未来的中小企业融资外文参考文献(带中文翻译).doc

未来的中小企业融资外文参考文献(带中文翻译) 外文资料原文涂敏之会计学8051208076title: future of sme finance(/0./docs/pos_papers/2004/041027_sme-finance_final.doc) background ? the environment for sme finance has changed future economic recovery will depend on the possibility of crafts, trades and smes to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation. smes make a major contribution to growth and employment in the eu and are at the heart of the lisbon strategy, whose main objective is to turn europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. however, the ability of smes to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. all of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance. against this background the consistently repeated complaint of smes about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of europe. changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards crafts, trades and smes. recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of smes and will further endanger their access to finance. the main changes in the banking sector which influence sme finance are: ?globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector; ?worsening of the economic situations in some institutes burst of the itc bubble, insolvencies strengthen the focus on profitability further; ?mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed; ?up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules basel ii will also change sme business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs; ?stricter interpretation of state-aide rules by the european commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in sme finance. all these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance sector. the changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of smes to finance. higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for sme finance and influence the accessibility of smes to finance. the most important changes are: ?in order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring; ?risk assessment of smes by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses; ?banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations basel ii to their business clients; ?due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services administration of accounts, payments systems, etc., which are not only additional costs for smes but also limit their liquidity; ?small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches ? the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer; ?the credit sector will lose more and more its “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions. all of these developments will make access to finance for smes even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. business start-ups and smes, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. a european code of conduct between banks and smes would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between banks and smes and ueapme regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment. towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of crafts, trades and smes to finance all analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the sme sector in europe. access to finance was always a main concern for smes, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more. shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in europe. many smes are not able to finance their needs for investment. therefore, ueapme expects the new european commission and the new european parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for sme finance. europes crafts, trades and smes ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for smes access to lending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital. from ueapmes point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles: ?risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, smes and public sector; ?increase of transparency of smes towards their external investors and lenders; ?improving the regulatory environment for sme finance. based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for sme finance, ueapme proposes policy measures in the following areas: 1. new capital requirement directive: sme friendly implementation of basel ii due to intensive lobbying activities, ueapme, together with other business associations in europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of smes regarding the new basel agreement on regulatory capital basel ii. the final agreement from the basel committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of sme lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures. however, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between banks and smes and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into european law, whether basel ii becomes burdensome for smes and if it will reduce access to finance for them. the new capital accord form the basel committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the european institutions, a lot of flexibility. in about 70 areas they have room to adapt the accord to their specific needs when implementing it into eu law. some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for smes. ueapme expects therefore from the new european commission and the new european parliament: ?the implementation of the new capital requirement directive will be costly for the finance sector up to 30 billion euro till 2006 and its clients will have to pay for it. therefore, the implementation ? especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in sme finance ? has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible reporting obligations, statistics, etc. ?the european regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals guarantees, etc. as far as possible. ?the european commission and later the member states should take over the recommendations from the european parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on sme finance. 2. smes need transparent rating procedures due to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of basel ii, many smes will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. the bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst smes in order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow smes to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, ueapme demands transparent rating procedures ? rating procedures may not become a “black box” for smes: ?the bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of smes. ?the bank should inform smes about its assessment in order to allow smes to improve. the negotiations on a european code of conduct between banks and smes , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by banks, failed. therefore, ueapme expects from the new european commission and the new european parliament support for: ?binding rules in the framework of the new capital adequacy directive, which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for smes; ?elaboration of national codes of conduct in order to improve the relations between banks and smes and to support the adaptation of smes to the new financial environment. 3. smes need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on micro-lending business start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth smes also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of state aid rules will further increase the need for public support. already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by smes experiences show that public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. one euro form the european investment funds can stimulate 30 euro investments in smes for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2. therefore, ueapme expects the new european commission and the new european parliament to support: ?the extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new multi-annual programmed for enterprises; ?the development of new instruments for securitizations of sme portfolios; ?the recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral; ?more flexibility within the european instruments, because of national differences in the situation of sme finance; ?the development of credit guarantees schemes in the new member states; ?the development of an sbic-like scheme in the member states to close the equity gap 0.2 ? 2.5 mio euro, according to the expert meeting on pace on april 27 in luxemburg. ?the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of smes currently there is no scheme available at eu level: termination of jop, fading out of jev. 4. smes need company and income taxation systems, which strengthen their capacity for self-financing many eu member states have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. this is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of europes smes on bank lending. in future, the result of rating will also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. this is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken. even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of member states, ueapme asks the new european commission and the new european parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of crafts, trades and sme for self-financing. thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed. 5. risk capital ? equity financing external equity financing does not have a real tradition in the sme sector. on the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business. on the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies. even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for smes, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. ueapme sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed: availability of venture capital ?the member states should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital. ?guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed. improve the conditions for investing venture capital into smes ?the development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in smes should be supported. ?accounting standards for smes should be revised in order to ease transparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager. owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors ?sme owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance venture capital or lending will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies. ?in order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, smes will have to use new information instruments business plans, financial reporting, etc. and new management instruments risk-management, financial management, etc.外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学8051208076题目:未来的中小企业融资背景:中小企业融资已经改变 未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品,贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。 经济增长和就业在欧盟和的核心是里斯本战略,其主要目标是使欧洲成为最有竞争力的和有活力的知识型经济在世界上,中小型企业作出重大贡献 。 然而,中小型企业能力的增长取决于其潜在的高投资在结构调整,创新和资格,所有这些投资需要资金。在此背景下的一贯反复投诉的中小企业的问题就在于获得融资,这是一个高度相关的约束,关乎欧洲经济复苏。变化的影响 ,金融部门的行为 ,信贷机构对工艺品,贸易和中小企业。最近和当前的事态发展,银行业添加到中小企业所关注的问题 , 并会进一步危害其获得资金。主要的变化是影响银行业中小企业融资是:全球化和国际化,增加了竞争和盈利方向的部门; 日益恶化的经济形势在一些机构(爆裂的国贸中心泡沫,破产)加强重点放在盈利能力进一步加强;合并和重组创造更大的结构和许多当地的分支机构,它的直接和个性化的接触,小企业,被关闭; 即将实施新的资本充足规则(巴塞尔ii )也将发生变化的中小企业的信贷业务部门,并会增加其行政费用;严格的解释国家备忘录规则由欧洲委员会消除了银行的支持下,由公共保障;许多影响银行非常积极地参与中小企业融资。所有这些变化导致更高的灵敏度的风险和利润的金融部门。金融业的影响无障碍中小企业得到资金。 高风险的认识,信贷部门,更加注重利润和正在进行的结构调整中的金融部门变化的框架,中小企业融资和影响力的中小企业获得资金。最重要的改变是:为了使风险意识较高的业务,信贷部门引入新的评价制度和手段信用评分;风险评估的中小企业银行将迫使企业提出更多更好的高质量的信息对他们的业务;银行将设法通过其额外费用为实施和运行的新的资本条例(巴塞尔ii),以他们的商业客户;由于增加了竞争的利率,银行部门的需求更多,更高的服务费用(管理账户,支付系统等),这不仅为中小企业的额外费用,而且还限制了它们的流动性;小企业将失去他们的个人关系,决策者在地方分支机构-信贷申请过程将变得更加正规和匿名的,可能会失去长远;信贷部门将失去越来越多的“公共职能”,以提供获得资金的范围广泛的经济主体,它已在一些国家,为了支持和促进经济增长;利润的贷款成为主要重点是私人信贷机构。所有这些事态发展将使中小企业获得资金的更加困难和/或将增加的成本的外部资金。创业和中小企业,而要进入新的市场,可能是受到资金短缺的问题。 欧洲行为守则银行与中小企业之间有至少允许更多的透明度之间的关系银行与中小企业和ueapme感到遗憾的是,银行部门未能达成这样的承诺。 建立一个包括政策的方法,以提高准入手工业,贸易和中小企业融资所有分析表明,信贷和贷款将保持主要的资金来源为中小企业部门在欧洲。获得资金一直是主要的关注中小企业,但最近的事态发展,金融部门局势恶化甚至更多。资金短缺已经是一个相关因素,阻碍欧洲经济复苏。许多中小企业没有能够资助他们的投资需求。因此,ueapme预计新的欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新加强努力的框架内,以改善中小企业融资条件。欧洲的工艺品,贸易和中小企业的要求,包括政策方针,其中不仅包括条件中小企业获得贷款,而且还将加强其能力的内部融资和获得外部风险资本。 从ueapme的角度来看,这种无所不包的做法应当基于三项指导原则:风险分担之间的私人投资者,金融机构,中小企业和公共部门;增加了透明度,中小企业对外部投资者和贷款人;改善监管环境,中小企业融资。基于这些原则,并在这一背景下不断变化的环境,中小企业金融,ueapme提出政策措施,在以下几个方面: 1.新的资本要求指令:中小企业友好执行巴塞尔ii由于密集的游说活动, ueapme ,加上其他商业协会欧洲,已经取得了一些有利于改善中小企业的新巴塞尔协议的监管资本(巴塞尔ii )。最后协议由巴塞尔委员会包含一个更现实的态度的真正危险状况的中小企业贷款的金融市场并允许必要的变通余地,这方面,不同区域的传统和体制结构。然而,新的规管制度,将影响之间的关系银行与中小企业,它在很大程度上将取决于它的道路将实施到欧洲的法律,无论是巴塞尔ii成为中小企业的负担 ,如果将减少获得资金了。 新资本协议的形式巴塞尔委员会给出了金融市场的主管部门和函欧洲机构,有很强的灵活性。在大约70个地区,他们间的协定,以适应其具体需要执行时纳入欧盟法律。其中有些人将产生重要的影响成本和获取资金的中小型企业。因此,从ueapme预计新的欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新实施新的资本要求指令将耗资巨大,金融部门(至多30亿欧元3至2006年)和它的客户将不得不付出代价。 因此,执行-特别是对规模较小的银行,往往是非常活跃的中小企业融资-已经进行了小的行政负担可能(提交报告的义务,统计数据等) 。 欧洲管理者必须尽可能认识到传统的文书抵押(担保等)。欧洲委员会和后来的各会员国应采取的建议,欧洲议会4方面的粒度,进入零售组合,成熟,局部使用,适应的阈值等,这将减轻市民的负担中小企业融资。 2.中小