高考英语阅读复习-猜词.ppt

阅读技巧指导之三 高考考试说明里阅读理解的要求 1 理解文章主旨要义 2 理解文中具体信息 3 根据上下文推断生词的词义 4 作出简单判断和推测 5 理解文章的基本结构 6 理解作者的意图 观点和态度 1 theunderlinedword probablymeans 2 theword usedinparagraph refersto suggests 3 thephrase inthesentencecanbereplacedby 4 whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheword 5 whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordinparagraph 6 bysaying wemean 7 whatdoyouthinkoftheexpression standsfor 8 themeaningofword inthepassageisrelatedto 猜词规律探寻 一 通过定义或解释推测语义有些概念性生词出现后 作者会给出它的定义 同位语 修饰性从句或是定语 这些修饰成分可以帮助我们推断出生词的语义 1 定义句的谓语动词在文中多为 be mean dealwith beconsideredtobe referto becalled beknownas define 下定义 represent signify 表示 表明 等 2 解释则常用asyouknow tobecalled tomean toreferto thatis tosay inotherwords namely等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面的信息加以重复或解释 3 有时作者会用复述的形式来解释语义 而复述部分可以是词 短语或从句 4 还有一些标点符号 如冒号 破折号 括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文 1 thepowerfulpoisonwasimperceptiblewhenmixedinliquid thatis itcouldnotbetasted seen orsmelled thegreekmarriagewasmonogamous menandwomenwereallowedonlyonespouse 配偶 atatime 3 pantomimereferstoashortplayinwhichnowordsarespoken 4 theharborisprotectedbyajetty awallbuiltoutintothewater 5 wewillmeetyouinthefoyer theentrancehallofthetheatre 6 hebegantoshavehiswhiskers whichhadgrownthickonbothcheeks 二 利用例证猜测语义某些阅读文章为了证实或说明某一观点 常会举一些例子 而且时时会用一些标志性语言或标点符号来引出 如 括号 破折号 冒号等或诸如forexample forinstance suchas andsoon justas like similarity等连接词或词组 eg 1 youmayborrowfromthelibraryanyperiodicals nature newsweek timesandthelistener 2 someartistsplantheirpaintingsaroundgeometricformslikesquares circlesandtriangles 3 finallytheenemysurrendered theythrewdowntheirweaponsandwalkedoutofthehomewiththeirhandsovertheirheads 4 applyanantiseptic suchasalcohol ontheskin 5 inthecornertheremaybeachristmastreewithitsbranchesdecoratedwithshiningornamentssuchascoloredlightsandglassballs andsometimeshungwithgifts 6 thedoctorisstudyingglaucomaandotherdiseasesoftheeye 7 mr smithalwaysarriveshomepunctually neitherearlynorlate 三 利用反义关系或同义关系推测语义 1 利用反义关系推测语义有些生词的后面往往会出现一个或几个反义词 或者表转折意义的连词 词组等 抓住这些可以帮助我们推断生词语义 标志词有although but however nevertheless 然而 不过 onthecontrary incontrast 相对 ontheonehand ontheotherhand foronething foranother instead of ratherthan等 2 利用同义关系推测语义通常情况下 英语忌讳实词重复 避免重复的方法之一是利用同义词或近义词加以代替 同义词替换的修饰方法可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索 标志词有 or like similarly等 eg 1 sheisusuallypromptforallherclass buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass 2 mr smithlovestotalk andhiswifeissimilarlyloquacious 3 thoughtom sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean hisneckremainsgrubby 4 unliketheunitedstates wheremanydifferentnationalitiesmakeupthepopulation japan spopulationisquitehomogeneous 5 writtenlanguagetendstobestatic whilespokenlanguageconstantlychanges 6 herepliedquickly butafterheconsideredtheproblemmorecarefully heregrettedhavingmadesuchahastydecision 7 althoughpeopleinmanycountriesconsiderrawmeatadelicacy 美味 wechinesepeopleseldomeatanymeatthatisuncooked 8 hehasbeengettingbetter butduringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated 四 因果关系猜测词义常见的因果信号词有 asaresult for thus because forthisreason so since consequently sothat so such that等 eg shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow 2 hedidn thearmyknockingatthedoorbecausehewascompletelyengrossedintv 3 itrained sothefootballmatchwaspostponed 4 theyoungmanwassobashfulthathedidn tspeaktotheprettygirl 五 用语境猜测语义 1 利用 小 上下文推测词义 即利用生词附近的内容推断生词词义 iamaresoluteman onceisetupagoal iwon tgiveupeasily 2 利用 大 上下文推测词义 即利用距离生词较远的内容 如整个段落 篇章等来推断生词词义 1 whenigottothetheatre iwasrelievedtoseethatnobodywaswaitinginline iwasthefirsttogetthereandsurethaticouldgettheticketwithoutanyproblem theunderlinedword relieved inthepassagemaybestbereplacedby a surprisedb pleasedc producedd sold 2 appletreesmaynotgrowastallastwelvemetres theydobestinareasthathaveverycoldwinters althoughnofruitisyieldedduringthewinter thiscoldperiodisgoodforthetree theunderlinedword yielded inthelastsentencemeans a improvedb increasedc producedd sold 六 利用构词法猜测语义掌握前后缀规律 如un im in dis il 等前缀与 less等后缀可构成反义词 后缀 ful ly ism ness等可改换词性 而合成词要在正确理解两词的基础上 结合上下文把握两词之间的关系 猜测词义 而对词义的转化 也要求结合上下文来猜测 1 theboardhasabuttonforeachclassofrecyclingmaterialsaswellasforunrecyclables 2 evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend rubinwrites thetwosharelittleabouttheirinnermostfeelings 3 marketresearchshowsthatgoldandotherswhobuyorganicfoodcangenerallygiveclearreasonsfortheirpreferences buttheirknowledgeoforganicfoodisfarfromcomplete 七 利用文化背景 生活常识猜测词义运用逻辑推理能力 结合社会文化背景和自身的生活经验以及生活常识 根据上下文能读懂的部分 可以下正确猜出语义 1 birdsflywiththeirwings andtheypickuptheirfoodsandtheneatthemwiththeirbeaksandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing seizing pullingorholdingobjects 2 mostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecoldweather 3 thedrivertriedtoaverttheaccidentbybringingthecartoasuddenstop 4 ifamanfeelsverycold healwayshuddleshimselfup 5 whatcouldjohnexpect hehadlefthiswetswimmingtrunks 游泳裤 inthedarkclosetforoveraweek ofcoursetheyhadbeguntomildew 6 afishbreathesinwaterwithgills 7 theoldmanputonhisspectaclesandbegantoread 8 thedoorwassolowthatihittheheadonthelintel 八 熟词生义 猜测熟词的陌生意义通常有三种情况 1 该熟词在新的具体语境中有了和原来我们所熟悉的意义不同的意思 2 考查一些代词的指代现象 3 新词在新的语境中变换了词性 1 theagingofthepopulationwillaffectamericansocietyinmanyways education medicine andbusiness theunderlinedword aging means a countingthenumberofyearssomeonelivesb thenumbersofyearssomeonelivesc becomingolderd makingsomeonelookingolder2 whenmenandwomenlivedbyhunting50 000yearsago howcouldtheyevenbegintopicturemodernlife 3 russellmoses abeijing basedpoliticalanalyst saidinusatodaythatchina sleadersare right