正式和非正式文体FormalandInformalStyles

正式和非正式文体FormalandInformalStyles TheMeaningofStyleAlltypesofwriting likestories legaldocumentsandpersonalletters havemuchincommon theycontainmanyofthecommonwordsusedbypeopleeverywhereandeveryday observethesamebasicmorphologicalandsyntacticalrules andfollowthesamecustomofusingpunctuationmarks Inotherwords nowriting orspeech forthatmatter canbedonewithoutusingthecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage However therearealsodifferencesbetweendifferenttypesofwriting Inapersonalletter forinstance sentencesareusuallyshortandsimple evenincomplete andmostwordsarethoseusedindailyconversation easyandevenslangy Inalegaldocument ontheotherhand mostsentencesarelongandinvolved andmany ifnotmost ofthewordsarepolysyllabic withspecialtermsdifficultforordinarypeopletounderstand Specialfeaturesliketheseinlanguageareamatterofstyle Thewordstylehasseveralsenses itmayrefertoawriter shabitualorpeculiarwayofusinglanguage ortheprevalentfeaturesofthelanguageofacertainperiod orthecharacteristicaspectsofthelanguageofacertaintypeofwriting Itmayalsomeangraceoreleganceinwriting asin Hehasnostyle FormalandInformalStyles阅读下面的文章 找出其文体特点 Futureshock thediseaseofchange canbeprevented Butitwilltakedrasticsocial evenpoliticalaction Nomatterhowindividualstrytopacetheirlives nomatterwhatpsychiccrutchesweofferthem nomatterhowwealtereducation thesocietyasawholewillstillbecaughtonarunawaytreadmilluntilwecapturecontroloftheaccelerativethrustitself Thehighvelocityofchangecanbetracedtomanyfactors Populationgrowth urbanization theshiftingproportionsofyoungandold allplaytheirpart Yettechnologicaladvanceisclearlyacriticalnodeinthenetworkofcauses indeed itmaybethenodethatactivatestheentirenet Onepowerfulstrategyinthebattletopreventmassfutureshock therefore involvestheconsciousregulationoftechnologicaladvance AlvinToffler 长句longsentences平行结构parallelconstructions插入语parentheticalremark从句clauses被动语态passivevoice抽象意思的词语 wordsandphraseshaveabstractmeanings比喻Metaphors 阅读下面的文章 找出其文体特点 Itwassixo clockwhenIlefttheschoolhouse Ihadsixmilestowalkhome ItwouldbeaftersevenwhenIgothome IhadallmyworktodowhenIgothome IttookPaandmebothtodothework Sevencowstomilk Nineteenheadofcattletofeed fourmules twenty fivehogs firewoodandstovewoodtocut andwatertodrawfromthewell HewouldbedoingitwhenIgothome Hewouldbemadandwonderingwhatwaskeepingme Ihurriedhome Iwouldrununderthedark leaflesstrees Iwouldwalkfastuphill Iwouldrundownthehill Thegroundwasfreezing Ihadtohurry Ihadtorun Ireachedthelongridgethatledtoourcowpasture Iranalonghisridge Thewinddriedthesweatonmyface Iranacrossthepasturetothehouse JesseStuart 简单句简短从句不完整句主动语态日常用语 正式文体和非正式文体的差别 1 语法方面1 缩约词 一般用于非正式文体don t mustn t he s I ve etc 正式文体中字母写全 donot mustnot etc 2 泛指的不定代词you常用于非正式文体 而正式文体用oneYouneverknowwhatnewmeasuresthePresidentwilltake OneneverknowswhatnewmeasuresthePresidentwilltake 3 非正式文体中 who可以代替whom在疑问词中作宾语 宾格代词可以充当被省略的动词的主语 Whodidyouseeinthatroom informal Whomdidyouseeinthatroom Formal Whoisthesecretarytalkingwith informal Withwhomisthesecretarytalking Formal WangcanspeakFrenchmorefluentlythanme informal WangcanspeakFrenchmorefluentlythanI Formal 4 非正式文体中 介词可以放在定语从句 wh 疑问句或感叹词的句末 IknowthegirlwhotheSecretaryistalkingwith Whichhotelishestayingat Whatadifficultsituationhe sin 5 非正式文体中宾语从句前的that常省去 Shesaid that shewouldcome Hetoldme that helikedthehouse Ithink that it sagoodidea 6 非正式文体中 they可以指代everyone everybody someone somebody anyone anybody noone nobody e g Haseveryonefinisheddoingtheirexercises Haseveryonefinisheddoinghisorherexercises Formal Anyonecantakeabrochureiftheywantit Anyonecantakeabrochureifheorshewantsit Formal 7 非正式文体中 虚拟语气的句子主语是I he she it等词 可用was代替were Theoldladytreatedhimasifhewasherownson Iwishhewasherewithus 8 非正式文体中 常用省略疑问句和缩略分句 Whatfor Wantadrink Shecameyesterday 9 分词短语和无动词分句一般用于正式文体 Havingbeenwarnedoftheimpendingstorm thecaptaindecidedtoputoffthevoyage Whenthecaptainheardastormwascoming hedecidedtoputoffthevoyage Lessformal Badlydefeatedinthematch theteamreturnedinlowspirits Theteamwasbadlydefeatedinthematch andtheyreturnedinlowspirits Lessformal Shedecidedtogohomeatonce knowingthathermotherwasanxiouslywaitingforher Shedecidedtogohomeatonce Sheknewhermotherwasanxiouslywaitingforher Lessformal 10 独立主格结构一般用于正式文体 Theweatherbeingfine alargenumberofpeoplewenttoclimbtheWesternHills Astheweatherwasfine alargenumberofpeoplewenttoclimbtheWesternHills Lessformal Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent itssizebeingaboutthreetimesthatofChina Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent ItisaboutthreetimesaslargeasChina Lessformal 11 作定语或状语的短语 放在主语前可使句子显得正式Afamousprofessorofbiology Dr Joneswasthenewpresidenttheuniversity Eagertofinishthework hecontinuedtodoituntilmidnight 12 插入语使句子显得正式 Thisvillagehasbuilt inlessthantenyears severalsmallfactoriesthatbringinmoreincomethanthefarmproduceeveryyear Heshavedveryslowlyandcarefully aswashiscustom infrontofthemirrorabovethesink Allthepeoplepresent ChairmanSmith ProfessorsBrown JamesandWilliams andthesecretary supportedthemotion 13 一系列名词 动词或形容词可使句子显得正式 Hisangerpreventedhimfromdoing saying andlisteningtoanything Shehasexperiencedloveandhate griefandhappiness 14 下列句型常用于正式文体 Longsentences 长句Compound complexsentences 并列复合句Sentenceswithparallelconstructions 平行结构Balancedsentences 对偶句Periodicsentences 圆周句 2 词汇方面1 日常用语 多源于Anglo Saxon 正式 学术性词汇 多源于Greek FrenchandLatin 尤其是多音节词 Classwork给出下列词汇对应的非正式词 commenceProfoundfortunateterminateproceedelevategratuitousexplicitidenticaleruditeendeavoreccentric FormalInformalcommencebeginProfounddeepfortunateluckyterminateendproceedbeginorcontinueelevateraisegratuitousunneccessaryexplicitclearidenticalsameeruditelearnedendeavortryeccentricqueer strange 2 短语动词偏口语化 常用语谈话体 Classwork给出下列短语动词所对应的单词动词gooncarryonlookintocomeacrossputupwithgetawayturnout