高三英语语法大全.doc

高三英语语法复习（一）名 词 一，可数名词1. 集合名词(1)people, cattle, police, folk, personnel（人员）（作主语谓语动词用复数）(2)class, government, committee, enemy, crowd, family, crew, group, team, public, audience, staff, couple, troop, association, party, union, band（帮，伙）（强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，强调成员时用复数）(3)mankind, man(人类),humanity(作主语谓语动词用单数)2. 个体名词(1)复数的构成A：一般在名词后加sB: 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词的后加es，但stomachstomachsC: 以-f或-fe结尾的名词：a: leaf, life, thief, wolf, knife, half, shelf, loaf, self, wife vesb: proof, roof, belief, chief, gulf, safe, reef, cliff, cuff（袖口）, briefsc: handkerchief, scarfs/vesD: 以辅音字母加y结尾，把y改成i+es；以元音字母加y结尾，直接加sE: 以o结尾的名词一般加s但以下单词加es:Echo, negro, potato, tobacco, hero, tomato但Zero, volcano, mosquito, tornado, motto可加s或es.F: 不规则变化：FootfeetgoosegeesemousemicechildchildrenOxoxenmediummediaanalysisanalyseswomanwomenManmentoothteethphenomenonphenomenaCriterioncriteria（标准）bacteriumbacteria（细菌）Axisaces（轴心）GermanGermansG: 单复数同形：Deer, fish, specie, works, means, series, sheep, bison, Swiss, Chinese（1） 复合名词的复数A: 有中心词的在中心词后加复数B: 无中心词的在最后一个单词后加复数C: 含有woman和man 的两个都变复数D: 含有sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales和accounts等构成的复合名词不可省去”s”a sports car赛车a customs officer海关官员arms production武器生产a clothes shop服装店（2） 下列词组中常用复数A：成双成对的名词compasses, pants, shorts, trousers, glasses, cross-roads, jeans, socks, gloves, shoes, scissors, tweezers（镊子）B: 以ing结尾的名词Belongings, earnings, doings, findings, surroundings（4）有些词组中名词常以复数形式出现be/ make friends with与友好take pains下功夫make preparations for为做准备make arrangements做安排give respects to向致攻、敬意give regards to向问候shake hands with 与握手best wishestake turns轮流as follows如下in rags衣襟褴褛change buses/ trains换车sing the praises of赞颂in high spirits情结高昂（5） 有些学科名词虽然以s结尾，但是单数mathematics, physics, politics, statistics, economics二、 不可数名词1. 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，它一般只有单数，其数量常用量词来表示。a piece of papera block of stonea bowl of rice a cup of tea a slice of meata flash of lightninga burst of laughtera bottle of beera article of clothing2. 不可数名词也有复数形式，或加a/ an(1) 表示种类(2) 表示份数(3) 表示具体事物3.下列名词加复数意义产生变化air空气airs傲气armarms武器clothclothespain(疼痛）pains(努力)paperpapers（文件）workworks（著作）waterwaters(水域)sandsands(沙滩)spirit(精神)spirits(兴致)mannermannershairhairsgoodgoodsgreengreensironirons（脚镣手铐）timetimescustomcustoms(海关)brainbrains(智慧)looklooks(外表)damagedamages(赔偿费)forceforces(军队)woodwoodscompasscompasses(圆规)greengreens(青菜)三、 专有名词单个的专有名词一般不加冠词，而由多上普通名词构成的专有名词常常要加the四、 名词的所有格1. of一般与无生命的名词连用表同位关系 the month of September表整体与部分关系some of the students表动宾关系love of our country, study of a globe表所属关系the gate of our school2. s常常与有生命的名词连用my fathers pictures s也可与无生命的名词（时间，距离，国家，天体）连用（1）所有格s的构成形式：the teachers office Joness carToms father（2）双重所有格：表很多中的其中之一，或感情色彩a friend of my fathersthe car of Marys（3）直接接所有格表示某某家、教堂或与某一职业相关的场所Ill go to Marys tomorrow. St Pauls（3） my mothers and my fathers house与my mother and my fathers house五、 名词作定语：用单数表示时间、地点、原料a shoe shopa table lampafternoon tea当定语是有生命的名词时则用所有格形式childrens hospital, mens clothing shop练习1. The Whites are _.A. my father and my mothers friendsB. my fathers and my mother friendsC. my fathers and my mothers friendsD. my father and my mother friends2. It will take me _ to get to Shanghai.A. two days timeB. two days timeC. two day timeD. two days time3. We had worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.A. faceB. realityC. practiceD. deed4. My fathers _ is grey, but my mother has a few grey _.A. hair, hairB. hairs, hairsC. hairs, hairD. hair, hairs5. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers.A. wealth, workB. wealths, worksC. wealths, workD. wealth, works6. Heres my card. Lets keep in _.A. touchB. relationC. connectionD. friendship7. He dropped the _ and broke it.A. cup of coffeeB. coffees cupC. cup for coffeeD. coffee cup8. The _ of the buildings are covered with lots of _.A. roofs, leavesB. rooves, leafsC. roof, leafD. roofs, leafs9. Hearing the news that thy would go outing, everyone in the class was _.A. in high spiritB. in high spiritsC. on high spiritD. on high spirits10. We will never lose _ whatever difficulties we meet.A. heartsB. a heartC. our heartD. heart11. What _! Where did you get them?A. a big fishB. big fishC. a piece of fishD. a piece of big fish12. I saw _ running about at the foot of the mountain.A. cattleB. two cattleC. much cattleD. a head of cattle13. Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard.Its not _ he always gets the first plave in any examination.A. questionB. doubtC. problemD. wonder14.Wheres your brother? At _.A. Mr GreensB. GreensC. The Mr GreensD. the Greens 15. Mr. Smith has two _, both of whom are teachers in a school.A. brother-in-lawB. brother-in-lawsC. brothers-in-lawsD. brothers-in-lawKeys:ADCDDADABDBDDAD冠 词 冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，也没有词义，通常放在名词之前帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词分为定冠词和不定冠词。一、不定冠词：不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a放在辅音音素开头的词前，an放在元音音素（而不是元音字母）开头的词前。如：a one-eyed camel，a European friend，a university student，a useful animal；an hour，an honest boy，an X-ray等。1 不定冠词泛指人或物。如：Have you got an Email address?I work as a teacher.2. 不定冠词用于首次提到的人或物。如： Long long ago, there was a mountain here. An old cock is sitting in a tall tree.3. 不定冠词用在单数普通名词前泛指一类人或事物。如： A child needs love. A horse is a useful tool.4. 不定冠词用于表示时间，速度，价格等意义的名词之前，表示单位，有“每一”之意，相当于every。 如：He works ten hours a day.This cloth is 10 yuan a metre.5. 不定冠词表示数量，用在可数名词前，有“一”之意，相当于“one”。如： Rome was not built in a day. Daniel has a brother and two sisters6. 不定冠词用在某些抽象名词或描写自然现象的名词前，表示一阵、一场、一种、一例、一次、一份等。如： Its a great pleasure to talk with you. A shower came.7. 不定冠词用在so(as、too、how)加形容词之后。如： He is so good a boy that he is liked by all. Its too difficult a book for you to read.8. 不定冠词用于说明事物的同一性质、特征、程度和大小，有“相同”之意，相当于“the same”。如： They are all of a size. We are nearly of an age.9. 不定冠词用于人名前，表示说话者对此人不认识，或表示与某名人有类似性质的人或事物。如： A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out. He wishes to become a Newton.10. 不定冠词用于某些固定词组中。如： a few, a little, a long time, many a, as a rule(通常)，in a hurry, in a word, in a short while, once upon a time, Its a pity that 等 二、定冠词： 定冠词the与this和that同源，有这个和那个的意思。可和一个名词连用表示某个或某些特定的人或事物，以区别于同类中其它的人或事物。1 定冠词表示特定的，或上文已提到的人或事物。如：What do you think of the film?Would you mind my opening the window?2. 定冠词表示世界上独一无二的东西。如： the world ,the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth, the universe, the atmosphere, the Pacific Ocean等。3. 定冠词用在可数名词前，表示“一类人或事物”。如： The dog is a useful animal. The computer is a wonderful machine.4. 定冠词用在某些形容词前，表示“一类人或事物”。如： the poor, the rich, the youth, the old, the blind, the deaf, the living, the dead, the sick, the wounded, the middle-aged, the new等。5. 定冠词用在形容词和副词最高级前。如： Who sings the best in your class? Monday is my busiest day.6. 定冠词用在序数词前。如： He is the last one to leave. It is the biggest classroom in our school.7. 定冠词用在姓氏的复数前表示“一家人或夫妇俩”。如： The Smiths are at table. The Greens have opened a boutique.8. 定冠词用在某些专有名词前。如： the United States, the Union, the Peoples Republic of China, the Titanic, the Communist Party of China, the United Kingdom等。9定冠词用在表示西洋乐器（而不是中国乐器）的名词前。如： play the piano, play the guitar, play the violin等。10定冠词用在方向名词前或某些表示时间的词组或习惯用语中。如： in the west(east, south, north), on the right(left),in the (morning, afternoon, evening),in the daytime, in the middle of, in the end, on the other hand, by the way等。11定冠词用在地理名称前及江、河、湖、海、海峡、海湾、山脉、运河、岛屿等。如： the Changjiang River, the Pacific (Ocean), the Tian-shan Mountain, the Red Sea, the Alps, the Philippines, the English Channel等。 （注意：但以Mout开头的山和一些湖不加定冠词。如：Mout O Mei, Mout Tai等）12定冠词用在逢十的复数数词前，表示世纪的某个年代。如： In the 1870s, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the situation in Russia.13. 定冠词用在有些国家和民族的形容词前，泛指这个国家和民族全体人员，这类形 容词一般以sh、ch、ese结尾。如：the English, the Chinese, the Scotch等。14定冠词用在某些建筑物、报纸、会议前。如: the Great Wall, the Peace Hotel, the Capital Theatre, the Peoples Daily, the 11th Party Congress等。15定冠词用在以festival组成的节日前(但以day组成的节日前不加定冠词)。如：the Spring Festival, the Mid-autumn Festival, the Latern Festival, National Day, May Day, Christmas Day, New Years Day等。16. 定冠词用在发明物的单数名词前。如： Who invented the telephone? The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 17定冠词用在下列固定句式中： woundbitebeatpattake等 +sb+介词+the+部位表示伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位。三、不使用冠词（也可叫零冠词）：1 在复数可数名词前表示一类人或事物，一般不使用冠词。如：Horses are useful animals.Dogs are human beings friends.2. 在某些表示人名、地名、国名、节日、季节、月份、星期等专有名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：Tom, Hangzhou, China, National Day, Autumn, March, Wednesday等3. 在抽象名词和物质名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：love, business, life, air, snow, tea, death等。4. 在表示职位、身份、头衔的名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：Tom became monitor of our class.He was appointed ambassador.5. 在一日三餐的名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：What do we have for supper?I will have lunch with my mother today.6. 在一些体育名词前，如球类、棋类、游戏等名称前，一般不使用冠词。如：He likes playing football.I like riding and fishing.7. 在与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前。一般不使用冠词。如：by bike, by bus, by train, by ship, by sea, by land, by air(plane)等。8. 在表示学科、疾病、颜色和感官名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：Economics is different from politics. Grandpa died of cancer ten years ago.9 在某些杂志、大学、街名、广场及公园前，一般不使用冠词。如： Tsinghua University, Wang Fu Ching Street, Bei Hai Park等。10 在以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时，一般不使用冠词。如：father and son, husband and wife, day and night, sun and moon, pen and ink, master and servant等。11 在某些固定词组前一般不使用冠词。如：at table, in prison, go to work, face to face, hand in hand, in time, at night, on earth, on foot等。特别要注意：(1) 用定冠词与不定冠词的区别，如：the second student(第二个学生)-a second student(又一个学生)；the most interesting book(最有趣的书)-a most interesting book(一本非常有趣的书)；the world(世界)-a better world(一个更好的世界)；play the piano(弹钢琴)一buy a piano(买一台钢琴)。(2)用零冠词与不定冠词的区别，如：Mr Li(李先生)-a Mr Li(一个自称姓李的先生)；have lunch(吃中餐)-have a rich lunch(吃一顿丰盛的中餐)；wind(风)一a strong wind(一阵大风)；play basketball(打篮球)-buy a basketball(买一个篮球)；New York(纽约)一a New York in China(在中国的纽约)；have words with sb(与某人争吵)-have a word with sb(与某人谈话)；help(帮助) -a help(帮手)。success(成功) -a success(成功的人或事)experience(经验)- an experience(一次经历) (3)用零冠词与定冠词的区别，如：Shanghai(上海)-the Shanghai you see today(你今天所见的上海)；history(历史)-the history of Qing Dynasty(清朝历史)；in bed(躺在床上)-on the bed(在床上)；in hospital(住院)-in the hospital(在医院)；in front of(在前面)-in the front of(在前部)；at most=at the most(至多)；at least=at the least(至少)。练 习1. John is _ university student.A. some B. any C. a D. an2. We are going to learn _ next week. A. Lesson Twelve B. Lesson Twelfth C. Twelfth Lesson D. the Lesson Twelfth3. There s _ dictionary on _ desk by your side. A, a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the4. Summer in _ south of France are for _ most part dry and sunny. A. /; a B. the; / C. /; / D. the; the5. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in _ leg. A. a B one C. the D. his6. The cakes are delicious. Hed like to have _ third one because _ second one is rather too small. A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a7. The sign reads In case of _ fire, break the glass and push _ red button. A. /; a B. /; the C. the; the D. a; a8. I earn 10 dollars _ hour as _ supermarket cashier on Saturdays. A. a; an B. the; a C. an; a D. an; the9. It is not rare in _ that people in _ fifties are going to university for further education. A. 90s; their B. the 90s; / C. 90s; . D. the 90s; their10. Children usually go to _ school at _ age of six. A. /: the B.a; an C. a;/ D. the;the 11._ Himalayas is _ highest mountain in _ world. A./;the;/ B.The;the;the C.A;a;a D./;/;/12. They each have_ book. Lihuas is about _ writer. Wang lins is on _ science. A.a;a;/ B.the;/;the C./;the;/ D.a/the/a13.They were having _ supper then. It was _ delicious one. A.a;the B./;/ C./;a D.a;a14.Alexander Braham Bell invented _ telephone in 1876. A,/ B. a C.the D.one15.I want to have _ word with Jack,2but he wasnt at _ home. A.the;a B.the; the C.a;/ D.a;a16.He did it in _. A.so a short time B.a so short time C.so short a time D.time so short17.His father died in _ spring of 1976. A./ B. the C. D.an 18._ elephant is _ useful animal to human beings. A.An;an B.A;a C. The;an D. An;a 19.Of all the stars _ sun is _ nearest to us. A.the;/ B.an;the C.the;the D. an;a20.Such books poison _ minds of _ young. A,the;the B.the;a C,/;the D./;/21.Tom likes playing _basketball while his sister likes playing_piano. A./;/ B.the;the C./;the D.the;/22.If you go by _ train,you can have a comfortable journey, but make sure you get _ fast one. A.the;the B./;a C.the;a D,/;/23.I knew _ John Lennon, but not _ famous one. A./;a B.a;the C./;the D.the;a24.After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ ride to _Capital Airport. A.the;a B.a;the C./;a D./;the25.He found it difficult to make _ living in those days. A.a B.an C.the D./Keys: CAADC /CBCDA / BACCC/ CBDCA / CBBBA 高三英语语法复习（二）动 词（上） 动词的时态与语态动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。做题时要注意题干中给出的时间状语和谓语动词的时态，连接词and ,but ,although等所引出的句子关系以及准确地把握句子的隐含的意义。一 一般现在时1) 表示经常性习惯性动作，表示现在的状态，特征和真理。Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games.2）表示已经预先计划安排的肯定将要发生的动作，句中带有表将来时间的状语。动词有come,go,start,begin,leave，stop ,return ,open close等。The train leaves at three this afternoon.3）在时间，条件，方式，让步状语条件中，表示将来的动作。If you have any problem, please dont hesitate t ask your teacher.4）在某些表达法中，表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。 There goes the bell! 二 一般过去时1）表示过去发生的和现在没有联系的动作或状态。-Has he graduated from Nanjing University?-Yes. He studied English for four years.2）表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。They used to give thanks for their harvests and for life.3）从过去某一时间考虑，已经预先计划或安排的肯定将要发生的动作。They had little time that evening as they started the next day.4）在时间，条件，方式，让步状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。She told me that she would not leave until I came back. 5）在一个句子中依自然顺序来叙述一系列过去动作时，全用一般过去时.The man stood up, put on his hat and went away.三 一般将来时1 will(第一人称可用shall)1）表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与tomorrow ,next day ,in a few days等表示将来时间的状语连用。A new teacher will come tomorrow. 2）表示将来经常发生的动作。We shall go boating on Sundays. 3）表示说话时的临时决定。-Youve left the light on. -Oh, so I have .Ill go and turn it off.注意：条件状语从句中的will表示“决心，意愿”，此时will 是情态动词表意愿。If you wont listen to us, just do as you please.2 “be to +动词原形”1）表示约定，计划或按职责，义务要求即将发生的动作。The sports meet is to take place on Sunday morning.2）表示命令，禁止或可能性。You are to stand here. Do you understand?3 “be going to +动词原形”1）常用于表示已经决定或安排要做的事。 He is going to be a doctor when he grows up. 2）表示某种迹象表明要发生的事。Youre going to be fat, so youd better stop eating chocolate.4 “be about +动词原形”表示“不久就要”不能与表示将来的时间状语连用但常与when连用。He was about to leave when he heard a strange sound.5某些动词如go ,come,stay,leave,start.begin等的一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。We start at six and arrive at the station at seven.6某些动词的现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。Our headmaster is giving a report this afternoon注意：说话之前已经考虑过的用be going to, 说话时考虑到的用will A: Have you posted the letter for me? B: Sorry, I was going to do it yesterday. But there was an unexpected guest. A: It doesnt matter. I will post it myself. be going to 和 be to 都可用于表示按计划，安排即将发生的动作，即人们意志所能控制的动作。而非人们主观所能安排的将来，只能用be going to 表示。Its going to rain.四 过去将来时1 表示从过去某一时间来看将来发生的动作或将要存在的状态。常用在主句的谓语为过去时态的宾从中。The students said they would go to visit the Great Wall the next week. 2 “were(was)+ to do”表示过去将来时间的安排，如果安排取消没有实现，用”were(was)to have done”表示。We were to have left at six last night. 3 表示过去习惯动作。People would get together to celebrate their harvest.五 现在进行时1 表示说话时正在进行而未完成的动作或状态I dont really work here; Im helping until the new secretary comes. 2表示现阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行 She is reading a book this week.3 有时可表示即将发的动作,常有一个表示将来的时间。如come, stay, leave, start，begin, arrive, return, fly, drive, do, have等动词。 They are coming back here in a few minutes.4 与 always,continually,constantly,never,constantly等频度状语连用，表示某种带有感情色彩的现阶段经常发生的动作。You are constantly finding fault with me.5 不用进行时态1）有些表示感觉，如see ,smell ,taste .feel, hear 等。 The apple tastes good.2）表示心理感情的词。如know, understand,love,like,hate,desire, wish, want等。I dont understand this sentence.6 现在进行时和一般现在时的主要区别：前者着眼点在描述动作；后者着眼点在说明事理，陈述情况。She is reading the newspaper. She reads the newspapers every day.六 过去进行时1表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。有时间或上下文来表示She was telephoning a friend when I came in.2表示过去某一阶