IEC标准化战略主管.ppt

JackSheldonIECStandardizationStrategyManagerIEC标准化战略主管,BenefitsofparticipationinIECstandardizationwork参加IEC标准化工作的益处,19/12/2019,2,Standardsalittlehistory标准历史,4ft8in1435,1mm,19/12/2019,3,ThedistancebetweentherearendofRomanhorses罗马马匹尾部的距离,19/12/2019,4,TheaxlelengthofRomanwarchariots罗马战车车轴的长度,19/12/2019,5,PompeiandVesuvius意大利古都庞培及维苏威火山,19/12/2019,6,TherutsalongRomanroads罗马道路的车辙,19/12/2019,7,Standardaxlesizeof19thcenturywagons19世纪马车的标准车轴尺寸,19/12/2019,8,Firsttramways第一条铁路轨道,19/12/2019,9,Modernrailways现代铁路轨道,19/12/2019,10,NASASpaceShuttle美国航天局的太空飞船,19/12/2019,11,Weightsandmeasures度量衡,19/12/2019,12,andthen,19/12/2019,13,19/12/2019,14,19/12/2019,15,Thewinnerofthecontest竞赛的赢家,19/12/2019,16,Electricalplugsandsockets电插头和插座,Early1930sIFK30年代早期的国际事务委员会IEC/TC23(Electricalfittings)setup19341934年成立的电子配件IEC/TC23Nowherein19392ndworldwar1939年第二次世界大战期间毫无进展Restartedin19471947年从新开始工作IEC83published1957,catalogueofplugsandsocketsusedinEurope,UK&USA1957年IEC83被发布：欧洲、美国、英国使用的电插头和插座目录SC23C(Worldwideplugandsocketoutletsystems)setupin19701970年建立SC23世界插头插座端口系统分技术委员会,19/12/2019,17,IEC60906,Twosolutions两种解决方案IEC60906-1for250Vworld(1986)250伏使用的IEC60906-1标准（1986）IEC60906-2for125Vworld(1992)125伏使用的IEC60906-2标准（1992）,19/12/2019,18,IEC60906-1coverpageIEC60906-1标准封面,19/12/2019,19,World-wideplugandsocket世界范围的插头和插座,19/12/2019,20,Why?,60yearstogetnowhere60年没有任何进展Politicalinterests政治利益Commercialinterests商业利益Protectionism保护主义Failuretotakelong-termview未从长远看问题Experts“pretended”technicalissues专家们表面上说是技术问题Implicationsofglobalizationanddeviceportability涉及全球化和装置的可携带性,19/12/2019,21,Whystandards?,Growthoftradeinmanufacturedgoods生产商品贸易的增长Exchangeofgoods商品交换Europeanfreetradearea欧洲自由贸易区Industrialization工业化Metrology计量学Weightsandmeasures度量衡,19/12/2019,22,Typesofstandards标准类型,Companystandards公司标准Citystandards城市标准Nationalstandards国家标准Regionalstandards地区标准Internationalstandards国际标准,19/12/2019,23,IEC100yearsago成立于100年以前,Foundedin1906topromoteinternationalco-operationonallquestionsofstandardizationandrelatedmattersinthefieldofelectrotechnology成立于1906年，旨在促进电子技术标准化和相关事务的国际合作。,19/12/2019,24,MissionstatementIEC使命陈述,IECsmissionistobegloballyrecognizedastheproviderofstandardsandconformityassessment-relatedservicesneededtofacilitatetradeinthefieldsofelectricity,electronicsandassociatedtechnologiesIEC期望在全球范围内成为公认的电气、电子及相关技术领域贸易所需标准和合格评定相关服务的提供者。,19/12/2019,25,IECmission,Encouragenationaladoptionofinternationalstandards鼓励各国采用国际标准Stimulateworldtradeandbusinessbyensuringtechnicalandmarketrelevanceofitsproducts通过确保产品的技术与市场匹配以促进世界贸易Makeresultsapplicableandavailableforvoluntaryadoptionworldwide确保标准成果世界范围内可以应用并可获得SettheframeworkforConformityAssessmentinglobalmarkets制定全球市场合格评定的框架,19/12/2019,26,Typesofparticipation参与方式,IECisavoluntaryassociationofNationalCommitteesthatfullyrepresentelectrotechnicalinterestsintheircountriesIEC是一个国家委员会组成的自愿性协会，这些委员会代表各自国家电子技术的利益Government,industry,testinglaboratories,academia,consumergroups政府、产业、测试实验室、学术机构、消费团体Membershiponememberpercountry成员资格-一个国家一个名额Members(54)54个成员Associatemembers(17)17个准成员AffiliateCountryprogramme接纳国家计划82participants(asof2008-08)82个参与国（截止2008年8月）,19/12/2019,27,AM=Associatemember,IECMembership72members,19/12/2019,28,IECinfigures,Members72NationalCommittees成员国72个国家委员会AffiliateCountryProgramme82Participants接纳国家计划82个参与国Technicalcommittees/Subcommittees171技术委员会/分技术委员会Workinggroups413工作组Projectteams259项目团队Maintenanceteams426维护团队Totalactiveprojectsasof2007-12-311378正在进行的项目数（2007年12月31日）DevelopmenttimeforIECpublications36monthsIEC出版物的开发时间Publications(asof2007-12-31)5794出版物数量(截止2007年12月31日）Publicationsissuedin20075242007年出版物数量ConformityAssessmentSystems合格评定系统IECEEIEC电气设备检测和认证体系IECQIEC电子元器件质量评定委员IECExIEC防爆电气产品认证体系,19/12/2019,29,IECCentralOfficeIEC中央办公室,HeadquartersinGeneva总部在日内瓦Approximately85multinationalstaff大约85个跨国工作人员Regionaloffices地区办公室Worcester,MA(nearBoston),USA,4people伍斯特，美国，4人Singapore,2,5people新加坡，2.5人SaoPaulo,1person圣保罗，1人,19/12/2019,30,Aretradebarriersnecessary?贸易壁垒必要吗？SometimestheyareTBTA:avoidingunnecessary有时它们是技术性贸易壁垒协议：避免不必要(障碍),19/12/2019,31,promotionofinternationalstandards推进国际标准,allowingforregulatoryautonomytoprotectlegitimateinterests允许管理自主权以保护合法利益,avoidanceofunnecessaryobstaclestointernationaltrade避免不必要的国际贸易障碍,19/12/2019,32,TBT(technicalbarrierstotrade)技术性贸易壁垒,SPS(sanitaryandphytosanitarymeasures)卫生与植物卫生措施,19/12/2019,33,Andthebasicdisciplines?基本原则？,19/12/2019,34,non-discrimination非歧视,19/12/2019,35,“unnecessaryobstacle”不必要的障碍,19/12/2019,36,19/12/2019,37,19/12/2019,38,Qualifiedobligationtouse“asabasisfor.”使用“作为基础”资格的责任(exceptions,SDT)（例外，特殊差别待遇）,Presumption(rebuttable)+linktonecessity假设（可反驳）+必要性链接,Participate!参加！,TBTopen/SPSclosed技术性贸易壁垒开放/卫生与植物卫生措施关闭,Sardines,=,19/12/2019,39,Annex3oftheTBTAgreementTBT协议的附件3(Article4refers)第四章有关Annex4ofthe2ndTriennialReview(G/TBT/9)第二个三年回顾的附件4(DecisionbytheCommittee)委员会决议,=,19/12/2019,40,Article2.4oftheTBTAgreementTBT协议第2.4条,“Wheretechnicalregulationsarerequiredandrelevantinternationalstandardsexistortheircompletionisimminent,Membersshallusethem,ortherelevantpartsofthem,asabasisfortheirtechnicalregulations”“在需要技术法规和相关国际标准存在或者这些法规和标准即将完成的领域，成员方应该使用这些法规、标准或其相关部分作为其技术法规基础”,=,19/12/2019,41,“exceptwhensuchinternationalstandardsorrelevantpartswouldbeanineffectiveorinappropriatemeansforthefulfilmentofthelegitimateobjectivespursued,forinstancebecauseoffundamentalclimaticorgeographicalfactorsorfundamentaltechnologicalproblem.”“与实现本国合法目标不相适应的国际标准或相关内容除外，譬如：由于当地的气候、地理因素或基本的技术问题（引发的问题）”,Article2.4oftheTBTAgreementTBT协议的第2.4条,=,19/12/2019,42,“Wheneveratechnicalregulationisprepared,adoptedorappliedforoneofthelegitimateobjectivesexplicitlymentionedinparagraph2,andisinaccordancewithrelevantinternationalstandards,itshallberebuttablypresumednottocreateanunnecessaryobstacletointernationaltrade.”“当准备、采纳或应用第二段明确提到的技术法规或相关国际标准时，都不应被怀疑为对国际贸易创造了一些不必要的障碍”,Article2.5oftheTBTAgreementTBT协议第2.5条第二句(secondsentence),=,19/12/2019,43,“Membersshall,inthepreparationandapplicationoftechnicalregulations,standardsandconformityassessmentprocedures,takeaccountofthespecialdevelopment,financialandtradeneedsofdevelopingcountryMembers,withaviewtoensuringthatsuchtechnicalregulations,standardsandconformityassessmentproceduresdonotcreateunnecessaryobstaclestoexportsfromdevelopingcountryMembers.”“成员国，在技术法规、标准和合格评定程序的准备和申请中，应考虑发展中国家成员特殊的发展、财务和贸易需要，旨在确保这些技术法规、标准和合格评定程序不会对发展中国家出口带来不必要障碍”,Article12.3oftheTBTAgreement(SpecialandDifferentialTreatment),=,19/12/2019,44,“Membersrecognizethat,althoughinternationalstandards,guidesorrecommendationsmayexist,intheirparticulartechnologicalandsocio-economicconditions,developingcountryMembersadoptcertaintechnicalregulations,standardsorconformityassessmentproceduresaimedatpreservingindigenoustechnologyandproductionmethodsandprocessescompatiblewiththeirdevelopmentneeds.MembersthereforerecognizethatdevelopingcountryMembersshouldnotbeexpectedtouseinternationalstandardsasabasisfortheirtechnicalregulationsorstandards,includingtestmethods,whicharenotappropriatetotheirdevelopment,financialandtradeneeds.”“成员国认识到，尽管国际标准、指南或建议可能存在于它们特定的技术和社会经济环境，发展中国家采用某些技术法规、标准或合格评定程序旨在维护本国的与其发展需求相一致的技术、生产方法和流程。所以，成员们认识到：我们不应该期望发展中国家成员使用国际标准作为本国的技术法规或标准，包括测试方法，因为这些法规或标准不适合它们的发展、财务和贸易需要。”,Article12.4oftheTBTAgreementTBT协议第12.4条特殊差别待遇(SpecialandDifferentialTreatment),=,19/12/2019,45,use!使用！(2.4),explain/presumption解释/假定(2.5),Participation参加(2.6),=,Threeissues三个问题,19/12/2019,46,TechnicalRegulations技术法规,Standards标准,ConformityAssessmentProcedures合格评定程序,19/12/2019,47,WTOandInternationalStandards(1),WTO/TECHNICALBARRIERTOTRADEAGREEMENTWTO/TBT协议Annex3:CODEOFGOODPRACTICEFORTHEPREPARATION,ADOPTIONANDAPPLICATIONOFSTANDARDS附件3：标准准备、采纳和应用良好行为准则,19/12/2019,48,WTOandInternationalStandards(2),WTOsAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTradestates:WTO关于技术性贸易壁垒的协议：“Membersshalluseinternationalstandardsasabasisfortheirtechnicalregulations.”“成员国应使用国际标准作为本国技术法规的基础”“Mhepreparation.ofinternationalstandards.”“在国际标准的准备中成员国应充分发挥作用”,19/12/2019,49,InternationalStandards国际标准,Eliminatemisinterpretationormisunderstandingacrossdifferinglanguages消除不同语言的误解Helpabuyergetwhatisexpectedfromsupplierfromanothercountry帮助买方从另一国供应商获取所需Enhanceunderstanding&agreementabouttechnicalparameters加强对技术参数的理解和支持Leadtotrustbasisofbusinessrelationship建立信任商务活动的基础,19/12/2019,50,ParticipationBenefits参加-收益,InfluencethedevelopmentandcontentofIECstandards影响IEC标准的制定和内容Earlywarningofdevelopingmarkets,establishcustomercontacts对进入市场的早期预警并建立顾客关系Improveproductsafetyandquality改进产品安全和质量Rationalizationandcostreductionindesignandmanufacturing设计和生产的合理化，降低成本,19/12/2019,51,ParticipationBenefits参加-收益,Acceptanceofproductsonworldmarkets产品得到世界市场认可Meetfuturesafetyandenvironmentaldemands满足未来安全和环境要求Accesstothelatesttechnology了解最新技术Addsupto最终Reducedtransactioncosts减少交易成本Increasedtrade促进贸易,19/12/2019,52,Economicbenefits经济利益,Positiveeffectoninnovationdisseminationofknowledgethroughstandardsiskeyfactorforeconomicgrowth对创新的正面影响-通过标准进行知识传播是经济增长的关键因素InternationalStandardshavepositiveeffectongrowth,particularlyonexports国际标准对增长，尤其是出口增长，有积极影响ISpromoteintra-industrytradeandleadtointernationalcompetitiveness信息系统促进产业内贸易并产生国际竞争力Encouragetechnologytransfer鼓励技术转移Economicbenefitsofstandardization1%ofGNP标准化的经济利益国民生产总值的1%,19/12/2019,53,Benefitstogovernments对政府的利益,WTOTBTmakesstandardizationandCAanimportantpartofglobaltradeWTO-TBT使得标准化和认证中心成为全球贸易重要组成部分Signatorygovernments,morethan140,arerequiredtoparticipateinandpromoteinternationalstandardization超过140个签约国被要求参加和促进全球标准化Particularlyimportantinregulatedareas:safety,health,environment在安全、健康、环境管理领域尤其重要Procurement采购Legislation司法Technologyinnovation技术创新Export-ledgrowthofnationaleconomy国家经济的出口导向增长,19/12/2019,54,Benefitstogovernments对政府的利益,Internationalstandardsarebestsourceforgovernments国际标准是政府的最好资源legislation/regulation法律/法规issuingtenders发放招标RecognizedsourceforWTOcompliance履行WTO义务的认可ContributingtowardsfulfilmentoftheWorldTradeOrganizationsAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrades有助于履行WTO关于技术性贸易措施的协议Standardsprovidedetailedtechnicalinterpretationofthelaw标准对法律提供了详细的技术诠释,19/12/2019,55,BenefitstoMultinationals对跨国公司的益处,Buildacceptanceinglobalmarkets在全球市场建立认可Influencethecontentofstandards影响标准的内容Developanticipatoryintelligence开发期望的情报信息Usecustomernetworks使用顾客网络Savetimeandmoney节省时间和经费Improvesafetyandquality提高安全和质量,19/12/2019,56,IECprogrammesIEC计划,Efficientlymeetrequirementsofglobalmarket有效满足全球市场要求Ensureprimacyandworld-wideuseofstandardsandconformityassessmentschemes确保标准与合格评定方案的主导和全球使用Assessandimprovequalityofproductsandservicescoveredbystandards评估、改进标准覆盖产品的质量和服务Permitinteroperabilityofcomplexsystems复杂系统的互通性成为现实Increaseefficiencyofindustrialprocesses增加工业过程的效率Contributetoimprovementofhumanhealthandsafety有助于人类健康和安全的提高Contributetoprotectionoftheenvironment有助于保护环境,19/12/2019,57,Getinvolved参与的,Electrotechnology=largeshareofglobaltrade电子技术=全球贸易的更大份额IECstandardsusedeverydayineverycountry每个国家每天使用IEC标准IECmembersandstandardshelptolowerorremovetradebarriers,boostingeconomicgrowthIEC成员国和标准帮助降低或者消除贸易壁垒，促进经济增长Promotetechnologytransfer,safetyandprotectionoftheenvironment促进技术转移、安全和环境保护Providelevelplayingfieldforcompetition为竞