雅思写作讲义汇总.doc

雅思写作精编2011上半年讲义张凯轩目录i. 写作评分标准ii. 小作文类型介绍iii. 小作文线状图及变化iv. 小作文表格图及变化v. 小作文多图结合vi. 小作文地图流程图vii. 大作文类型介绍viii. 大作文常用学术词ix. 大作文单边论现象题句型，思路及范文x. 大作文单边论观点题句型，思路及范文xi. 大作文双边观点题句型，思路及范文xii. 大作文原因解决论句型，思路及范文xiii. 大作文杂论（个性化议论文）句型，思路及范文xiv. 张老师2011年下半年总预测24题，部分题思路分解xv. 对学员的期待和继续学习的方法xvi. 附件一：小作文图集xvii. 附件二：大作文真题集21写作评分标准以及考试要求知己知彼我们首先了解雅思写作考试方需要什么ielts writing 首先分2个sectionsection i: figure writing or diagram or maps通常评分比例：40%考试理想时间安排10-15minutes 最多耗时不超过20minutes字数要求：150 section ii：british essay writing通常评分比例：60%考试理想时间安排30-40minutes 最多耗时不超过45minutes字数要求：250 雅思作文有4大评分标准task responsecoherence & cohesionlexical resourcegrammatical range & accuracyband5.56555.5average performance by chinese participants6.65.55.568676788788task response就是回答问题，具体来讲，在最理想的状态下要做到以下3点1. 明确主题2. 全面论证3. 事实论证观点以下题为例2010-12-04: in the past, important knowledge about culture and history was stored in museums. nowadays, information is freely available on the internet. therefore, there is no longer any need for museums. to what extent do you agree or disagree?明确主题：不太同意全面论证：有正方确实有越来越多的虚拟博物馆，他们还有好处；另外也有反方传统博物馆除了让人看，还保存文物，有些还是历史性或地标性建筑。事实论证：不可替代的博物馆：大英伦敦博物馆，法兰西卢浮宫，中国四大古代园林备注：另外，对于现象/趋势好处多还是坏处多？的题目很多人喜欢用有好有坏来回答，这是一个误区。主要原因是这样的问题严格来讲是一般疑问句，意识到这一点就可以看出有好有坏这样的回答是荒谬的：如果问题是另外一个一般疑问句比如你是男的吗？，而有人回答我半男半女！。 so, 英式议论文对于一般疑问句最好是回答为总体是好的或者我认为好多于坏，只要做到， 这就是既有辨证又有明确观点的答案。coherence and cohesion就是连接（形连和意连）其实我认为形连和意连在英文中都是看得出来的，所以与其去想怎么让人看不出来，还不如先做到让人看明白，因为作文的目的是让读者看得舒服明白，觉得有共鸣。那么，简单讲我们通常将连接词分成3类段落连接句间连接句内连接还是以上题为例：l段落连接：写正方观点，l可用如下类似的句子：there are some arguments in favor of the view.admittedly, this view makes sense in some ways. 而写反方观点，可用如下类似句子on the other hand, there are strong arguments against this view. however, this does not necessarily lead to the assumption that museums would not be in need any longer. l句间连接则要看关系最常见的并列关系：first, moreover, finally; first and foremost, in addition, last but not the least类似的递进关系：to be specific; in other words; by that i mean; that is particularly the case因果关系：therefore; hence; thus; so转折关系：however; nevertheless; nonetheless;l句内连接：状语从句：if/provided that/as long as/notuntil; especially when/where.; because定语从句：when=在那时；where=在哪里；which=这/那；the reason why =的原因lexical resource词源：词汇3大标准，依次为：1. 准确性2. 学术性3. 多样性要做到以上3点，首先要破除大词，难词，换词是考高分最重要的因素。因为，有这种观点往往会导致一些坏处：可能因为想词影响考生的思维顺畅和逻辑合理，因为想单词的时间太久了大词难词不见得合适举个例子：在生活水平类题目（比如时尚/旅游/留学行业发展的好坏）中，我们很可能用到有助于相关行业就业机会的增长，这就形成了一个良性循环。对于该句的划线部分，很多考生的第一反映是favorable/beneficial/wonderful这些词，但是其实这些词都过大了，我们完全可以用a good circulation of economy 。在这里good就是准确的，一定要学术的话，sound这个词或者positive都比较好。对于涂色的部分形成，我曾经问过同学，大部分人第一反映是form，这就是明显中文翻译和英文应用不符合的现象，应该用make up, 如果想好看点可以用contribute to, 如果说既准确又学术的，要数constitute。备注：i.大家可以查看剑6test2。do advertisements show peoples real demands? 其中advertising/advertisement这两个同ii.根词被反复iii.使用12次，iv.该范文评分7.5；v.另外剑6test3，vi.流程图 the life cycle of silkworms and the production of silk cloth 中，vii.飞蛾产卵的产，viii.蚕虫吐丝的吐，ix.制造丝布的制造全部都使用的produce一词，x.这是考官范文。xi.还有一个例子是(2007.10.13) some employers focus on academic qualifications, paying less attention to life experiences and personal qualities. why is this phenomena?is this development positive or negative? (社会现象类)xii.面对这个题很多考生绞尽脑汁找到同xiii.义词比如certificates, degrees, diplomas ，xiv.时间花去了不xv.少，xvi.哪知道这3个词严格来讲都无法替代academic qualifications,因为academic qualifications包括以上3者，xvii.这个词是不xviii.能换的。那么如何做到多样性的词汇呢，我认为应该和思路结合，比如说相关政府部门relevant government departments可以改为 相关权威authorities related. 而且更多的多样性体现在动词上，而不是关键性的名词，比如说经济可以被促进可译为：the economy can be promoted/ helped/ enhanced/ improved. 小作文中的上升一词可以写为: increase/rise/growgrammar and accuracy：语法精确性1. 写对的句子2. 句型的变化如何写对的句子，主要检查完整性，因为中文很多情况下都只可意会不可言传比如说去博物馆比上网有更有感觉考生1翻译可能是：visit museums has more feeling than surf the internet. 考生2翻译可能是: visiting museums can offer visitors more feeling than surfing the internet can. 划线部分是改变词性和补充结构完整的其实2个都不对，真正的意思首先要从中文改，改为人们可能感觉更好当他们在博物馆欣赏真实的展品，相比在网上看照片而言，那么翻译就变成了：visitors may feel better when they view real exhibits in museums than when they see pictures online. 划线部分是补充意思的句子的多样性和词汇的多样性一样，也是来自于思路的变化比如在小作文的多线图中，经常可能用到这样一个句型a和b可以被分为一组，他们的数据显示上升的趋势，可译为：a and b can be categorized in a group, which witnessed the trend of an increase in their figures. 要该句型，先改中文：另外一组包括c和d, 在那里我们可以在其数据中看到下降的趋势，英文则变化为another group included c and d, where we can see the tendency of a decline in the number. 总而言之，不论是雅思作文还是任何其他考试类英语议论文都逃不过两条1.human language is only the vehicle of human thoughts. 人类语言是表达思维的工具。因此英语议论文同样是首先考察考生的逻辑能力（包括task response回答问题、论证问题；coherence and cohesion合理有效的连接）2.ielts=international english language testing system考察对于english的运用能力 （包括词汇lexical resource，和语法句子精确grammar and accuracy）所以我们讲ielts writing，基本讲法必须包括：中文思路和论证方法以及相关的常用例子和参考资料的推荐，因为学生是中国学生，所以上课应该是讲中文的。如何做到，准确翻译，学术翻译，地道翻译（多样化）小作文类型介绍从以上的图片，大家就可以看到小作文其实有3大类1. figure writing数据写作，旗下分为4小类a. line chart 现状图b. pie chart 饼状图c. bar chart 柱状图d. table表格图2. diagram 流程图3. maps地图小作文线状图及变化线状图首先看单线图，因为这是所有图的基础见下图设上图题目为x, x=the number of full-time nurses in china between 1960 and 1990 measured in million基本句型该数据下降了，从1960年的5百万到1962年的3百万the number decreased from 5million in 1960 to 3million in 1962. 在该数据中有一个下降，从1960年的5百万到1962年的3百万there was a decrease in the number from同上我们可以看到该数据中有一个下降we can see a decrease同上在该数据中有一个下降可以被看到a decrease can be seen in the 同上从1960到1962这段时间见证了该数字的下降从5百万到3百万the time from 1960 to 1962 witnessed an increase in the number from n1 to n2.基本词汇趋势基本名词基本动词过去时上升increase/ rise/ growthincreased/ rose/ grew下降decrease/ fall/ declinedecreased/ fell/ declined持平leveling-off/ leveling-outkept unchanged/ remained constant趋势的描述基本形容词基本副词稍微slight/ almost invisibleslightly/ almost invisibly缓慢、平缓gradual/ steadygradually/ steadily 明显apparent/ obviousapparently/ obviously显著dramatic/ remarkabledramatically/ remarkably急剧sharp/ shockingsharply/ shockingly 基本连接词先看这个句子该数据数首先下降从1960年的5百万到1962年的3百万，然后我们可以看到一个上升到1964年的6百万。(划线部分为连接词)the number first decreased from 5million in 1960 to 3million in 1962, and then we can see a rise to 6million in 1964. 接下来如何替换and then中文然后可以被替换为在这时/在这个地方/紧接着是/(断句)。此后，对应的英文是:, when/ where/ which was followed by a rise/ (断句). subsequently,/ thereafter, 中文思路首段：介绍图形和总趋势中段：细节变化尾段：最值和可能的未来变化（被动语态）单曲线范文：this graph shows the changes in the number of full-time nurses in china during the time from 1960 to 1990. the general trend displayed a rise, though there was some variation half way through. the number first decreased from 5million in 1960 to 3million in 1962, and then we can see a rise to 6million in 1964, when there was a slight decrease. subsequently, the time from 1966 to 1976 witnessed a gradual rise in the number to about 8million, which was followed by a leveling-off in the next 10 years, where a steady growth can be finally seen from this chart. 过渡1.according to the figure, 2.as can be also seen,3.it is noticeable that the number reached its bottom at 3million in1962 (peaked at _ in _) and was expected to keep rising.课堂/课后练习见附件1双曲线super雅思教材第6代雅思考试写作金牌教程（6分7.5分）page67-119中文思路首段：介绍图形和总趋势中段：细节变化尾段：比较双曲线范文：this graph shows the changes in the percentage of tv viewers and that of radio listeners out of the whole uk population over 4 years within a day. both lines indicate the general trend of a fall after rise. the proportion of tv viewers first rises from 3% at 6:00am to 10% at 8:00, which is followed by a basic leveling-off until 12:00 at noon, where we can see a constant increase to 50% at 8:00pm, the peak. subsequently, after a sharp decline from 8:00pm to the midnight, the number keeps falling back to 3% at 6:00am next day morning. in the percentage of radio listeners, there is a fast rise from 5% at 6:00am to 30% at 9:00am and then a continuous decline back to the starting point next morning, though with fluctuations. it is very noticeable that between 6:00am and 2:00pm there are more radio listeners than tv viewers while in the rest of time tv is more popular. 3条曲线课堂练习请同学们以我们上述的2曲线单曲线章节中已经教过的思路和表达来独立完成以上3曲线的图表。请控制时间在30min以内课堂/课后练习见附件1多曲线 剑桥7test2，x=the fish and meat consumption per person per week in a european country中文思路首段: 介绍+根据总趋势分组中间段: 按照趋势分组写最后段：对比/最值范文this graph illustrates changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular european country between 1979 and 2004. in 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).however, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. the consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable. the consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. by 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week. overall the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other food decreased over the period. 课堂/课后练习见附件1变化图以及课堂课后练习见附件1小作文表格图及变化表格图基本分3种1.排序型2.双边对比型3.多边对比型排序型剑桥4test1基本句型表示百分比的穷人在孤寡老人型家庭中所占的比例为6% (54,000)those families lived in poverty took up/ accounted for/ made up / constituted 6% of all the families of single aged person (54,000). there were 54,000 families of single aged person that lived in poverty, constituting/ taking up/ accounting for/ making up 6% of all families of this type. 6% of the families of single aged person, 54,000 families, lived in poverty. 表示排序的最大的百分比可以被看到在单亲家庭中（21%，232,000穷人），紧接着是单身家庭中的百分比（19%，211,000穷人），然而我们可以看出两个最小的比例分别在孤寡老人家庭中（6%，54,000穷人）和老年夫妇家庭中（4%，48,000）。the largest percentage can be seen in the families of sole parent (21% with 232,000 people in poverty), which was followed by that in the families of single without children (19%, 211,000), while we can see the two smallest proportions respectively in the families of single aged person (6%, 54,000) and in those of aged couple (4%, 48,000).思路:首段：介绍中间段：比例大小分组最后段：总结范文：the table gives a breakdown of the different types of family who were living in poverty in australia in 1999. on average, 11% of all household, comparing almost two million people, were in this position. however, those consisting of only on parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%). it is noticeable that for both types of household with children, a higher than average proportion were living in poverty at this time. older people were generally less likely to be poor, though once again the trend favored elderly couples (only 4%) rather than single elderly people (6%). overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples. 课堂/课后练习见附件1双边对比型基本句型a的数字比b的数字大（小）the number of a is larger/greater/higher (smaller/lower) than that of bthere are more (less) a than b. a takes up/ constitutes/ makes up larger proportion in all than b does思路首段：介绍中间段：对比分组最后段：特殊值范文：this graph shows the number and proportion of alien plants species on 7 ocean islands. according to the difference between the number of native species and that of alien ones on each island, the 7 islands can be divided into 2groups. the first group includes new zealand, south georgia, kerguelan and tristan da cunha, which feature more alien plant types than local ones, respectively with 1200, 26, 29 and 70 native species and 1700, 54, 33 and 97 foreign species. in contrast, campbell island, falklands and tierra del fuego can be categorized together where we larger numbers of local species (respectively at 128, 160 and 430) than the numbers of foreign ones (respectively at 81, 89 and 128). it is noticeable that new zealand has the most plant species at 2900, while share the same percentage of alien species in flora with tristan da cunha at 58.6%. 课堂/课后练习见附件1多边对比型super雅思教材第6代雅思考试写作金牌教程（6分7.5分）page67-119上图为剑桥5test4思路首段：介绍中间段：拆分为3个独立的排序图最后一段：联系范文（剑4test2：sample answer7分）the table shows the details regarding the underground railway systems in six cities. london has the oldest underground railway systems among the six cities. it was opened in the year 1863, and it is already 140 years old. the system is paris is the second oldest, in which it was opened in 1900. this was then followed by the opening of the railway systems in tokyo, washington dc and kyoto. los angeles has the newest underground railway systems, and was only opened in the year 2001. in terms of the size of the railway systems, london, for certain, has the largest underground railway systems. it has 394 kilometers of route in total, which is nearly twice as large as the system in paris. kyoto, in contrast, has the smallest system. it only has 11kilometers of route, which is more than 30 times less than that of london. interestingly, tokyo which only has 155 kilometers of route, serves the greatest number of passengers per year at 1927 millions passengers. the system in paris has the second greatest number of passengers, at 1191 million passengers per year. the smallest underground railway system, kyoto, serves the smallest number of passengers per year as predicted. in conclusion, the underground railway systems in different cities vary a lot in the size of the system, the number of passengers served per year and in the age of the system. 课堂/课后练习见附件1小作文多图结合仔细看上图其实就是现状图和排序图的结合，因此句型没必要再讲直接讲思路出范文(剑5test2)思路首段：介绍图形中间段：分别写两个图最后一段：联系范文：（考生范文sample test, scored 8）the first graph shows that there is a gradual decrease in study from career reasons with age. nearly 80% of the students under 26 years study for their career. this percentage gradually decline by 10 to 20 percent every decade. only 40% of 40 to 49 years olds and 18% of over 49yr olds are studying for career reasons in late adulthood. conversely, the first graph also shows that study stemming from interest increases with age. there are only 10% of under 26yr olds studying out of interest. the percentage increases slowly till the beginning of the fourth decade, and increases dramatically in late adulthood. nearly same number of 40 to 49yr olds study for career and interest in comparison to 18% studying for career reasons in that age group. the graph shows that employer support is maximum (approximately 60%) for the under 26ys students. it drops rapidly to 32% up to the third decade of life, and then increases in late adulthood up to about 44%. it is unclear that the reasons of study are related to the employer support for employees of different age groups. however, it is obvious that those young people who study for career are popular among employers. 课堂/课后练习见附件162小作文地图流程图地图主要考两点1. 描述一个地方的布局2. 使用多个表示坐落的句型首先我们看张图基本方位词在。东边 in the east of (隔壁) on the east of .(远) to the east of 上下左右of the mapat the top/bottom of the map; on the left/right of the mapclockwise, 3 is next/neighboring to 2. 7 is between/ guarded by 6 on the east and 8 on the west. from the left to the right, there are 8, 7 and 6 at the bottom of the map. eastward, .a river which flows from the north to the southa southward river基本句型a在。a is.a is locatedthere is a.we can see a.a can be seenthere lies/stands/locates a练习请大家用我们学过的句子来练习上图时间30推荐首段句型：this map shows the layout(布局) of x(题目).多地图见右图主要讲变化was built.was expanded towas demolished.was cut down in size .was relocated towas rebuilt into.流程图super雅思教材第6代雅思考试写作金牌教程（6分7.5分）page120-135主要考察1. 看图说话能力2. 适当连接和利用简单动词常用连接词, and then/ , before / after, , which/ where/ when.subsequently, /thereafter, /then, first; finally,.at that time; /, at that place;常用简单动词放put, place; 送send, convey, transport; 混合mix, stir, combine; 破/开break, open, cut; 加热 heat, warm, dry, burn, roast; 制冷：cool, refrigerate, freeze, wet; 做成：made into, produce, manufacture；来：come, go to; 选：choose，select常用介词with; by; into; to; at; in思路：首段：介绍中间段：细数过程最后一段：特殊点范文：this diagram describes the making of bricks, which includes the following steps. at the first step, we can see that a digger is digging clay out the earth. the clay is to be selected with a metal grid and then sent by a roller to be mixed with sand and water in certain proportion. subsequently, the mixture can be made into bricks with molds or wire cutters. these bricks are to be dried in an oven after 24 to 48 hours, and then placed into 2 kilns, respectively under moderate temperature ranging from