TOEFL Junior 阅读教材.doc

toefl junior reading comprehension85目录1 toefl junior 阅读宏观综述 introduction to toefl junior reading comprehension32 toefl junior 阅读题型介绍32.1 词汇题32.2 事实信息题42.3 否定事实信息题62.4 指代题72.5 修辞目的题92.6 推断题102.7 主旨题113 toefl junior 阅读篇章练习12天文类12地理地质类20生物类29生态学类36古生物类42人文社会科学类49美国历史题材54文学艺术类771 toefl junior 阅读宏观综述 introduction to toefl junior reading comprehensiontoefl junior阅读考试主要考查学生寻找文章基本信息，进行合理推理以及理解文章内容概要的能力。tj阅读部分总共包括6-7篇文章，每篇文章包括4-10题不等，总题数为40-42题，文章取材主要分为两类，分别是应用型文体和学术型文体。应用型文体包括电子邮件，书面邮件，通知公告等等；学术型文体主要包括自然科学，社会科学，艺术等不同的学科领域，多数是对某一个学术内容的综述性介绍。2 toefl junior 阅读题型介绍2.1 词汇题1. 考察实质词汇题考察考生是否理解文章中个别单词或短语的具体意思。单词的意思必须符合原文的意思。需要指出的是，tj阅读词汇题并没有一个必然会考到的“词汇表”。通常情况下，备考到的单词或短语对于理解文章的一个大的或重要的部分起到至关重要的作用。2. 提问方式词汇题很好识别，在文章中每五行会有行号，然后问题如下： x, the word abc is closest in meaning to _3. 解题要点1). 如果认识单词，选择与文中意思相符的选项2). 如果不认识单词 (1) 词根词缀法 (2) 上下文推断法 上下文推断法可利用的线索：同义关系，反义关系，解释关系，词语搭配4. 例题the largest giant gas planet, jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times greater than earths, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. it is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces. had it been somewhat more massive, jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. 1. the word attained is closest in meaning to(a) attempted(b) changed(c) lost(d) reachedno two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common, one of the most obvious of which is a coma. a coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more tails often streaming from it in the direction away from the sun.2. the word identical is closest in meaning to(a) equally fast(b) exactly alike(c) near each other(d) invisiblemolt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately one-third of its body weight. it is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems unwell. but far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration. generally, molt occurs at the time of least stress on the bird. 3. the word random is closest in meaning to(a) unfortunate(b) unusual(c) unobservable(d) unpredictablethe external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.4. the word puncture is closest in meaning to(a) pierce(b) pinch(c) surround(d) cover .the native americans of northern california were highly skilled at basketry, using grasses, barks, and roots to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes-not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, and baby carriers.5. the word fashion is closest in meaning to(a) maintain(b) organize(c) trade(d) create2.2 事实信息题1. 考察实质事实信息题要求考生识别出文章中明确阐述的事实信息。这些事实信息文体主要集中于事实、细节、定义或者其他坐着阐述的信息。此种题型一般要求考生便使劲在文章某一部分提到的具体信息，而不会问及整篇文章的主旨。2. 提问方式 事实信息题通常会有以下提问方式：1. according to the paragraph, which of the following is true of x?2. the authors description of x mentions which of the following?3. according to the paragraph, x occurred because 4. according to the paragraph, x did y because .5. according to the paragraph, why did x do y?6. the authors description of x mentions which of the following?3. 解题要点 1、快速浏览题干，选出定位词，如： 1. 大写字母（人名，地名，专有名词） 2. 连字符 3. 时间，数字 4. 表示题干核心意思的词汇（n. adj. v.） 5. 四个选项的相同结构 2、快速扫描段落，找出定位词，阅读定位句3、正确选项是定位句的同义转述或同义改写。必须在意思上和语言逻辑上完全符合定位句 4. 例题much of jupiters interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic hydrogen. normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might lock together to form a liquid with the properties of a metal. some scientists believe that the innermost core of jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of earth.1. according to the passage, hydrogen can become a metallic-like liquid when it is(a) extremely hot(b) combined with helium(c) similar to atmospheres(d) under great pressures2. according to the passage, some scientists believe jupiter and earth are similar in that they both have(a) solid surfaces(b) similar masses(c) similar atmospheres(d) metallic corestelescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. craters were studied for clues to their origin. strange, sinuous features were observed in the maria. although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers attention was fixed on craters and their origins.3. according to the passage, lunar researchers have focused mostly on(a) the possibility of finding water on the moon(b) the lunar regolith(c) cataloging various land formations(d) craters and their originshowever, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. in fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting. life on earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on earth, but life needs time to adapt-time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.4. according to the passage, natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by humans in that changes caused by humans (a) are occurring at a much faster rate(b) are less devastating to most species(c) affect fewer ecosystems (d) are reversiblewatching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, lorenz, and tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. the most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. imprinting takes place during an early, restricted time period of development. if the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead.5. according to the passage , if a mother goose is not present during the time period when imprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?(a) the gosling will not imprint on any object.(b) the gosling may not find a mate when it matures.(c) the mother will later imprint on the gosling.(d) the gosling may imprint on another object.2.3 否定事实信息题1. 考察实质否定事实信息题要求考生根据文章明确陈述的信息，确定选项中哪些信息是真实的并且文章中给出的，哪些信息是非真实的或者文章未给出的。这类题需要先在文章中找出与选项相关的信息在原文中出现的位置，之后找出四个选项中不真实或未出现的一个为正确选项。2. 提问方式tj阅读中出现以下题干一般可被定为否定事实信息题：1. according to the passage, which of the following is not true of x?2. the authors description of x mentions which of the following except?3. 解题要点先在文中找出与题干相关信息出现的段落，缩小搜索信息的范围，然后再找出与每个选项相匹配的原文，做出选择。4. 例题a vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. the erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors. 1. all of the following are example of soluble ions except(a) magnesium(b) iron(c) potassium(d) calciumcomets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. as a comets orbit brings it closer to the sun, first the coma grows, then two distinct tails usually form. one, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas, which are blown off directly in the direction away from the sun by the magnetic field of the solar wind. the other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back by the pressure of the sunlight itself. unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail becomes curved as the particles follow their own orbits around the sun.2. all of the following statements about the tails of comets are true except:(a) they can contain electrically charged or neutral particles.(b) they can be formed only when there is sufficient heat.(c) they are formed before the coma expands.(d) they always point in the direction away from the sun.the first birds appeared during late jurassic times. these birds are known from four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from the solnhofen limestone of bavaria, germany. this fine-grained rock, which is extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail.3. according to the author, all of the following evidence relating to the first birds was found except (a) nesting materials(b) four skeletons in good condition(c) two fragmented skeletons(d) a single featherjohn bowlby argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for, and interact with the baby. by keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth.4. the author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants except(a) grasping(b) crying(c) eating(d) smilingbiological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. the rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. the high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. as the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of earths ecosystems. in terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. in most situations, the result is irreversible. now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course. 5. the author mentions all of the following as examples of the effect of humans on the worlds ecosystems except (a) destruction of the tropical rain forests(b) habitat destruction in wetlands(c) damage to marine ecosystems (d) the introduction of new varieties of plant species2.4 指代题1. 考察实质指代题要求考生回答文章中的代词所指代的具体对象，主要考察考生辨认文章中单词间指代关系的能力。2. 提问方式在文章中会有一个单词或短语用下划线表示表示出来。被表示的词汇经常是一个代词。然后你会被问到：the word x in the passage refers to:3. 解题要点1. 需要注意代词只会指代出现在其之前的概念2. 注意所选的答案与指代它的代词需要有数（单数或者复数）和格（第一人称，第二人称，第三人称）的一致。一般常考的代词有：指代题人称代词指示代词关系代词其他代词they it themthis that these thosewhichother4. 例题jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets.1. the word they refers to(a) nuclear reactions(b) giant planets(c) terrestrial(d) substancesevaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain.2. the word which refers to(a) clouds(b) oceans(c) continents(d) compoundsalthough sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles, they are not appropriate for clay particles. clay is far too small to sieve accurately3. the word they refers to(a) categories(b) sieves(c) larger particles(d) clay particlesinitially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978.4. the word these refers to(a) sites(b) candidates(c) decades(d) sanctuariesmolt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides.5. the word others refers to(a) ducks(b) sides(c) species(d) flight feathers2.5 修辞目的题1. 考察实质考查考生是否理解句子或段落在文章中所起的修辞性作用。具体地说，类比事实信息题，事实信息题是需要考生指出文章提到了了什么信息；而修辞目的题则是要求考生理解作者在文章中提到某个事实信息其背后的意图。2. 提问方式修辞目的题题干通常为：1. the author discusses x in paragraph 2 in order to . . .2. why does the author mention x?3. the author uses x as an example of . . .3. 解题要点1. 这里指的修辞是广义的修辞，即可以使语言更具有说服力的文字表达方式；而不仅限于比喻、拟人、排比等中国学生学习汉语时通常所说的“修辞”。事实上，toefl junior阅读中经常考察的修辞方式有：举例子、下定义、阐述、解释、对比、反驳、强调、批评等。2. 考生需要找出的不是题目提问的信息本身，而是其背后的作者的意图。3. 修辞目的题不会考察全篇的文章结构，而是关注于句子、段落层面上的逻辑联系。4. 一些常见的描述修辞目的的单词或词组有：definition，for example，to illustrate，to explain，to contrast，to refute，to note，to criticize，function of4. 例题the national marine sanctuaries program is administered by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, a branch of the united states department of commerce. initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978. they range in size from the very small (less than 1 square kilometer) fagatele bay national marine sanctuary in american samoa to the monterey bay national marine sanctuary in california, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.1. the passage mentions the monterey bay national marine sanctuary as an example of a sanctuary that(a) is not well know(b) covers a large area(c) is smaller than the fagatele bay national marine sanctuary(d) was not originally proposed for sanctuary statuson the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. they also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms. in addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.2. the passage mentions penicillin as an example of(a) a medicine derived from plants(b) a beneficial use of fungi(c) a product of the relationship between plants and fungi(d) a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures.archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a long tail. the forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.3. why does the author mention a crow? (a) to indicate the size of archaeopteryx(b) to specify the age of the archaeopteryx fossils(c) to explain the evolutionary history of archaeopteryx(d) to demonstrate the superiority of the theropod to archaeopteryxon the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse. if an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.4. why does the author mention dead insects?(a) to compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects(b) to emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter(c) to argue the superiority of ants over other insects(d) to indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of antsother possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. for example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. these enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.5. why does the author mention glycoproteins?(a) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals(b) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants(c) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense(d) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense2.6 推断题1. 考察实质推断题主要考查考生对文章中一个观点或立场的理解程度，需要注意的是这个观点是作者在文章中强烈暗示但是并没有明确阐明的。比如文章阐述了一个时间的结果，那么推断题就可能问考生原因是什么；文章中如果有一个对比，那么问题可能会问对比的基础是什么。可见，在解答此类问题时，除了理解字面意思，考生还需姚明在句子之间的逻辑联系。2. 提问方式 此类问题中，题干中最明显的特征词是infer suggest和imply，具体题干表述如下：1. which of the following can be inferred about x?2. the author of the passage implies that x?3. which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1about x?3. 解题要点1、先通过题干的关键词在原文中找出相对应的语句2、利用且仅利用文章中的线索，不要臆断3、正确答案一定不在原文中出现，但在原文中会有推理依据4. 例题jupiter