbeentoaddressothersbyusingthefirstnametom,michael,linda,jane,etc.ratherthancallingthepersonmr.summers,mrs.howardormissjones.,所有的男士均称为mr.，而女性则被分为几个档次，未婚女性被称为miss，已婚女性被称为mrs.（后面紧跟夫姓），二十世纪七十年代，女权主义者（feminist）主张用ms来代替miss和mrs.，但事与愿违，miss与mrs.的含义未变，而ms则专指离婚女性，实在令人啼笑皆非。,onecaninferfromtheprecedingthatthechinesecustomofaddressingmembersofonesfamilyrelativesorcloseneighborsas二哥，三姐，四婶，周大伯shouldnotbecarriedoverintoenglish.anothercommonchineseformofaddressistheuseofapersonstitle,office,oroccupation,suchas黄局长，林经理，李校长。butoneseldomhearsenglishspeakersaddressingothersasbureaudirectorsmith,managerjackson,principalmorris.,greetings,warm-upactivity:workinpairs.listsomecommonformsofgreetingamongtheenglish-speakingpeopleandchinesepeople.thentrytospotsomedifferences,ifthereareany.,greetingsandfarewells,westernerscomingtochinaalwaysfeelsurprisedtobetoldthatthechinesepeopleoftengreetpeoplewith你吃饭了没有？this,ofcourse,isacommonchinesegreetingaroundmealtimeandthepeoplemerelynoddedwithasmile,wavedgoodbyeandwentoff.asweallrealizethatthisremarkwasnothingmorethanachinesewayofsayinghelloorhi.ifthegreetinghadbeenputliterallyintoenglishhaveyoueatenyet?orhaveyouhadyourlunch?itwouldhavesoundedratherunusual.,toamericanthegreetingmightmeanthis:“ihaventeither.comeon,letsgotogetherandgetsomethingtoeat,”or“ifyouhavent,iwasjustgoingtoinviteyoutomyplace.”inotherwords,itcouldindicateaninvitationtoameal.whenchinesepart,theyusuallysaygood-bye,bye-bye.butusuallyinchina,itsacustomtosay请留步，慢走，走好，慢点骑等等。,greeting,hi!/goodmorning,hello!/goodmorning,howdoyoudo?,howdoyoudo?,howareyou?,fine,thanks.andyou?,gladtomeetyou!,nicetomeetyou!,inachinesewayinanenglishwaya:去哪儿呀？a:howareyou?b:去办点儿事。b:fine,thankyou.andyou?a:quitewell,thankyou.cross-culturalcontrasts1)chineseandenglishgreetingsandresponsesarecasesofphaticcommunion.2)chinesegreetingsandresponsesarequitecasual.3)englishgreetingsandresponsesareratherformal,andtheyarenormallyfixedexpressions.,1)cross-culturalcontrastbetweenenglishandchinesefarewells:,2)asampleconversationvisitor:iamafraidimustbeleavingnow.itshightimeformetobereturninghome.host:couldntyoustayalittlelonger?visitor:imafraidicant.itslateasitis.host:well,iamverysorry,butdocomeandseeusagainassoonaspossible.visitor:thankyousomuchforallyourkindness.illcomeassoonasipossiblycan.butyoucomeandseemeatmyplacebeforethat.host:thankyou!wellbothbedelightedtocome.visitor:good-bye!hopetoseeyouagainsoon!host:bye-bye!,inappropriatewaysofgreetinginenglish:inappropriatewayswesternersmisunderstanding1.greetbyaddressinganimpression:thechineseissomeone,e.g.“prof.preparingtoaskaquestionorsmith”,“presidentlee”makeacomment.andhis/herresponseislikelytobe“yes?”2.greetbyaskingwhetheragenuinerequestforinformation.someonehaseatenornot,ifthereplyis“no,”thepersonwille.g.“haveyouhad(your)probablygoontosuggestgoingdinner?”“haveyoueaten?”tohavedinnertogether.3.greetbyasking,“wherenormallyarequestforareyougoing?”or“whereinformation.westernersmayeasilyhaveyoubeen?”beoffendedandfeelthatitisaninvasionoftheirprivacy.4.statewhatsomeoneisthissoundsalittlestrangedoing,e.g.“goingtobecausethecommentseemstodinner?”“cleaningyourstatetheobvious.bicycle!”or“oh,youreworkingatthecomputer.”,improvement:inappropriatewaysofgreetingtacticsforimprovement1.greetbyaddressingsomeone,greetbyexpressingawishsuche.g.“prof.smith”,as“goodmorning/afternoon/“presidentlee”evening,”or“hello/hi”2.greetbyaskingwhetherithasnoequivalentinenglish.someonehaseatenornot,itcannotbeusedsimplytoe.g.“haveyouhad(your)greetaperson,asisnormaldinner?”“haveyoueaten?”inchinese.3.greetbyasking,“wherearealtertheformofthequestionyougoing?”or“wherehaveintotheformofageneralyoubeen?”question,suchas“areyougoingshopping?”4.statewhatsomeoneisgreetwithacommongreetingdoing,e.g.“goingtodinner?”like“hello”.ifyouwishtoadd“cleaningyourbicycle!”orsomethingextra,youcaneither“oh,youreworkingattheexpressawishormakeancomputer.”evaluativecommentonwhattheyaredoing,e.g.“hello.haveyouanicedinner!”forthefirstexampleand“hello.youredoingagoodjob!”forthesecond.,gratitudeandthanks,expressingthanksisuniversallyheldasbeingcivilized.whenpeoplehavehelpedyou,youusuallygivethankstothem,indicatingyourappreciationofthefavor.thisistrueofboththechineseandamericancultures.yetdifferencesareeasilyfoundbetweentheminhowpeopleexpressandrespondtogratitudeandthanks.,introducesomeone,hello,john,thisismary,mynewpartnerfromusa.mary,thisismyfriend,john,howdoyoudo?or:gladtomeetyou!,howdoyoudo?or:nicetomeetyou!,complimentsandresponses,americanandchinesehavedifferencesinreplyingtocompliments:americanstendtoacceptthecomplimentwhilechinesegenerallymurmursomereplyaboutnotbeingworthyofthepraise.normally,whenhearingcompliments,atypicalchinesereactionistoshowmodestyandhumilitybysayingsuchwordsas:buhao.suchattitudestowardspraiseandcomplimentsareconsideredtobeappropriateandareregardedasvirtues.,胡四:我昨儿个在马路上又瞧见你的媳妇了。(低声对着他的耳朵）你的媳妇长得真不错。李四清：（一向与胡四这样惯了的，现在无法与他正言厉色，尴尬地）岂有此理！岂有此理！（曹禹日出）,caseanalysis,invitationandreplies,aformalletterofinvitation,drandmrs.thomasmathewbentonrequestthepleasureofyourcompanyatluncheonfriday,theeleventhofnovemberatoneoclockthewillows,109riveravenue,invitationandreplies,aformalletterofreply,mr.johncolanhobartacceptswithpleasurethekindinvitationofdr.andmrs.mathewbentonforluncheononfriday,theeleventhofnovemberatoneoclockthewillows,109riveravenue,invitationandreplies,informalletterofinvitation,dearmrs.benton,johnandiwouldbeve