英国社会与文化知识点试题.doc

chapter 1 A general survey1、 UK全称: Official name -the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. -the United Kingdom of the UK每个nation的capitalCapital cityNational EmblemEnglandLondonroseScotlandEdinburghThistle 蓟花WalesCardiff 加的夫Daffodil 水仙花Northern IrelandBelfast 贝尔法斯特Shamrock 三叶草2、 Northern Ireland:Lough Neagh:the largest lake in Britain which covers an area of 396 k (内伊湖)3、Scotland: Ben Nevis:the highest mountain in Britain（本尼维斯山）4、Edinburgh :1.the capital city of Scotland 2.economic center of Scotland 3.a tourist city second only to London in UK(Royal Miles & Princes Street)皇家英里大道&王子大街（1）Edinburgh castle(十字皇宫）:symbol of Edinburgh & situated on a mound of Vol（2） Windsor castle(温莎城堡）:largest occupied castle（3） Holyrood palace（荷里路德宫）：the official residence（住处） of the Monarch of the United Kingdom in Scotland,located at the bottom of the Royal Mile in Edinburgh,at the opposite end to Edinburgh Castle The stone of destiny命运之石 Coronation stone 加冕石=referred to in England Referendum 苏格兰公投5、 England Mountain-the Pennines(北乃恩山脉) Backbone of the central Northern England London East-poor West-rich important river in London ：Thames泰晤士河 London Eye：the largest Ferris Wheel 摩天轮 in Europe/ Big Ben=Elizabeth Tower the largest four-faced chiming clock Westminster Abbey 威斯敏斯特教堂 Palace of Westminster 威斯敏斯特宫 House of Parliament 国会大厦 Buckingham Palace 白金汉宫 3、 Further information National currency（本国货币）： GBP=Great Britain Pound（英镑） National day ：Queens Birthday 2nd Saturday of June since 1952实际=April 21,1926 National flag ：Union Flag adopted on Jan 1st 1801 National flower：rose Location：Western Europe6、Geography (Q:Describe the geographical position of Britain?) .Location -Located off the northwest coast of Europe -an island country surrounded by four seas .to the south by the English Channel,which separates it from continental Europe .to the east by the North Sea .to the west by the Irish sea .to the north by the Atlantic Ocean7、Land & People .very unevenly distributed:90% urban 10% rural .Britain multiracial society and 1 in 20 people are of non-European ethnicity8、Climate :a Favorable Maritime Climate（海洋性气候）Q: .a rainy,changeable and unpredictable weather .mild（温和的）winters and cool summers .a steady and reliable（稳定的） rainfall throughout the year .a small range of temperature(4-6 in the north in Winter,and 12-17 in the south in summer)And Factor 影响因素 .The surrounding watersQ: .south-west winds .North Atlantic Drift（北大西洋漂流）9、The British Isles,Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British CommonwealthOfficial name +The British Isles -Great Britain (England,Wales,Scotland) -Northern Ireland(also known as Ulster) -The Republic of Ireland (also the Irish Republic,formerly Eire) -Numerous smaller islandsBritish IslesUnited KingdomIrelandRepublic NorthernOf Ireland IrelandGreat BritainScotland Wales England Wales EnglandChapter2. Government1、政治体制-议会制君主立宪制Constitutional Monarchy 君主立宪制 Parliamentary Democracy 议会民主制2、Monarch 君主: Queen Elizabeth Born: April 21,1926 Queen since June 2,1952 Officially the head of state,the country is actually run By the government and led by the Prime Minister3、Magna Carta (=Great Charter) 大宪章 King John(agreed in) 1215Q:What powers does the Queen have ? -She reigns but does not rule (临朝不理政) Theoretically,she is the source of all government powers: .an integral part of the legislature.head of the executive,legislative and judiciary branches .the commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the Crown .”supreme governor”of the Church of England4、Parliament: Legislative body Located in Westminster Q:Parliament consists of the Sovereign,the House of Lords & the House of Commons Parliament （a French word for a talking-place) .Females allowed to vote until 1918 .A by-election is held when a Member of Parliament dies,retires or resigns (递补选举)Q:Main Function of Parliament:.to make laws .to control and criticize the executive government .to control the raising and the spending of money .to debate the major issues of the dayThe House of Lords 上议院Consists of the Lords Spiritual(神职议员) and the lords Temporal (世俗议员）with the Lord chancellor（大法官）as the President of the HouseThe head of the House of Commons-the Speaker 议长 Next only to the Prime MinisterHouse of Commons number of members 6505.Executive 行政Executive body:the Sovereign,Prime Minister & CabinetNo.10 Downing Street 唐宁街10号 Legislature-ParliamentHouse of Lords(semi-political) House of Commons (Political) Monarch (non-political)Executive:Prime Minister&Cabinet (Political) Judiciary:House of Lords (non-political)Chapter 3 General Election & Political Parties1.General Election (1)The electorate(选民，有选举权者):About 99% of the population(excluding criminals,insane(疯的）people,etc)in the UK have right to vote. (2)Constituencies(选区):about 650 (3)The term of a parliament:5 years (4)The party which holds a majority of the seats in parliament forms a government,with its party leader as Prime Minster (5)In Britain the citizens aged 18 or over have the right to vote. (6)In Britain a candidate must be at least 21 or over with the deposit（押金）of 500 pounds. (7)The UKs First-Past-the-Post(简单多数票当选)electoral system. Q: It was coined as an analogy to horse racing 1).The winner of the race is the first to pass a particular point on the track. 2).All other runners automatically and completely lose. 3).It is “winner-takes-all”(赢者统吃) 4).The candidate must receive the largest number of votes wins.United Kingdom general election,2010 The Conservative Party,led by David Cameron,won the largest number of votes and seats but still fell twenty seats short.This resulted in a hung parliament（悬垂议会） where no party was able to command a majority in the House of Commons.Coalition talks（联合声明）began immediately between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats and lasted for five days.On Tuesday 11 May,Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister,making the end of 13 years of Labour government.This was accepted by Queen Elizabeth ,who then invited David Cameron to form a government and become Prime Minister 2.Political PartiesHistory of Political Parties -Prior to the mid-19th:The Tory(托利党) The Whig(辉格党) -Between the mid 19th century and 1920s: The Tories-the Conservative Party(保守党) The Whig-the Liberal Party(自由党) -Post 1920s: The Conservative Party The Labour Party2.1.Conservatives:the features of the Conservative Party Q: .relatively rich and privileged .the party of the central-right .opposed to great changes in society .have a belief in private enterprise and freedom from state control .maintenance of the existing institutions as its policyBig Names .Winston Churchill:PM 1940-1945 & 1951-1955 .Margret Thatcher:PM 1979-1990 .David Cameron:PM 2010-present2.2.Labour Party :The feature of the Labour Party Q: .relatively poor and underprivileged .the party of central-left(the reformist,non-revolutionary) .aiming at the nationalization as the means of production and distribution .few resources and heavily dependent on the trade unions .have a major effect on UKs National Health ServiceBig NamesTony Blair 1997-2007 Gordon Brown 2007-2010Edward Miliband 2010-2015 Jeremy Corbyn 2015-present2.3.Scottish National Party 苏格兰民族党 2016第三大党2.4.United Kingdom Independence Party 英国独立党Chapter 4 EconomyIntroduction:1. Factory of the world2. British Disease -a mocking term Q:What is “British Disease”? (1)a term used to characterize Britains economic decline after the wars. (2)Britains slow growth of productivity,soaring inflation,and large unemployment3. a major developed capitalist country4. 6th largest economy in 20125. 3 periods of Britain economic evolution.Steady development in the 50s and 60s;.Economic recession in the 70s;.Economic recovery in the 80s;.By the 1880s,dominant in the world, *one third of the worlds manufactured goods *half its coal and iron *half its cotton.By 1900,overtaken by US and Germany6 .Reasons for Relative DeclineQ:What causes the relative decline of UK Economy?(1).heavily into debt in order to finance the war.(2).the era of the British Empire was over-decolonization殖民地独立(losses of raw material & market).(3).military expense(until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s). $.lacked investment in modern equipment and new products. $.low rates of domestic industrial investment $.high rate of overseas investment $.lack of a close relationship between industry and banks. Absolute decline a.Introduction and relative decline b.Reasons for relative decline Economy c.Recent History The current Primary Industries UK economy Secondary Industries Tertiary Industries Cases Analysis Positive Effects Negative Effects7.Primary industries - Energy Production .5% of national wealth .Coal .oil and gas: North Sea (decline since 1999) .producer and exporter .offshore oil industry8.Secondary industries *manufacturing(20% of national wealth) Pharmaceuticals(Glaxo Smith Kline),chemicals(ICI) Aerospace航天(3rd largest in the world) Electronics industry( 4th largest in the world)9.Tertiary industries .Service industries (65 of national wealth) .Domestic activity:retailing,tourism .International services(10% 70%) .Financial and business services10.London Stock Exchange(伦敦证券交易所) In 2010,a market capitalization(资本总额)of US$2.63 trillion,made it the fourth largest stock exchange in the world and the largest in EuropeChapter 5 literature1. Old English Period(449-1066)Background:The Anglo-Saxons from Northern Europe brought their language,the basis of Modern English,as well as a specific poetic tradition.Old English literature is also called Anglo-Saxon Literature. Beowulf 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons 北欧大陆盎人迁移英格兰的英雄史诗，杀死海怪(sea monster Grendel)2. Late Medieval(中世纪) English Literature(1066-14th century) difficulties and calamities(灾害),such as famine,plague,and war,(dark age) the Black Death folk literature(民间文学) Robin Hood 罗宾汉* Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里.乔叟 - the father of English poetry(wisdom,humor,humanity) The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集(26 stories) It is made up of a series of stories told by pilgrims (朝圣者）to entertain each other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury3. English Renaissance Period(15th century-early 17th century)Stared in ItalyThe Renaissance - a French word which means rebirth or revival Humanism人文主义 -the essence(本质) of the Renaissance,the dignity of human being (人的尊严)& the importance of the present life(珍惜当下).Peak of English Renaissance:Elizabethan Drama英国文艺复兴时期的巅峰:伊丽莎白戏剧* William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚(1564-1616) Tragedies:Romeo and Juliet,Hamlet,Othello,King Lear李尔王,Macbeth麦克白 Historical Plays:Richard ,Richard ,Henry ,Henry Comedies:The Taming of the Shrew 悍妇,A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦,Twelfth Night,The Tempest,The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 Sonnet十四行诗 (A fourteen-line lyric poem with a single theme,usually written in iambic pentameter)抑扬格五步格诗*Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535) Utopia 乌托邦*John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674) Paradise Lost 失乐园*Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯.培根 Essays 随笔4.The Neoclassical Period(新古典主义时期1660-1798)*Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744) An Essay on Man人论(=Paradise Lost)*Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔.约翰逊 The Dictionary of English Language/London(英语辞典)9年*Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特 Gullivers Travels 格列夫游记*Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记*Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 英国小说之父 The History of Tom Jones,a Founding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事5.The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期(1798-1832) .two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen(realistic)and Walter Scott(romantic)*Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 A Red,Red Rose 一朵红红的玫瑰/Auld Long Syne 往昔时光*William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯 (began with) Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集/I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud “湖畔”派诗人:William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯 Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治 Robert Southey 骚赛*Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治 The Rime of Ancient Mariner 古舟子咏*George Gordon Byron 乔治.戈登.拜伦 Don Juan 唐.璜*John Keates 约翰.济慈 Ode to the West Wind 西风颂*William Blake 威廉.布莱克 Songs of Innocence 天真之歌 Songs of Experience经验之歌Sir Walter Scott 沃尔特.斯科特爵士 (ended in) Ivanhoe艾凡赫(12世纪英国”狮心王”查理)*Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁 upper-middle-class Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感 Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见 Emma 爱玛6.The Victorian Period (1837-1901)维多利亚时期*Charles Dickens 查尔斯.狄更斯 Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记 Great Expectations远大前程The Bronte Sisters*Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre 简爱*Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄*Anne Bronte Agnes Grey 安格尼斯.格雷*William Thackeray 威廉.萨克雷 Vanity Fair 名利场*Thomas Hardy 托马斯.哈代 Tess of the DUrbervilles 德伯家的苔丝*Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡.王尔德 The Happy Prince and Other Tales 快乐王子故事集 The Nightingale and the Rose 夜莺与玫瑰7. The Modern Period*George Bernard Shaw 乔治.伯纳.萧 Saint Joan 圣女贞德 Pygmalion卖花女(My Fair Lady 窈窕淑女)Chapter 6 EducationThe UK School System:compulsory(义务) between ages of 5 and 16 years,total of 11 years1、Co-educated Schools:1).admit both boys and girls 联合教育学校 2).Academic Year:divided into three terms,with holidays at Christmas,Easter,and in the summer 3).follow the National Curriculum guide-lines set down by government2、State School:totally funded by the government and free3、Independent School:founded by the fees charged to the parents(public school 公学)4、Primary Education:Pre-schooling which called Nursery School5、Secondary Schools:1).Grammar Schools(文法中学 3%)：“the 11 plus”examination ,preparing students for higher education. 2).Comprehensive Schools(综合中学 83%):No entrance exam,general education. 3).Secondary Modern School(现代中学 7%) 6、The high School Curriculum:1)16 years:GCSE Examination 2)16-18 years A-Level Course:3-4 subjects students choose the subjects they wish to study. 3)18 years:A-Level ExaminationGCSE:General Certificate of Secondary Education (中学生毕业证书)7、Higher Education:receive funds from the central government.The amount of funding is based on its size,the number of students it teaches,and the research it conducts8、Entrance Procedures:1).Students can apply to a maximum of 6 universities/institutions. 2).Admission- selection on basis of A level results & an interview9、Famous Universities:1)The University of Oxford:1.The oldest university in the English speaking word. 2.Teaching existed at Oxford in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167.2) The University of Cambridge:second-oldest.(1281) -Two characteristics of Oxford and Cambridge College system(学院制度) Tutorial system(导师制度)3)The University of London:1.It was founded in 1836. (联邦制大学)2.a federation of colleges 4)Buckingham University:the only independent university5)Open University:UK largest university for part-time higher Chinese & British Education System YearChinaAgeBritainYear5Primary School11ElementarySchool622733844955106611Secondary School77Junior MiddleSchool1288139914GCSE Course GCSE Examinations1010Senior Middle School15111116A-Level Course A-Level Examinations12121713Chinese Higher Education Elite edu. VS Mass edu. Enrollment expansionResources are straining Education quality is suffering Intense competition in the job market Unit 7 British Foreign Relation1. -imperial history -geopolitical traits 地缘政治特点2. How Foreign Policy is made? Foreign PolicyThe PM&Cabinet Government departments3. When the second world war ended,it was still the largest military power in western Europe.4. The Nuclear Club Russia,USA,France,Britain,Israel,China,India,Pakistan,North Korea5. Why does Britain have its nuclear naval force?-Because its a traditional sea power.6. Member of UN Security Council联合国安理会-one of the five permanent members(great influence)-other members-Russia,China,the US,France7. Member of the European UnionSince 19738. Member of NATO北约-North Atlantic Treaty Organization-a system of collective defense9. The Commonwealth of Nations 英联邦国家-The British commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.殖民地10. The UK and its relation with the USA .Allied during WW .Worked together against UUSR .The 1956 Suez Crisis11. Conclusion.Britain is no longer a superpower, but it still has great influence in military power in the world(navy,nuclear).Britain foreign polic