新公共管理英语论文翻译.docx

New Public Management : Contemporary Western trend of the new public administrationFrom the start of the 1970s, the West has dominated the field of public administration nearly a century. and was regarded to be effective, even the best traditional or mainstream public administration, subjected to a new external environment increasingly tough challenges, and the almost routine, rigid-tier system can not meet the increasingly rapid changes in information and knowledge-intensive society and economic life, build on its two major theoretical basis - Goodnow Wilson and the political-administrative theory and the two-layer management Huibaike no theory Law answered and solved the government faces an increasingly serious problems and difficulties : the financial crisis, the social welfare policy unsustainable, government agencies increasingly bloated, inefficient, the public lost confidence in the governments ability, government failure theory has begun to dominate. It is in this historical backdrop, a new public administration theory, Management - New Public Management (NewPublic Management) in the 1980s, the Anglo-American two crops, and the rapid expansion of the Western countries. And the number of traditional public administration within the framework of the changes, Public management is not new to the existing administrative structure and ways of some degree of partial adjustment or simply to lower administrative costs and reduce administrative expenses, but more importantly, it is the traditional model of public administration of a comprehensive settlement and denied. 1. The new public management theory If the traditional public administration to Wilson. Goodnow political- administrative theory and the two-Weber-tier system on the support of their theory, new public while management of modern economics and private enterprise management theory and methods as its theoretical basis. First, the new public management from modern economics has many theoretical basis, From the rational (the rational is for their own interests. want to pay the smallest gain maximum benefits) of the premise is the basis for performance management; from the public choice theory and transaction cost which the government should be market-oriented or customers, improve the efficiency of services, the quality and effectiveness of the basis; from the cost-effectiveness analysis was to define the performance goals, Measurement and evaluation, and so on the basis. Secondly, the new public management from the private management methods to absorb nutrients. The new public administration that many private sector management methods and means available to the public sector borrowing. Such as the private sector, the organizational form of flexibility in adapting to the environment, and not Weber said the rigid hierarchy; outputs and outcomes of the high degree of importance (for the private sector, output means profits in a highly competitive market environment, we must make profits to provide customers with high-quality service, Meanwhile, as far as possible to reduce costs), rather than just input and output weight; personnel management to achieve a flexible system of employment contracts and performance pay system, rather than by hiring a permanent office, and so on. In short, the new public management, and is already by the private sector to successfully used management methods, If performance management, goal management, organizational development, human resources development is not unique to the private sector. They can be used in public sector management. 2. The new public administration of the basic features New Public Management is a very loose concept, it refers to an attempt to replace the traditional public administration management theory, Also referred to a new model of public administration, also refers to the contemporary Western ongoing public administration reform movement. Its name in western countries is not necessarily the same as in the United Kingdom called management, in the United States known as the entrepreneurial government or new public management In some other countries, also known as the market-oriented public administration, and so on, but they have broadly similar features. Firstly, the new public management to change the traditional model of public government and the relationship between society, reopened to the functions of the government and with the community relations position : that the government is no longer superior, self-service bureaucracy, government officials should be responsible corporate managers and managers the public is to provide the governments tax revenue taxpayers and access to government services in return for the clients or customers government services should be customer-oriented and should enhance the publics need to respond to force. In recent years, Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and other government services to simplify the procedures and to develop and publish service standards, in a regional and an administrative certain sectors or industries offer one-stop shop service. It is in this new government-community relations model as applied by some of the specific measures. Secondly, with the traditional public administration, only the input, output or not, New Public Management pay more attention to the activities of the outputs and outcomes that provide public services to the efficiency and quality, thus entrusted to the first-line managers and managers (that is, low-level civil service) to the post of powers, responsibilities and If the plan and budget, the attention to the organizations strategic goals and long-term plans, the emphasis is on the Budget for its total control, to the front line managers in the allocation of resources and personnel arrangements, and so on the full autonomy to adapt to the fluctuating external environment and the ever changing needs. Thirdly, and closely related, 1:00, the new public management oppose traditional public administration re-compliance with established laws and regulations, Light performance measurement and assessment practices, advocating the relaxation of the strict regulatory system (that is, through legislation, system control), achieve strict control of the performance goals, which was to determine organizations, individuals of specific goals, under the performance indicator (performance indicator) on the target for completion of the measurement and assessment, as a result, the so-called three E, in which the economy (economy), efficiency (efficiency) and the effect (effect), and other three variables. Fourth, public administration and the traditional exclusion of private sector management methods differ, New Public Management emphasizes the wide adoption of successful private sector management methods and means (such as cost-benefit analysis total quality management, management by objectives) and the mechanism of competition, the abolition of the supply of public services monopoly, If government contracts for rent and competitive bidding, the new public management, The main function of government is to serve the community, But this does not mean that all public services should be provided directly by the government. According to the government services and the different nature of the corresponding supply mode. As shown : Market status / mode of constitutional duties 1. The service activities by the Constitution provides that the government is within the scope of duties, while no other competitor, If defense, should be borne by the government. 2. Although the Constitution stipulates the functions of government, but there are other competitors exist, in other words, the non-governmental sector are engaged in this activity, such as hospitals, in this case, The government is not obliged to provide such a service in person, and goes through the tender, the contract leasing, and other forms, will be rented to other public or private sector, government, as long as its performance targets and measured assessment, and provide corresponding remuneration, it is nevertheless a good quality of service and efficient and effective way. This is the reinventing government, the author of a Osborne and Gaebler said the government should steer and not the paddling. 3. The Constitution does not provide is the duty of the government, the market and the existence of competitors, such as film and video industry, Then the government can not engage in this activity, and completely by the private sector. 4. Which is not provided for the constitution is the duty of the government, but also the absence or lack of this activity in the competitors As institutions of higher learning, then the government should actively develop the market and encourage people to participate in activities to enhance the service efficiency, quality and effectiveness. It is important to point out, these are just typical four types of public services, in reality.新公共管理-当代西方新公共管理的趋势从20世纪七十年代初，西方国家已经主宰了公共管理领域将近一个世纪，被认为是有效，甚至最好的传统或者主流公共管理，在新的外部环境作用下，严峻的挑战以及几乎程式化的死板的系统已经不能应对信息、知识密集型社会以及经济生活的挑战，传统的公共管理的理论基础是威尔逊、古德诺的政治行政二分论和韦伯的科层制论，政府面临越来越严厉的问题和困难，如经济危机，社会福利政策的不均衡，政府机构日益膨胀以及效率低下等，大众对政府丧失了信心，政府无能论成为主流。正是在这样的历史背景下，一种新的公共行政理论、管理模式新公共管理（NewPublic Management）在20世纪80年代的英美两国应运而生，并迅速扩展到西方各国。与以往传统的公共行政框架内进行的变革不同，新公共管理不是对现存行政管理体制和方式进行某种程度的局部调整，或仅仅是为了降低行政管理的成本，减少行政费用开支，更为重要的是，它是对传统的公共行政模式的一种全面清算和否定。一、新公共管理的理论基础如果说传统的公共行政以威尔逊、古德诺的政治行政二分论和韦伯的科层制论为其理论基础的话，那么，新公共管理则是以现代经济学和私营企业管理理论和方法作为自己的理论基础。首先，新公共管理从现代经济学中获得诸多理论依据，从“理性人”（人的理性都是为了自身的利益，都希望以最小的付出获得最大的收益）中获得绩效管理的依据；从公共选择理论和交易成本理论中获得政府应该以市场或顾客为导向，提高服务的效率、质量和有效性的依据；从成本效率分析中获得对政府绩效目标进行界定、测量以及评估的依据等等。其次，新公共管理又从私营管理方法中汲取营养。新公共行政管理认为，私营部门的许多管理方式和手段都可以为公共部门所借用。例如，私营部门的组织形式能灵活地适应环境，而不是韦伯所说的僵化的层级；对产出和结果的高度重视（对私营部门来说，产出就意味着利润，在高度竞争的市场环境中，我们必须给顾客提供高质量的服务才能获取利润，与此同时，要尽可能地降低成本），而不是只管投入，不看重产出；人事管理上实现灵活的合同雇佣制和绩效工资制，而不是一经录用，永久任职，等等。总之，新公共管理认为，那些已经呗私营部门所成功地运用着的管理方法，如绩效管理、目标管理、组织发展、人力资源开发等并非为私营部门所独有，它们完全可以运用到公有部门的管理中。2、 新公共行政管理的基本特征新公共管理是一个非常松散的概念，它既指一种试图取代传统公共行政学的管理理论，又指一种新的公共行政模式，还指在当代西方正在进行的公共行政改革运动。其名称在西方各国也不完全和英国所称的“管理”相同，如在美国被称为“企业家的政府”或“新公共管理”，在其他一些国家又呗称为“市场导向型公共行政”等等，但它们都具有大体相同的特征。首先，新公共管理改变了政府的传统模式以及政府与社会之间的关系，重新对政府职能以及其与社会的关系进行定位：即政府不再是高高在上、“自我服务”的官僚机构，政府公务人员应该是负责任的“企业经理和管理人