语法系列：句子成分及五大基本句式全解+练习(附答案).doc

简单句的五种基本句型，并列句和复合句wang hansong简单句简析不论看上去有多纷繁庞杂的英语句子，删繁就简之后得到的基本框架皆是由五种基本句式组合而成。故了解并熟知英语简单句的五种基本句式是理解所有单复句（单句，并列句，复合句，复杂句）的最重要的前提保证；它同时也是学好各大英语语法的必备条件。简单句的基本句型构成英语句子最重要最基本的组成部分是主语和谓语两大部分。而这两部分需要由不同功能的词性充当，故了解各种词性的功能成为首要任务。下面是常见几种词性的主要功能简介：（记住各类词性的英文缩写。）1. 名词n.：主语，宾语，表语；宾语补足语2. 代词pron.; 主语，宾语，表语；（宾语补足语-不多见）3. 动词v.（包括及物动词vt和不及物动词vi）：谓语，（非谓语-此章节不涉及）4 形容词adj.：表语，定语，（有时也可以充当状语）- 通常修饰名词或代词5 副词adv.：状语（通常修饰动词，形容词，副词；有时也修饰介词短语）6 连词conj.：起到连接两个或两个以上的句子成分或句子的功能。7 冠词art.：定语，通常修饰名词了解并熟知常见词性的主要功能，就能够为我们快速抓住句子的主干部分及理解长难句奠定良好的基础。所以我们平时在背单词时，务必要理解并记忆其词性。有了这个先决条件，再来学习并运用下面的五种基本句式就简单多了。1. s十vi 主谓结构2. s十vt十o 主谓宾结构3. s十linkv十p 主系表结构4. s十vt十o1十o2 主谓双宾结构5. s十vt十o十oc 主谓宾+宾补结构 解读：（1）s主语；v谓语；linkv=系动词; p表语；o宾语；o1间接宾语（通常指人）；o2直接宾语（常指物）；oc宾语补足语）（2）仔细观察以上五种基本句式，我们不难发现，各句式中的谓语动词类别并不完全一样。因此也提醒我们在背单词过程中，针对动词要有意识的去了解动词的类别，辨清是linkv, vt还是vi 五种基本句式解析1：s十vi 主谓结构 (vi通常不接宾语；也无被动语态)。此句式后往往会用一些时间，地点，频率，程度，方式等状语修饰，以使句意更加明晰。1) 主语常用以下词性或词形充当: n. / pron. / doing / to do / clause2) 用作谓语的常见不及物动词（或短语）有：appear, sit, apologize, arrive, come, go, die, disappear, exist; fall, rise ; occur, happen, take place, come about, break out; come out, come up, go out等等。eg: (1) mr. black disappeared suddenly. (2) the old nation has existed about one thousand years. (3) great changes have taken place in our country since the 1990s (4) some good ideas came up at the meeting yesterday.exx：(tip：先抽出句子主干翻译，再在适当位置添译附加成分)1) 我们班的每一位同学现在学习都很努力。_2) 我们学校的大部分班主任通常5:20就起床了。 _3) 那场大火大概是前天下午三点爆发的。 _2. s十vt (短语)十o 主谓宾结构有时句子中含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：1) we like sports我们喜爱运动。2) he knows what to do next他知道下一步做什么。3) he began learning english ten years ago十年前他开始学英语。4) i have decided to play the flute well我已经决定把长笛吹好。5) 我昨天与同班同学一起看了一部电影。_. 6) you place me in a difficult situation. _。7) they finally managed to get along with us. _。8）they have _ _ _ of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。17）i dont like being treated like this._。（注: 少数不及物动词后面可以跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。常见的能带同源宾语的动词有：lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing等。例如：1). under the leadership of the party, the peasants lead a happy life.2). i dreamed a terrible dream last night. 3). our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last august.4). he died a glorious death. 3 :s十linkv十p主系表结构1) he is an it engineer他是一位信息工程师。2) the cloth feels smooth这块布料手感细滑。3) the river near my house looks more beautiful in the early morning. 我家附近的那条河在清晨看上去格外美丽。* 这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类：a. 表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, feel, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。如： 4) we should _ _ any time.(保持谦虚)。 5) 这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_.b. 表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。如：6) spring comes. it is getting warmer and warmer. 7) dont have the food. _. (它已经变质了)。8) the fact _ _. 这个事实证明是正确的。4. s十v十o1十o2 主谓双宾结构，o1间接宾语；o2直接宾语1) the old man gave the little boy some coins 老人给了那个小男孩几个硬币。2) mr. hardey teaches us european literature 哈代先生教我们欧洲文学。3) his aunt bought him a book and several toys 他婶婶给他买了一本书和几个玩具。4) his praise gave us great encouragement 他的表扬给了我们很大的鼓舞。5) the programmer is showing us how to use the computer程序员正在教我们如何使用电脑。(这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”.) 如：6）yesterday her father _ _ _ _ as a birthday present. 昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。7) the old man is telling the children stories in the long march._。这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：a. 动词 直接宾语 for sb.；b. 动词 直接宾语 to sb.。8) please show me your picture. = please _ _ _ _ _9) ill offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart. = ill offer _ _ _ _ _ as long as you dont lose heart.5: s十v十o十c 主谓宾补结构1) we think creek too difficult我们认为希腊语太难了。 2) we made him captain我们选他作队长。3) they dont want to let us go他们不想让我们走。4) when the policemen came in，they found the old man dead警察进来时发现老人死了。5) he 1ikes to watch the boys playing football. 他喜欢看那些男孩们踢足球。* 这种句型中的“宾语 补语”可统称为“复合宾语”, 作补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 6）keep _, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。 7）他把墙漆成白色。 _.8）我们发现他是一个诚实的人。_.注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。但如果变为被动语态，则加上to如：9）the boss made him do the work all day. (变为被动语态)_.exx：判断下面各句分别属于简单句的哪种基本句型：1. your sister dances beautifully. ( )2. doing that would be playing with fire. ( )3. i will tell my friends to protect the environment. ( )4. they kept their marriage a secret. ( )5. she gave me her telephone number. ( )6. good food keeps you healthy. ( )7. i advise waiting till the right time. ( )8. did you sleep well? ( )9. horse-riding and shooting are some of the more unusual events. ( )10. pop music makes people feel easy and forget about the real world. ( )综合能力训练1. dont smoke in the meeting-room，_? a. do you b. will you c. can you dcould you2.canned food do not go _ easily a. sourly b. sour c. souring d. soured3. i shall make your dream _.a. coming true b. come true cto come true dcomes true4. even in bed his uneasiness about his riches kept him_. awake bawake cwaken dto awaken5. i think _ a good habit to get up early. athis bit cthat dits6. - do you know jim quarreled with his brother? i dont know，_. anor dont i care bnor do i care ci dont care neither di dont care also7. the television set will keep us _of the news of the day ainformed bentertained ceducated dinform8. the speaker found himself _ all alone. a. leave b. to leave c1eaving d1eft9. the day we were longing for _ at last a. coming bcame cto come dcome10. he did all he could _the poor people in the mountain area ahelp bto help chelping dhelped11. every minute must be made full use of _our lessons ado bdoing cdone dto do12. the life he has been used to _disturbed nowabeing bbe cto be dis being13. would you like to come to dinner tonight. id like to,_ im too busy. a. and b. so c. as d. but14. mrs. black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera,_?a. is he b. isnt he c. doesnt she d. does she15. brian told you that there wasnt anyone in the room at that time, _? a. was there b. wasnt there c. didnt he d. did he16. how about john? my aunt _ a good student.a. believes john b. suggests john c. considers john d. knows john17. i like singing _ she likes dancing. a. as b. while c. which d. when18. yesterday was my birthday. my mother _.a. made for me a cake b. made a cake to me c. made me a cake d. made a cake me19. i hear you got lost yesterday. yes, i went to the zoo and couldnt find _ the hotel.a. my way back to b. how i should go for c. how to return d. the way back for20. one more week, _ we will accomplish the task a. or b. so that c. and d. if21. i had thought i would miss the bus._you wouldnt have arrived on time. a. otherwise b. so c. but d. that22. why didnt you buy it? _, nor did the color agree with me.a. because the price was high b. not only did it fit mec. for i disliked its material d. neither was the quality satisfactory23. why didnt you go to the airport to see her off? oh,_a. no, i did. but i was late b. yes, i didnt, im sorry for it.c. yes, i did. but i couldnt get there on timed. no, im too busy to spare my time, you know24. the place isnt too bad, is it? no, _ its a bit too crowded. a. but b. for c. and d. as高考试题精选25. excuse me for breaking in, _ i have some for you.a. so b. and c. but d. yet26. the parkers bought a new house but _ will need a lot of work before they can move in. a. they b. it c. one d. which27. you had one of your teeth pulled out yesterday, _?a. had you b. hadnt you c. did you d. didnt you28. _ some of this juice-perhaps youll like it.a. trying b. try c. to try d. have tried29. one more week, _ we will accomplish the task.a. or b. so that c. and d. if30. alice, you feed the bird today, _? but i fed it yesterday.a. do you b. will you c. didnt you d. dont you31. would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away? a. and b. then c. or d. otherwise32. she thought i was talking about her daughter, _, in fact i was talking about my daughter. a. whom b. where c. which d. while33. there is no light in the dormitory. they must have gone to the lecture, _? a. didnt they b. dont they c. mustnt they d. havent they34. i dont like chicken _ fish. i dont like chicken,_ i like fisha. and; and b. and; but c. or; and d. or; but35. be sure to write to us,_?a. will you b. arent you c. can you d. mustnt you36. _from beijing to london!a. how long way it is b. what a long way is itc. how long way is it d. what a long way it is37. dont smoke in the meeting-room, _?a. do you b. will you c. can you d. could you38. bills aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising tv is illegal, _? a. isnt it b. is it c. isnt he d. is he39. there are eight tips in dr rogers lecture on sleep, and one of them is: _ to bed early unless you think it is necessary.a. doesnt go b. not to go c. not going d. dont go40. _ straight on and youll see a church. you wont miss it.a. go b. going c. if you go d. when going并列句和复合句句子种类1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：he is six years old. / she didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：- do they like skating? / where did you go yesterday? - is he six or seven years old? / mary can swim, cant she? / lets go, shall we?3）祈使句： be careful, boys. / dont talk in class4）感叹句： what an exciting film it was! / how clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。如：- he often reads english in the morning.- tom and mike are american boys.- she likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如：- you help him and he helps you.- the future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only but also, neithernor, then等连接。如：the teachers name is smith, and the students name is john.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either or, otherwise等。如：hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。如：he was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。如：august is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day i work from dawn until dark.复合句 复合句也称主从句，即主句和从句，从句须有引导词或叫连词引出，否则复合句不成立。由于连词既起连接主句和从句的作用，表明主从句之间的关系，还在从句中充当一定的成分，有一定的意义，故复合句中的连词常成为考查的焦点。 从句有三种： 1. 名词性从句 (包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）1) when the train will arrive is unknown.2) everybody knows that money doesnt grow on trees.3) this is what we should do.4) she told us her hope that she would become a pianist.2. 定语从句 (形容词性从句) he is the man who i saw in the park yesterday.3. 状语从句 (副词性从句) he is absent today, because he is ill.exercise：判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：（ ）1. we often study chinese history on friday afternoon.（ ）2. the boy who offered me his seat is called tom.（ ）3. there is a chair in this room, isnt there?（ ）4. my brother and i go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.（ ）5. he is in class one and i am in class two.（ ）6. he was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.（ ）7. neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.（ ）8. what he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?（ ）9. the farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.（ ）10. both tom and jack enjoy country music.高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。2. 祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间, 让步与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般现在式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。we will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow.u 巩固练习：一、选择填空：1. give me one more minute _ ill be able to finish it.a. andb. orc. ifd. so2. its the third time that john has been late, _?a. hasnt heb. isnt he c. isnt itd. hasnt it3. let us pass, _?a. shant web. shall we c. wont wed. will you4. i suppose hes serious, _?a. do ib. dont ic. is hed. isnt he5. im sorry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.a. andb. butc. sod. because6. john has not yet passed the driving test, and _.a. henry hasnt too b. henry also has not either c. neither henry has d. neither has henry7. there are many sports lovers in his office. some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming. a. orb. forc. whiled. so8. - do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home? - id like to go out.a. orb. andc. butd. so9. - your uncle isnt an engineer, is he?- _.a. yes, he isntb. no, he isnt c. no, he is d. he is10. _ friendly _ to everyone!a. how, is sheb. what, is she c. how, she is d. what, she is11. mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired.a. orb. so c. ford. yet12. as he is strong, _ can lift one hundred poundsa. yet heb. but hec. hed. and 13. _ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room.a. turning b. turnc. turned d. to turn14. - i dont like chicken _ fish.- i dont like chicken _ i like fish very much.a. or, butb. and, butc. or, andd. and, and15. - would you like to come to dinner tonight?- id like to, _ im too busy.a. andb. soc. as d. but二、用适当的连接词填空: 1. he closed the window, turned off the light _ left the room. 2. she is american _ she speaks chinese very fluently. 3. it is foggy today, _ we cant see distant hills. 4. he likes sports, _ id rather collect stamps. 5. _ he couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer showed their interest in his lesson. 6. i wished we could go sightseeing in hangzhou this summer and _we could buy some books on our way back in shanghai. 7. she expressed the hope _ she would write a novel someday. 8. the girl _ english is very good won the first place in the 100-metre race, _ made all of us very happy. 9. please tell us the time _ we shall have the chinese exam. 10. _ a young man, he was a storekeeper _ later a postmaster.三、将下列句子译成英语： 1. 他下决心不再浪费时间和精力在网络游戏上了。（decided not to do） 2. 我们时间很紧，帮忙找辆出租车好吗？（find） 3. 有人做演讲时时，我们得保持安静，对不对? (反义疑问句) 4. 我们把英语看作日常工作中的一种有用的工具。(consider) 5. 他们取消了上个星期