The Political Dimensions of Globalization.ppt

1 thepoliticaldimensionsof teachingmoduleforthetccglobalizationseminarapril2009presentedbydaniela strasseradjunctinstructorofpoliticalsciencetidewatercommunitycollege virginiaportsmouthcampus 2 howtousethisslideshow thefollowingpowerpointpresentationonglobalization spoliticaldimensionsmaybeputonlineforindividualstudentstudy itmayalsobeusedbyaninstructortogiveaseriesoflecturescoveringallofthematerialfordeliveryorallyandfordiscussion inthatcase theinstructormaywishtoreducetheamountofinformationoneachslideandtransferittothenotessectionoftheslides 3 definingglobalization agooddefinitionihavefound levininstitute suny globalizationisaprocessofinteractionandintegrationamongthepeople companies andgovernmentsofdifferentnations aprocessdrivenbyinternationaltradeandinvestmentandaidedbyinformationtechnology thisprocesshaseffectsontheenvironment onculture onpoliticalsystems oneconomicdevelopmentandprosperity andonhumanphysicalwell beinginsocietiesaroundtheworld www globalization101 org nouniversaldefinitionofglobalization economicdefinition trade financeandcommunicationsbroaderdefinition tomfriedman aninternationalsystemthatreplacedthecoldwar 4 whyglobalization globalization a smallerworld peopleareclosertogetheraworldcloserintimeandspaceaworldwithoutbordersgoods servicesandideasmovefasterorinstantly drivenbytechnologytransportation shipping containerizationairtravelcommunication television theinternet 5 globalizationsi ii iii iv v vi vii iearlyman globalizationisinherentinthehumancondition manoriginatedinethiopia200 000 yearsagoandoccupiedtheentireworld20 000yearsago iiancientempires china rome italianexplorers arabtradersiiicolonialempiresofspain portugal england france holland mercantilismivbritishempire navalsupremacy18th mid 19thcenturytowwivcoldwar postwwii usvs ussr theun decolonization independencemovements acceleratedtechnologicaldevelopment spaceexploration microprocessing theinternetviamericanhegemony postcoldwar riseofislamicradicalism transnationalism ngos uni polarityviipost modern 9 11 2008 9recession multi polarity oftenspeakofglobalizationi pre wwi andii postcoldwar withahiatusinthemiddle butonecanidentify7phasesofglobalization 6 typesofglobalization technological it biomedical green roboticspopulation growth aging youthbulge women labor nigrationeconomic commercial industrial communications servicesfinancial investments banking exchangerates blackmarkets moneylaunderingcultural ideational ideological educational civilization popculturepolitical democratic multinationalorganizations internationallawandregimes ruleoflaw civilsocietymilitary security nuclearproliferation alliances risingpowersenvironmental globalwarming bio diversity deforestationhealth pandemics potablewater aids hiv malariaresources water foodandagriculture energyandfuels mineralsterrorism islamist extremist otherreligious ethnic national crime organizedcrime drugtrafficking piracy traffickinginpersons conflictdiamonds 7 thepoliticaldimension thethreats sub nationalconflictsandfailedstatesradicalislamicterrorism clashofcivilizations authoritarianism fromzimbabwetochinainternationalorganizedcrime drugtraffickingwidespreadcorruptionglobaleconomic socialinequalitypopulationpressuresecologicalthreats risingsealevels hurricanesweaponsofmassdestruction wmd resourcewars fuel water food rawmaterialshumanrightsviolations warcrimesandgenocides 8 thepoliticaldimension thebenefitsdavidricardoandcomparativeadvantageexpansionoftrade industrialization financeandgdpexpansionofdiplomacyand softpower asthecoreofstatepowerexpansionofinternationallawandorganizationsexpansionoffreedom democracy civilsocietyexpansionofdevelopmentandforeignassistanceexpansionofwesterncultureandvaluesusaprincipalbeneficiaryofglobalizationempowermentofindividuals women groups minorities 9 globalthreats fragile failing failedstatesandungovernedterritoriesweakstateiseitheraresultoforallowsforinternalethnicorreligiousconflictsanarchyresultsinhumansuffering violence criminalactivitiesandtraffickinglackofgovernanceresultsinnon existentorpoorpublicservices corruptionallowsafehavensforterrorist extremistandcriminalorganizationsglobalizationmakesnegativeimpactonthrestoftheworld row e g terrorismandpiracy 10 globalterrorism harvardpoliticalscientistsamuelhuntingtonpredicteda clashofcivilizations betweenthewestandtheeastmainthreatisfromradicalislamistextremism e g alqaidaandassociatedmovements drivenbyajihadist religiouswar ideologytocreateamoderncaliphateundersharia koranic law alqaidais blowback fromwarbyus backedmujahaddinagainstsovietaggressioninafghanistanin1979 resentmentfrom arabafghans againstresistancebyowngovernments saudiarabia egypt etc togivethemapolitical securityrole resentmentagainstusdominanceofmiddleeast presenceofustroopsonholygroundandcontrolofmiddleeastpetroleumandsupportforisrael promotedseriesofbombings firstworldtradecenterbombing usscole usembassiesinnairobiand andfinally9 11 2001attackontheworldtradecenter usinvasionofafghanistan alqaidaleadershipfleetopakistantribalareasjoinedresistancetousinvasion occupationofiraq continuetosupportafghantalibanandfightinafghanistancontinuetoplanandplotfurtherterroristattacksagainstwesterntargetsproblemofterroristpresenceonthewwwandof homegrown terroristsineuropeandtheus firstmajornationalsecurityreorganizationinusformingthedepartmentofhomelandsecurity otherterroristgroups hizbollahinlebanonandhamasinpalestinegazastrip representstate sponsoredgroupssupportedbyiranandsyria againstisraeliandjewishtargetsonly 11 globalauthoritarianism suchstatesarethegreatestthreatthattherewillbefutureinter statewarfare authoritarianstatesaresubjectovertimetochanginginternationalnormsandvalues butmayresistthemforalongperiodoftime democracyhaserodedthenumberofauthoritarianregimesarangeofstatesfromone man one partycorrupt zimbabwe ormilitary run myanmar state toaone party bureaucraticauthoritarianstatesuchaschina china sattachmenttocommunistideologyisquestionable roguestates suchasnorthkorea iran cuba andtosomeextentsyria presentparticulardestabilizingelementswithpotentialforuseofwmd unliketotalitarianismofformernazigermanyorussr currentislamistextremismoranti communism asinpinochet schile authoritarianismtodayisnon ideologicalpragmaticdesiretoholdpowerforpoliticalandeconomicbenefitofanelitehistorically themostwidespread diverseandpersistenttypeofpoliticalsystem 12 internationalorganizedcrime takesadvantageofborderlessworld fastair seaandlandtransportation useofpublictransportationand mules takesadvantageofpovertyandinequalitytakesadvantageofdrugtoleranceinallsocietiestakesadvantageoflegalprohibitionsindemandcountries stillweakinternationalinstitutionstocoordinatecounter narcoticsactivitiesonaglobalscaletomatchthoseofthetraffickershumantraffickingtakesadvantageofpoorpeopleseekingimprovedlivestosubvertimmigrationandpromotesweatshopsandprostitution piracyisanancientbutgrowingproblemthatseverelyaffectsglobalshipping tradeandenergysupplyandisusuallyassociatedwithfailedstatesandungovernedterritories biggestcrimethreatisfromorganizeddrugcartels colombia mexico russianmafia italianmafiaandcamorradrugscreatepublichealthandsafetyissuesinsource transitandimportingcountries drugtraffickingweakensstateinstitutionsthroughcorruption fearandviolence takesadvantagesofweak corruptgovernmentalandlawenforcementinstitutions stratformap 13 corruption corruptionisaglobalproblemthatunderminesstatesandgoodgovernanceandthreatenstheruleoflawcorruptionunderminesfreemarketscausingeconomicimpactsandimpactonsocialandpublicservicescorruptionunderminesdemocraticgovernancesubstitutingmoneyandinfluenceforthefreewillofthepeopleitunderminespublicconfidenceinthegovernmentandbureaucracywhichissupposedtooperateforthepublicgoodnottheprivategoodofpoliticiansandpublicservants corruptionunderminesthebenefitsofinternationaleconomicdevelopmentassistancewhichsiphonsofffundsfromotherwisegoodprojects corruptionunderminestrustbetweengovernmentscorruptioncreatesinequalitiesbetweencorruptandnon corruptstatesthatleadtospillovereffectsinneighboringcountries corruptionleadstomoralandethicalbreakdowninsocietiesasitbreaksthesocialcontractbetweenagovernmentanditscitizens theoppositeofcorruptionistransparencywhichcanbepromotedbygovernmentpoliciesandeffortsbycivilsocietyandtheinternationalcommunity 14 socio economicinequality inequalityisbasedongeographic historical socialandculturalgrounds thereisinequalitywithinandbetweenstatesandworldregions globalizationincreaseswealthoverall buttendstocreatewinnersandlosers thusexpandingsocio economicequality unequaleconomicdevelopmentbetweenthenorthandthesouthcreatedthenorth southdivide historiesofconquestandcolonizationresultedinadifferencebetweenexploitersandexploited withincountries classdifferencesemergedinboththeagricultural masters slavesandserfs andindustrial capitalistsandworkers ages differencesintherelativevalueofindustrialandagriculturalgoodsdeterminedthewealthofnations marxistsbelievethatthedifferencebetweenthewealthofnationsispartofthesystemof capitalistexploitation and imperialism socio economicinequalityleadstoresentmentsandotherphenomenafromcrimeto socialexclusion atermusedineurope socialrevoltandrioting racial religiousandregionaltensionsandeveninternalandcrossborderwars suchconflictsoftengetrelatedtoglobaltensionsbetweenstates withsomestatessupportingallieswithinalocalconflictwhiletheirenemiessupportingtheotherside suchalliancescanresultinregionalorevenworldwarsifnotcontrolledbyinternationalnormsandmediation effortstoreduceinequalitythrougheconomicassistancehaveproventobeinadequate economicdevelopmentthroughreformhasbeenmoresuccessful 15 population migrationisaconstantfactorforchangeinpopulations shiftinglaborandsocialtensionscausedbyeconomicandculturalcompetition migrationiscausedbywars economicdistress droughts racialtensions ethniccleansingandbyadesireforeconomicimprovementorpoliticalorreligiousfreedom somepopulationsareagingwhileothershavecreateda youthbulge theformermeansaburdenwillbeplacedonyoungergenerationstosupportagreaterproportionofretirees inthelatter toomanyyouthmeannotenoughmeaningfulemploymentandresultingsocialandpoliticalunrest effortsbysomecountriestoreducepopulationgrowth china haveincreasedpopulationagingandreducedprospectsforfuturegrowth over1billionpeopleoutof6 2billionliveinabjectpoverty projectionsfor2050is9billion childrenarethefirsttosufferfrompovertyandlackofhealthcare cleanwater adequatefoodandeducationpopulationgrowthputsincreasingpressureonnaturalresources includingwater food fuel rawmaterialsandontheearth satmosphere populationgrowthhasbeenaccelerating creatingadditionalburdensupontheearth scapacitytoprovideadecentlivingforall populationgrowthmeansthatthereisconstantpressureonpercapitagdpgrowth 16 environmentalthreats globalwarmingisoneofthelargestthreatstohumanwelfaretoday promisingmeltingicecapsandglaciers risingsealevels changesinweatherpatternsandlossofcertainspeciesduetohabitatloss negativeimpactofclimatechangeonbiology health foodandwaterresources deforestationmeansreducedoxygenandmoreco2resultinginmoregreenhousegasesthatbringclimatechange excessiveuseofcarbon basedfuelscreatesco2emissionsthatthreatenglobalwarming growthfromglobalization itselfworsensclimatechange growingpopulationwithmiddleclassaspirations especiallycars leadtogreateremissionofco2destructionofrainforestsalsothreatensbio diversity withitspotentialtofindnewcuresforhumanillnesses pollutionoftheatmosphereandwatersupplydirectlyeffecthumanhealthandsafety theenvironmentisaglobalissuethatneedsglobalsolutionsorresultsin beggarthyneighbor behaviorandpotentialsocialandpoliticaltensions countriesarrivinglatetoindustrializationandeconomicdevelopmentresentthatmoredevelopedcountriesnowwantthemtosharesacrificetoreverseglobalproblemscausedbythelatter theunitedstatesfailedtoprovideleadershipintheenvironmentoverthepastdecade withoutit progressonglobalenvironmentisunlikely 17 18 weaponsofmassdestruction sincewwii wmdhavepresentedaglobalexistentialthreattothesurvivaloflifeontheplanetorataminimummassivelossoflifeinoneormorecities thecoldwarlimitedthegrowthofnuclearpowers us ussr uk china andfrance thevictoriouspowersofwwiiandthepermanentmembersoftheunsecuritycouncil andlimitedthethreatofnuclearwarthroughmutualassureddestructionoftheusandussr regionalconflictsandinsecuritycausedarushtoacquirenuclearweaponsonthepartofsomecountries india pakistan china israel northkorea andeffortsbyothers iranandothersinthepast evenmiddlepowersdevelopedcheapchemical biologicalweaponsbreak upofthesovietunionledtofearsthatnotallnuclearweaponsweresecure fearisthatterroristgroupscouldproduceoracquireoneormorenucleardevicestodestroymajorpopulation governmental militarycenterstoweakentheusandwesternpowersorthreatenthemintoconcessions fearthatlocaltensions israel iranorindia pakistan couldtriggerwiderwars 19 resourcewars anew malthusianism hasemergedfromgrowthofpopulationandenvironmentalimpact concernthattheworldwillrunoutofbasicresources cleanairandwater food fuel minerals wood otheragricultural animalproductsavailabilityofresourcesdependonimperfectmarketsaswellasproductionglobalclimatechangecouldreducetheamountsofwater food woodandotheragriculturalproducts countriesinneedofirrigationforagriculturetosupportgrowingpopulationsmightengageinconflictoverwater e g thenileriversomecountries e g chinainafrica appeartobeseekingto lockup resourcesforfutureconsumption competitionforresourcescouldcauseariseinnavalcompetitiontocontrol chokepoints ofcommerce sealinesofcommunication slocs countriescouldreacttoperceivedthreatstotheirsovereigntyoverresources e g brazilconcernedabouttheinternationalcommunity seyeontheamazon couldbringareturnto geopoliticalthinking inforeignaffairs 20 humanrights manycountriesandgroupscontinuetoviolatehumanrightsdespiteinternationalstandardsandmechanisms basiclibertiesarelackinginauthoritarianstates whererepressionlimitspoliticalexpression competitionandtherightofself determinationofpeoples ethnicandreligiousintoleranceandtensionsprovokeethniccleansing intra stateconflictandwars genocideremainsathreatoverlargepopulationsinafrica themiddleeastandeveneurope violationsagainstwomen rape trafficking children childsoldiers abductions andminoritiessomeusedasformsofwarfare weakinternationalinstitutionstobringwarcriminalstojustice womennotconsideredequalinpartsofthemiddleeast asia africa easterneuropeandlatinamerica deprivedofsuffrage basicpoliticalfreedoms education accesstohealth freedomofthepersonandsubjectedtosexslavery arrangedmarriages honorkillings veilingandfemalegenitalmutilation childrennotgivenbasichumanneedsfortheirearlysurvivalandsuccess 21 globalbenefitseconomicrewards economicbenefitshavepoliticalconsequencesdavidricardo 18thcenturyeconomist discoveredlawofcomparativeadvantage thateachnationshouldproducedthosethingsitproducedbest cheapest andallwouldbenefitfromlowerprices philosophyoffreetrade globalization promotedbyfreetrade hasmeantgreaterwealthcreationonglobalscaleandemergingeconomiesinthesouthcontainerizationrevolutionized reducedcostofglobaltrading industrializationofthesouthandmovementofindustrialjobstoasia mexico ushasbecomecenterofglobalfinancialandotherhightechservices globalizationoffinance nowunderquestion globalgdpgrowth 22 thefailureoftheweakleagueofnationstopreventwwii ledthevictorsofwwii fdr churchillandstalin toformtheunitednations firstpurposeofunisthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurityanotherimportantpurposeisthepromotionofuniversalhumanrightstheuniversaldeclarationofhumanrights 1948 isnowtheglobalstandardofhumanrightsperformanceandthetogetherwiththecovenantsoncivilandpoliticalrightsandoneconomicandsocialrightsmakeupthe internationalbillofrights un beganwith51states promotedtheprocessofself determination decolonization sothattodaythereare192memberstates thegrowthoftreatylawhascreatedinternationalregimesformanyglobalissues fromthelawoftheseatohumanrightsandworldtrade unsystemincludesnotonlyuniversalrepresentationofstates generalassembly butalsoacapacitythroughthesecuritycounciltoacttopreservepeaceandsecurity otherorgansconsidereconomicandsocialissues asecretariatprovidesleadershipandadministrativesupportandtheworldcourtandinternationalcriminalcourtpromoteinternationalruleoflaw worldconferencesonissuesliketheenvironment women srightsandthemillenniumdevelopmentgoalshavepromotedmajorglobalissues theunisonlyasstrongasitsnation statemembersallowittobe unreformisfundamentaltoitsfutureutilityinprovidingacorefunctionofglobalgovernance internationallawandorganizationandhumanrights 23 democratization underthecarteradministration moderationinthecoldwar exhaustionofvariousauthoritarianmodelsandoftheireconomicpoliciesfollowingthedebtcrisisofthelate70sandchanginginternationalnorms itwasconsolidatedbythedeclineandfallofthesovietunioninthelate80sasformersovietdominatedstatesbecameindependentandmovetodemocracy today democracyhasbeenconsolidatedineurope inpartsofasiaandalmostalloflatinamerica withsomequestionsremainingaboutthedegreeofconsolidation democracyhasmadeleastprogressinthemiddleeastandafrica withonlyahandfulofdemocraticstates suchbigstatesasrussiaandchinaarenotdemocraticwhile theus theeuropeanunion japan india brazil southafricaandindonesiarepresentpopulousdemocracies democracyisnowacceptedastheformofgovernmentmostfavoredbytheunitednationsandotherregionalorganizationssuchasnatoandtheorganizationofamericanstates democracywasaminorityformofgovernmentgloballyuntilthemid 1970swhena thirdwave ofdemocracybegan describedinabookwrittenin1991bysamuelp huntington morethan60countriestransitionedtowardsdemocracybeginningwiththe1974 revolutionofthecarnations inportugal theother waves occurredfrom1828 1926and1943 1962 eachfollowedbyreversals thirdwaveduetouswithdrawalfromvietnam aashifttowardshumanrights 24 globalcivilsociety ideaofcivilsociety wethepeople datesbacktopreambleoftheconstitution usfirstamendment sfreedomofassociationandfindingsofalexisdetoquevillein democracyinamerica civilsocietycanbeabowlingleague aptaarotaryoroptimistscluboritcanbeaslargeastheredcross withinternationalandnationalcomponents civilsocie