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毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译宝钢技术研究2011年6月，第2期，第24页第5卷钢渣透水混凝土的渗透系数影响因素的试验和分析杨刚，王友琴，王海龙，金强中国上海200941 SBMCC冶金渣研究中心摘要：钢渣（SS）透水混凝土是由SS制备的，分析总水泥率，总粒径，水灰率，外加剂用量对SS透水混凝土的渗透系数的影响。规范的影响也被考察作为SS透水混凝土的设计和施工的技术参考。关键词: 钢渣 透水混凝土 渗透系数 影响因素 1引言随着城市化的快速发展，普通混凝土一直被认为是破坏城市生态系统的一种因素。相比与自然生态环境，普通混凝土缺少雨水渗透能力、吸收热量和自然呼吸作用。最重要的是在城市的地面上覆盖着钢筋混凝土建筑物和不透水的道路。因此，混凝土的可渗透性和可呼吸性已成为建筑行业的重点，引起了人们的关注。钢渣（SS）是一种转换器或电弧炉（EAF）产生的工业固体废物。SS是具有类似自然资源的化学成分和物理性质的钢渣，经过适当的热处理（L500以上），快速冷却和加工凝固，其具有稳定性好，硬度高，耐磨损，易分离等诸多特点。因此，SS可以被应用到许多领域。目前，透水混凝土（又称多孔混凝土，大孔混凝土等）的新型建材产业已成为一个热门话题。也有许多相关的研究报告。其中研究员，同济大学陈志珊教授和长安大学甄慕莲教授做大量的SS透水混凝土的深入研究，他们分别提出了测试SS透水混凝土渗透性的方法。不过，关于SS透水混凝土的报道较少。本研究主要是调查和分析影响SS透水混凝土渗透系数的因素，其中包括骨料总粒径，水泥率，外加剂用量，水胶率等各种因素。2原料来自宝钢转换器的1-3毫米,3-5毫米,5-10毫米,10-20毫米四种不同尺寸的SS的样品原料分别被编号为A，B，C和D。上海海豹水泥（集团）有限公司生产的水泥是42.5级普通硅酸盐水泥。添加剂是锂二异丙基氨基添加剂（LDA）。3试验方法3.1用于测量渗透系数的设备透水设备自行设计和制作，如图1所示。图1 测量渗透率透水设备示意图该装置由一个大小为150150300玻璃箱组成，其顶部是开口的，在底部有一个 80的空。在测试过程中用于测量的一侧每级50已经过校准。3.2测试过程在测试之前，把样品侧表面用密封材料或其他材料密封起来，为了防水和使水只能通过上下表面渗透。样品被测试端上的腻子密封。放在密封样品和使用腻子上面的透水设备是为了收紧的样品和设备以及刮掉底部多余的腻子。向250级的透水设备中加入水（清水）。当水位下降到100时用秒表定时倒计时，当水位达到200级的计时停止。3.3计算结果SS透水混凝土的渗透系数（由V表示），可以由下列公式（1）计算。 (1)其中H表示水平面下降的高度（100毫米）；表示水位从200毫米/秒下降至l00毫米/秒的时间所用的时间。 计算结果是三个样本准确到0.1毫米/秒时的平均值。4结果与讨论4.1骨料粒径和水泥率对渗透系数的影响用四个不同规格的SS样品作为骨料，来制备0.22, 0.24，0.26，0.28，0.30和0.32不同水灰率的SS透水混凝土，以测试他们的渗透系数。从图2显示的结果中我们可以看到所有SS透水混凝土的渗透系数均在115毫米/秒范围内。在同等条件下，样品A相比与样品D，渗透系数随着总尺寸的增加而增加。例如，水灰率为0.22时，粒径为1-3mm骨料透水混凝土和粒径为10-20毫米骨料透水混凝土的渗透系数分别为5.9毫米/ s和13.3毫米/秒，增加的比例分别为125，表明增加是显著的。这是因为随着总尺寸的增加，孔隙率增大，渗透系数也增加。实验表明，无论什么规格的SS透水混凝土随着水灰率的增加SS透水混凝土的渗透系数降低。然而，当水灰率是0.22和0.26之间，渗透系数下降并不明显。水灰率是0.28和0.32之间时，渗透系数下降是非常明显的。拿样品C为例，水灰率从0.22提高到0.26时，渗透系数从9.2毫米/秒降低到7.8毫米/秒，下降的百分比是15.2。由于水灰率从0.28提高到0.32，渗透系数从6.9毫米/秒减小到3.9毫米/秒，下降的百分比是43.5。主要的原因是随着水灰率的增加SS透水混凝土表面的浆也增加造成表面堵塞和孔隙率降低。水灰比图2 SS透水混凝土的渗透系数和水灰率之间的关系4.2骨料灰率对渗透系数的影响骨料灰率是SS骨料和胶凝材料在SS渗透性混凝土所含的比率，总水灰率可以通过水泥用量来调节。这些研究表明，当骨料灰率在3.0-8.0范围内时，混凝土的强度可以达到C40-C15；当骨料灰率大于8.0时，养护28天的混凝土的强度也低于C15。因此，我们选择了8.0，7.0，6.0，5.0，4.0，3.0的总水泥率实验和分析。从图3中可以看出，SS的透水混凝土增加的渗透系数随着总灰率的增加，从3.0增加到了8.0。因为当总灰率较低时，随着水泥的比例增大，试样的强度相应增高；但如果水泥包装中的SS颗粒变得过多造成SS透水混凝土的孔隙率降低，渗透性也随之降低。此外，当粒径很小时，随着总水灰率下降渗透性会迅速降低。例如，当骨料粒径为3毫米和5毫米之间时，总灰率从8.0下降到3.0，渗透系数从9.7毫米/秒降低到1.1毫米/秒，下降的百分比是88.7。骨料和水泥的比例图3 总灰率和SS透水混凝土的渗透系数之间的关系4.3外加剂用量对渗透系数的影响然而，图4表明，在限定的范围内在SS上外加剂的用量对SS透水混凝土具有一定的影响。SS透水混凝土的渗透系数随外加剂用量的增加而增加。鉴于其他因属不变的前提下，减少外加剂的用量，将有助于增加SS透水混凝土的渗透系数。外加剂用量/图4 外加剂的用量对SS透水混凝土的渗透系数的影响4.4其他因素的影响渗透系数除了上述的主要因素，以下条件可能会影响SS透水混凝土的渗透系数：（1）温度越低，水的动力粘度系数越大，渗透系数越小。把20作为标准温度，在方程（1）中，温度T可以转换成标准温度下的渗透系数。 (2)是在20的渗透系数，是在T（）的渗透系数， 是在T（）的动力粘度系数，(kPas)是在20的动力粘度系数。和，常数可以从“公路土壤试验规范”中查取。（2）其次，搅拌的均匀程度也是渗透系数的因素之一。因为当骨料的水灰率较低时，施工的速度，周围的环境和养护条件也都能影响SS透水混凝土渗透系数。5 结论（1） SS透水混凝土的渗透系数随着骨料总颗粒和水灰率的增加而增加。当骨料粒径较小时，渗透系数随着总灰率下降迅速降低。（2） SS透水混凝土的渗透系数随着水灰率的增加而降低。当水灰率在0.22和0.26之间时，渗透系数随着水灰率的增加下降不明显；水灰率在0.28和0.32之间时，渗透系数随着水灰率的增加下降显著。随着掺合料用量的增加， SS透水混凝土的渗透系数减小，但影响是有限的。（3） 其他因素也能影响SS透水混凝土的渗透系数。所以在实际施工过程中，工作人员应遵守规范的要求，以降低渗透系数的波动。参考文献1章辉，张謇与金强。矿渣细粉宝钢钢材的胶凝材料的稳定性和兼容性的研究J。宝钢技术研究，2009,3（4）；28-32。2甄慕莲。参透系数和多孔混凝土的试验方法研究J。 交通运输工程，2006,4（11）；41-46。3金强，何红珠，杨刚。资源利用宝钢渣作为混凝土材料研究J。宝钢技术，2010（3）；19-22。Baosteel Technical ResearchVolume5，Number2，June2011，Page24Test and analysis of influencing factors on the permeability coefficient of steel slag permeable concreteYANG Gang， WANG Youqin，WAN G Hailong and JlN QiangResearch Center of Metallurgical Slag，SBM CC，Shanghai200941，ChinaAbstract：The steel slag (SS) permeable concrete was prepared by SSThe influences of the aggregate-cement rate，the aggregate particle size，the water-cement rate，the admixture dosage and other factors on the permeability coefficient of SS permeable concrete were analyzedThe law of influence was also investigatedThe study serves as a technological reference for the construction and design of SS permeable concreteKey words：steel slag；permeable concrete；permeability coefficient；influencing factors1 Introduction With the rapid development of urbanization，ordinary concrete has been considered the cause of destruction of an urban ecosystem Compared with the natural ecological environmentthe general concrete lacks the ability of rainwater permeabilityabsorbing heat and natural breathingMost of the ground in an urban city is covered with reinforced concrete buildings and impermeable roadsTherefore，the concrete that can permeate and breathe has become the focus of and grabbed attention from the building industryStee1 slagfSS1 is a kind of industrial solid waste generated by converters or electric arc furnaces(EAF)After appropriate heat treatment (above l500 )，solidification by rapid cooling and processing，the SS with its chemical composition and physical properties is similar to natural resources，and possesses many characteristics such as good stability，high hardness， wear resistance，and easy separation of iron from the steel slagThereforeSS can be applied to many fields.CurrentlyPermeable concrete(also known as porous concrete，big-hole concrete，etc)has become a hot topic in the new building materials industryThere are also many related research reports Among the researchersProfessor CHEN Zhishan in Tongji University and Professor ZHEN Mulian in Changan University have done a considerable amount of in-depth research on the SS permeable concrete，and they have individually proposed the method to test the permeability of SS permeable concreteHowever，there are fewer reports on SS permeable concreteThis studymainly investigates and analyzes the various factors influencing the permeability coefficient of SS permeable concrete，which includes the aggregate particle size，the aggregatecement rate，the admixture dosage, and the watercement rate 2 Raw materials 13 mm ，35 mm ，510 mm ，1020 mm of four different sizes of SS from Baosteels converters were used as the raw materials，and the prepared samples were numbered A ，B，C and DCement produced by Shanghai Haibao Cement(Group)Co, Ltdwas425 grade Portland cementAdditive was Lithium diisopropylamide additive (LDA )3 Test methods 3.1 Equipment used to measure permeability coefficientThe permeable device was designed and manufactured by ourselves，as shown in Fig1Fig1 Schematic diagram of the permeable device to measure permeabilityThis device consists of a glass box，whose size is 150150 300Its top is open and has a 80 hole in the bottomThis device has calibrated of 50 per grade on one side, which is used for Measurement during testing32 Testing proceduresBefore being tested, the sample was scaled on all sides with sealing materials or other materials in order to make it watertight and water can only infiltrate through the upper and lower surfacesThe sample was sealed with putty on the testing sideThe permeable device was placed above the sealed sample and the putty was used in order to tighten the sample and the device and the excess putty in the bottom circle was scrapedThe water (clean water)was added into the permeable device to the 250gradeTiming was counted down using a stopwatch when the water level was reduced to the 100 grade and the timing was stopped when the water level reached the 200 grade33 Calculation of resultsThe permeability coefficients (branded by V)of SS permeable concrete can be calculated by the following Equation (1) (1)Where H is the height of the water level dropped (100 mm); the time for the water level to drop from 200 mm/s to l00 mm/sResults are the average value of the three samples and calculation is as accurate as 0.1 mm/s4 Results and discussion 4.1 Influence of aggregate particle size and water-cement rate on the permeability coefficientThe four SS samples with different specifications were used as aggregate and the SS permeable concrete was made with different water-cement rate：0.22，0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.30 and 0.32 in order to test their permeability coefficientsThe results are shown in Fig2We can see that the permeability coefficients of all SS permeable concretes are in the range of 115 mm/sUnder the same conditions, the permeability coefficient increases with the aggregate size increasing when Sample A js compared with Sample DFor examplewhen the water-cement rate is 0.22, the permeability coefficient of the 13mm aggregate permeable concrete and the 1020 mm aggregate permeable concrete were 5.9 mm/s and 13.3 ram/s, respectively, and the percentage of the increase was 125, indicating that the increase is significantThis is because as the aggregate size increases, the porosity increases and the permeability coefficient also increasesThe research shows that the permeability coefficient of SS permeable concrete reduces as the watercement rate increases，no matter what the specifications of the SS are Howeverwhen the watercement rate is between 0.22 and 0.26，the decrease of the permeable coefficient is not obvious. when the watercement rate is between 0.28 and 0.32, the decrease of the permeable coefficient is very obviousTake Sample C as an example，as the watercement rate increases from0.22 to 0.26the permeability coefficient decreases from 9.2 mm/s to 7.8 mm/s and the percentage of the descent is 15.2 As the watercement rate increases from 0.28 to 0.32, the permeability coefficient decreases from 6.9 mm/s to 3.9 mm/s, and the percentage of the descent is 43.5. The main reason is that as the watercement rate increases，the slurry on the SS permeable concretes surface increases too, causing the surface blocked and the porosity decreased.Water-cement ratioFig2 Relationship between permeability coefi cient and water-cementrate of SS perm eable concrete42 Influence of aggregate-cement rate on permeability coefficientThe aggregatecement rate is the rate of SS aggregate and cementitious material in SS permeability concrete, which can be achieved by adjusting the amount of cementThese studies have shown that the strength rating can be C40 C15 when the aggregate, cement rate is in the range of 3.08.0; and 28 d strength wil1 be less than C15 when the aggregate-cement rate is above 8.0So we chose 8.0，7.0，6.0 5.0，4.0, 3.0 as their aggregate-cement rates for the test and analysisFrom Fig3it can be seen that the permeability coefficient of SS permeable concrete increases with the increase of the aggregate-cement rate from 3.0 to 8.0.Because when the aggregate-cement rate is lower, the percentage of cement is Aggregatecement ratioFig3 Relationship between the aggregate-cement rate and the permeability coefficient of SS permeable concreterelatively larger and the strength of the specimen is higher accordingly；but the cement wrapping the SS particles becomes excessive, causing the porosity of SS permeable concrete to decreaseand the permeabi1ity coefficient to decrease as wel1In addition，when the particle size is smal1, the permeability coefficient quickly decreases with the decrease of the aggregate-cement rateFor example, when the aggregate size is between 3mm and 5 mm, the aggregate-cement rate decreases from 8.0 to 3.0, the permeability coefficient decreases from 9.7 mm/s to 1.1 mm/s，and the percentage of the descent is 88.7 43 Influence of admixture dosage on permeability coefficientFig4 shows that the amount of admixture dosage on the SS has a certain influence on SS permeable concretehoweverto a 1imited extentThe permeability coefficient of SS permeable concrete decreased with the increase of the admixture dosage Given the premise of other properties，reducing the admixture dosage will be helpfu1 to increase the permeability coefficient of SS permeable concreteAdmixture dosage%Fig4 Effect of the admixture dosage on the permeability coefficient of SS permeable concrete44 Influence of other factors on the permeability coefficientBesides the main factors mentioned above，the following conditions may affect the permeability coefficient of SS permeable concrete：(1) The lower the temperature is and the greater the waters dynamic viscosity coefficient is, the smaller the permeability coefficient isMaking 20 the standard, Equation(1)when the temperature is T can be converted to coefficient permeability at the standard temperature (2)Where is the permeability coefficient at 20；，the permeability coefficient at T()；，the dynamic viscosity coefficient at T() and (kPas), the dynamic viscosity coefficient at 20 and ，constant values can be consulted from “Highway soil experiment specification.(2) In addition，the degree of mixing uniformity . Because when the aggregate-cement rate is lower，the speed of construction progress，the surrounding environment and curing conditions can also influence the permeability coefficient of SS permeable concrete5 Conclusions(1)The permeability coefficients of