初中定语从句详解.doc

清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供初中英语时态总结动词的时态 英语共有16种时态，根据近几年曝光的四、六级考卷分析，时态测试重点主要有：完成时态现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。 一、一般时态 1、一般现在时 (1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等连用。例如： 1)The moon moves round the earth. 2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day. (2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： 1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. 2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow. (3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如： 1)The plane leaves at three sharp. 2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow. (4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： 1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first. 2)Youll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供2.一般过去时 (1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. (2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如： 1)He always went to class last. 2)I used to do my homework in the library. (注意与be used to doing短语的区别) 3.一般将来时 1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如： I shall graduate next year. 2)几种替代形式： 1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如： Im going to buy a house when weve saved enough money. 2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. 3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如： He was about to start. 4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5)be on the point/verge of +v ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如： The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home. 清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供二、进行时态 1.现在进行时 (1)表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如： Dont disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. (2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如： My father is forever criticizing me. (3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如： They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. (4)有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的动词)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如： 1)Tom looks pale. Whats wrong with him? (look在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”) 2)Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”) 2.过去进行时 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如： 1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 3.将来进行时 将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如： 1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 4.完成进行时 (现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。 三、完成时态 完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为： 1.现在完成时 (1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet，already，just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for，since连用)。例如： 1)I have just finished my homework. 2)Mary has been ill for three days. (2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： 1)I havent been there for five years. 2)So far, she hasnt enjoyed the summer vacation. 3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中： This (That, It) is (was) the first (second) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如： (1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. (2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 2.过去完成时 (1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如： 1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. (2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是： 1)was / were + to have done sth,例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldnt. 2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. (3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon. 3.将来完成时 将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如： 1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 oclock. 3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left. 4.完成进行时 完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。 (1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still havent found it. (2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. (3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如： By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours. 清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供四：时态一致 时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是： 1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态 He says that he lives in Wuhan. We hope that there will be many people at your party today. “Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I dont know who bought it.” “Theres a lot of excitement on the street.” “There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?” 2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态 He said he was writing a novel. The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment. He said his father had been an engineer. 3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如： The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder. 注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。 4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如： We insisted that we do it ourselves. 动词的语态 语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态) 2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态) 1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语 (1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。 (2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。 2.被动语态的时态形式 常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。 表1 时?SPAN lang=EN-US 一般时 进行时 完成时 现在 am asked am being asked is asked is being asked are asked are being asked 过去 was be asked was being asked were be asked were being asked 将来 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 过去 should be asked should have been asked 将来 would be asked would have been asked 3.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如： 1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. 2)All the rubbish should be got rid of. 4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态 “get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如： get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚) get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解) get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸) get married(结婚) 5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态 (1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如： 1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态) 2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态) 3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态) (2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如： 1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态) 2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态) 6.被动语态与系表结构的区别 (1)The novel was well written.(系表结构) (2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态) 7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思 例1：The book is selling remarkably well. 例2：The song sounds very beautiful. 能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。 例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned). 能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。 例4：The meat is cooking. 例5：The book written by the professor is printing.清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供初中定语从句详解清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供初中定语从句详解2010-09-14 21:16 定语从句是一种形容词的关系从句。它由关系代词或关系副词引导（1）。初中英语中的定语从句仅限于限制性定于从句，但对初中生来说，定语从句既是一个重点，也是一个难点。如何对定语从句突出重点、突破难点，是我们每个初中英语教师思考的问题，也是要帮助学生要解决的问题之一。下面我对初中英语的定语从句谈谈我的粗浅看法。 【关键词】定语从句 先行词 关系代词 关系副词一、英语中的定语从句与汉语中的定语位置不同。在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。英语中的定语从句始终要放在被修饰的词之后，而汉语中的定语则放在被修饰词之前。如：The man who / that I saw at the school gate yesterday is my English teacher.先行词 定语从句昨天我在校门口看见的那个人是我的英语老师。二、英语从句中的句型结构比较复杂，有先行词、关系代词或关系副词。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词或关系副词。限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割的联系（2）。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中要充当一个成分。关系代词在句中可作主语、宾语或定语，关系副词在句中作状语。如：I am waiting for the boy who /that is wearing a red coat. （主语） 先行词 关系代词我正在等穿着红色外套的那个男孩。The dictionary that / which my sister gave me last Sunday is very expensive.(宾语)先行词 关系代词我姐姐上周星期天给我的那本字典很贵。The woman is his mother whose name is Linda Brown. (定语) 先行词 关系代词那个是他的母亲，名叫琳达布朗。That is the house where my father used to live.(状语)先行词 关系副词那是我父亲曾经居住过的房子。三、初中英语中的定语从句关系代词或关系副词的具体用法。1. who指人（也可用that），在定语从句中作主语，也可作宾语。如：Yesterday I helped an old man who / that lost his way. （主语）昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。Mr Wang is the man (who / that / whom )you met in the zoo this morning.(宾语)王先生就是今天早上你在动物里遇到的那个人。注意：关系代词who指人,作宾语时，可用whom代替；作宾语时，关系代词可省略。作其它成分，关系代词则不能省略。2. whose指人，也可指物。在定语从句中作定语。The boy whose mother is ill is staying at home to look after her today.其母亲生病的那个男孩今天呆在家里照顾她。I have a story book whose cover is red.我有一本封面是红色的故事书。3. which指物（也可用that），在定语从句中作主语，也可作宾语。如：Football is a game which / that is liked by most boys. （主语）足球是被大多数男孩喜欢的运动。I dont believe the news which / that Tom won the game. (宾语)我不相信汤姆赢得这场比赛的消息。四、关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词与定语从句之间。如：That is the place in which I lived for five years.=That is the place which / that I lived in for five years.那就是我住过五年的地方。Mr Zhang is the man for whom I am looking.=Mr Zhang is the man who / whom / that I am looking for.张先生就是我正在找的那个人。五、具体使用关系代词或关系副词需要注意的问题。1. 先行词是地点时，如果该先行词做了定语从句的主语或宾语时，关系代词用that或which. 如：The school that / which I used to study in is becoming better and better.(the school 作了介词in的宾语。)我过去曾经学习的那所学校变得越来越好了。先行词是地点时，如果该先行词不作定语从句的主语或宾语时，关系代词用where. 如：The place where the accident happened isnt far from our school.事故发生的那个地方离我们学校不远。(定语从句中的动词happened是不及物动词，它不跟宾语，而the accident又作了定语从句的主语，因此该定语从句既不需要主语，也不需要宾语。)2.只用that，不用which的情况。（1）前有序数词修饰时。如：This is the tenth gift that I received for my birthday.这是我收到的第十个生日礼物。（2）前有形容词最高级修饰时。如：That is the most exciting game that I have ever watched.那是我曾经看过最令人兴奋的比赛。（3）先行词是all, little, few, something, anything, everything等不定代词时。如：All that he told me is true. 他告诉我的一切是真实的。（4）先行词被the only修饰时。如：The only thing that I can get is a pen. 我唯一能得到的东西就是一支钢笔。（5）先行词既指人，又指物时。如：We talked about the people and the things that we were interested in.我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。 3. 只用which，不用that的情况。（1）定语从句是物时，定语从句由“介词+关系代词which”引导。如：The thing about which the teacher is talking is very important.老师正在谈论的那件事非常重要。（2）先行词本身是that, those时，如：Whats that which is flying in the sky? 在天空中飞的那是什么？总之，我们作为初中英语教师要把初中英语中的定语从句讲解清楚，帮助学生理解课文和阅读理解中的定语从句，帮助学生用定语从句进行正确的书面表达，为以后更进一步的学习定语从句打下坚实的基础。初二英语竞赛试题一. 语音: 找出下列每组词中画线部分发音与众不同的选项 (100.5)1. A. bank B. Mary C. marry D. plan2. A. word B. work C. worse D. report3. A. worked B. visited C. helped D. asked4. A. list B. listen C. passed D. artist5. scientist B. discuss C. skirt D. school6. A. early B. learn C. heart D. heard7. A. idea B. really C. theater D. wheat8. A. delicious B. sure C. machine D. secondly9. A. forest B. twelfth C. elephant D. twentieth10. A. festival B. away C. harvest D. holiday二. 从右栏中找出左栏中各句话的答语 (100.5)11. Did he ask his friend for help? A. or you will miss the early bus.12. How long did he stay here? B. so she ate a lot last night.13. I must write them down, C. so she was unhappy today.14. Be quick, D. and he is also good at bowling.15. Lucy got a “D” in her test, E. because my memory is bad.16. She likes apples very much, F. Just so-so.17. Owen is a great football player, G. For more than two hours.18. She got a present yesterday, H. Her aunt did.19. Who went there with the girl? I. she liked it very much.20. How good is her Chinese? J. No, he did it by himself.三. 选择最佳答案 (301)21. Jim writes than Jack and Tom. He is of the three.A. much carefully, the most carefully B. much more careful, the most carefullyC. little more carefully, the most careful D. much more carefully, the most careful22. children there are in a family, their life will be.A. The less, the better B. The fewer, the betterC. Fewer, richer D. More, poorer23. Miss Gao is one of in our school.A. a popular teacher B. more popular teacherC. most popular teacher D. the most popular teachers24. The young man is carry that heavy bag.A. strong enough to B. enough strong toC. not strong enough D. strong enough25. Ride slowly, please. There is traffic at this time of day.A. much too B. too much C. too many D. many too26. Chongqing is bigger than in Canada.A. any other city B. all the other cities C. any city D. the other cities27. Li Lei often talks but does . So everyone says he is a good boy.A. less, more B. few, much C. more, little D. little, many28. Do you know if back next time? If he back, please let me know.A. he comes, will come B. will he come, comesC. he will come, comes D. will he come, will come29. Our city is yours. A. as bigger as B. as bigger than C. big as D. as big as30. His sister is than he. A. younger five years B. five years younger C. five year younger D. five younger years31. Mike is the oldest boy and taller than boys in the class. A. the other B. any C. each D. all32. Ill go fishing this weekend. . A. Cant you fish? B. Thats very kind of you. C. What about more fish? D. Have a good time.33. Did anybody go out just now? , but I didnt see anybody go out.A. I cant say B. I guess so C. I hope not D. I dont think so34. Lucy didnt come to school, did she? . She was ill in bed.A. No, she did B. Yes, she did C. No, she didnt D. Yes, she didnt35. I like skating very much. .A. So does he B. So he does C. So is he D. So he is36. Feeding animals is interesting work. A. a B. an C. one D. X37. Tigers catch and eat smaller animals rabbits and deer.A. like B. likes C. look like D. looks like38. Which of the following statements is NOT right?A. Could you tell me to get to the nearest post office?B. Could you show me the way to the nearest post office?C. Could you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?D. Could you tell me how to get to the nearest post office?39. My mother takes and has a light supper every day.A. some exercise B. any exercises C. lots of houseworks D. many things40. His father is not a worker a doctor.A. and B. not C. so D. but 41. I saw Wu Dong just now. It be Wu Dong. He went to Beijing yesterday.A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant D. must 42. Here are two tickets tomorrows film.A. for B. with C. to D. in43. Jacks father his mother in England in 1986.A. gets married to B. got married with C. married D. married with44. My grandma told me t