考研写作高分小作文技巧与范例.doc

一、命题规律 根据修订后的硕士研究生入学考试大纲的规定，应用文写作部分在命题方面有以下原则： （1）应用文部分主要要求考生能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函（主要有祝贺信、介绍信、邀请信、申请信、询问信、致谢信、约会信、道歉信、推荐信、投诉信、辞职信）、备忘录、便笺等。应用文写作时，考生应能： 做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当； 遵循文章的特定文体格式； 合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯； 根据写作目的，恰当选用语域。 （2）考试形式：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，考生在答题卡2上作答。满分10分。 （3）应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域的恰当，对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。100词左右，文章长度不符合要求的酌情扣分。 二、题型分析 （一）书信类 书信是一种最常见的应用文。它包括祝贺信、介绍信、邀请信、申请信、询问信、致谢信、辞职信、约会信、道歉信、推荐信、投诉信等十多类。英文书信包括信头、正文和信尾。书信格式是： （1）信头。 写信人地址、日期； 收信人姓名、地址； 称谓。 （2）正文。 （3）信尾。 结尾谦称； 署名。 书信格式具体要求写信人地址和日期位于信纸的右上角，地址在上，日期在下，中间可间隔一行。英文地址书写顺序与中文相反，所以应该是从小到大的顺序：门牌号、街道名、区名、市(州/县)、国名。收信人地址和日期正式的社交信件都要在信内写上收信人的姓名及地址，又称为信内地址。它位于信纸的左侧，比信头的日期低一行或两行。称谓(salutation)称谓位于收信人地址下面，间隔一至两行。如果不知道对方的姓氏，称呼一般都用Dear Sir or Dear Madam。如果信是写给一个机构的多个人，则用Dear Sirs或者Dear Mmes。常见的称呼头衔有：Mr.(先生)，Mrs.(已婚女士)，Miss(未婚女性)，Ms.(对于不知婚否的女性)，Prof.(教授)，Dr.(对博士或医生的称呼)。书信正文书信正文写在称呼语下面，间距为一至两行，正文的层次结构是：引言、中心部分和结尾。结束敬语结尾敬语有尊卑亲疏之分，与称呼相配合。在正文后面，隔两行从信纸中间偏右的地方开始写，第一个字母大写，其后用逗号。常用的结尾敬语有：对于地位高的人或长辈：Yours respectfully；在商业和正式函件中：Yours faithfully，Yours sincerely；私人朋友之间：Yours sincerely，Yours affectionately，Yours lovingly，相当于汉语中的“某某敬上”，“某某谨呈”。署名在结尾敬语的正下方署上写信人的姓名，商业信函往往需要在署名的下面打印写信人的全名，职称打在姓名的下方，如果署名者为女性，则在姓名前加注“Miss”或“Ms.”。如有附言则在署名的下方隔一两行的左下角注明postscript (P.S.)；如含附件需注明Encl.。 书信有两种格式：齐头式与缩进式。前一种所有的段落顶格开始，正文的段落之间空一行。缩进式所有段落空四至五个字母开始，正文段落之间不空行。 下面以一封抱怨信为例，其他各种信件的格式均可以此作为参照。 Directions： For this part， you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter on the topic A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 120 words， and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below： 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。 March 23， 2006 Dear Mr. President， I am writing to you， in the name of senior students of this college， to express my dissatisfaction with our canteen. The main problems involve the price， quality， environment and service. As far as I know， dishes here are generally of poor quality and high price. For example， a green vegetable will cook yellow， with bad taste and even something dirty， sticks or hair， for example. And what is worse， it even sells at 2 to 3 yuan， and a dish with some meat will be more than 5 yuan. That is not what our poor students can afford. Besides， the dining environment also needs improving. Dining tables and chairs are very dirty， greasy， and in poor condition. In addition， they are not enough to go around among students. What is more， the cooks sometimes are not fair. Usually they give more dishes and food to girl students， and less to boy students. As a result， girls cant finish theirs， but boys are still hungry， which is a pity. Finally， we are looking forward to your quick dealing with the matter mentioned above. Thank you for your kind consideration. Yours sincerely， Li Ming （二） 便笺写作（Note Writing）便笺也是一种简单的书信，经常用于朋友、同事和家人之间临时有事相告而又无法与对方面谈的场合。便笺通常可以表达通知、请求和留言等内容。便笺通常包括日期、称呼、正文、署名四个部分。 （1）日期。一般只写星期几或几月几号，必要时也可写上某天的上下午和钟点，由于便笺所涉及内容多为当日或近日要办的事，因此年份则完全不必要了。 （2）称呼。可以直接用姓和名，如：Smith（姓），John（名），Wang，Weifang；也可用头衔加姓，如：Mr. Smith，Prof. Lin等。 （3）正文。用词要通俗，开门见山，简短扼要。 （4）署名。非常熟悉的人之间，只写上姓或名即可。否则，要写上留条人的姓和名。 从上面可以看出，便笺写作（Note Writing）实际上与书信写作（Letter Writing）大致相似，但有三点主要不同：1. 便笺较随便，因此语气通常更轻松，格式和语言都是如此。2. 通常便笺较短，应言简意赅，这意味着你必须略去冗余信息。3. 便笺写起来往往更具个性化，通常语言更接近口语，更直接。例如： May 14th Dear Miss Stone， Im really sorry that I shall not be able to attend class today. I have got a fever of 39. Enclosed please find a certificate from the doctor of our college which says I must stay in bed for three days. Ill resume my studies as soon as I feel better. Sincerely yours， Li Ming 样 题：Directions:You are late for an appointment with a professor. You also have books that are due at the library in a few hours. Write a note to your roommate asking if she could return the books for you. In return for the favor, offer to buy her lunch.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.范文：Dear Jane,I have a big favor to ask you. I am late for my appointment with Professor Jones, and need to go directly to his office. I also have two books that are due back at the library this evening. As I will not be able to get to the library before it closes, I was wondering if you would possibly have the time to return the books for me.I realize this is a big favor to ask of you, as you are also very busy. In return for help, I would like to buy you lunch tomorrow. Thanks in advance!译文：亲爱的简，我要请你帮个大忙。我与琼斯教授有个约会，现在已经晚了，我得直接去他的办公室。可我还有两本书要还图书馆，今晚就到期了。我可能在图书馆关门之前赶不到那里，所以我想知道你能否有时间帮我还。我知道你也很忙，这可真太麻烦你了。为了感谢你帮忙，我明天请你吃午饭吧。谢谢！（三）备忘录写作（Memo Writing）备忘录是一种正式的专业文件。它结构清晰、阅读方便、传递迅速，经常为公司或团体所使用。大多数备忘录的特点是简明扼要，但它们同时也应具备优秀应用文的其他写作原则：面向你的读者，表达清楚且准确。备忘录通常提出请求或发布人们对某个具体问题的迅速反应。备忘录简洁短小，各部分题目虽然看上去有些唐突，但它们可以使读者对事情有个大致了解并快速做出反应。备忘录通常要发送、张贴、转寄，也就是说它们要迅速送到很多人手里。粗心就会出错，其影响会迅速扩大，因为为了纠正错误人们往往会写更多的备忘录。备忘录也要归档，这意味着它们将来有一天还会纠缠你。事实上“memo”来自于拉丁语“memorandum”，意思是“必须记住的东西”。备忘录的常见格式备忘录书端（Header）：书端是写在备忘录开头的压缩信息。情况不同，书端的格式可能不同，但是通常应采用下面这种格式。Date: January 24, 1998 To: F. Prefect From: A. Dent Subject: My Suggested Revisions to the Local Demolition Schedule 日期：1998年1月24日致： F. 普里费科特自： A. 邓特事由：关于地方拆除计划的建议修订案日期：要采用正式的全部拼写。在有些国家，“12/01/98”是指“1998年12月1日”，而在其他国家却是“1998年1月12日”。 致和自：通常，省去诸如“教授”或“先生”这类头衔。“自：”后面写你名字的首字母大写，然后接你的姓。 事由：要具体。备忘录目的（Purpose）：阐明写作原因。采用回答记者问题的方式，回答：who，what，when，where and why。例如： Memo To： see Distribution From： Richard Smith， secretary Date： July 15， 2002 SUBJECT： EXECUTIVES ROUNDTABLE MEETING NOTICE There will be a meeting of all members of the Executives Roundtable on Thursday， July 25， 2002 at 11 a.m. in the Beacon Room of the Tower in Chicago. Luncheon will be served at 1215p.m. If you cannot be with us， please call 2479521 no later than July 23. An agenda is enclosed. Also， you will find a map with complete travel directions and a description of the parking facilities at the Tower Building. It will be a pleasure to welcome all members to this important planning session of our organization. Richard Smith Distribution： Ms. Alt Ms. Rasmusson Ms. Walden Messrs： Anderson Timkins Graham 样 题：Directions:You are an active member of the student newspaper. The newspaper is currently looking for a journalist for the summer semester. Write a memo that will appear in the newspaper next week describing the position available.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.范文：Date: August 10, 2005 To: All studentsFrom: A. Buttle Subject: Journalist Position Available for the Summer SemesterThe student newspaper is currently looking for a journalist for the summer semester. Applicants should currently be studying at the university, and should preferably have at least two years writing experience. The successful applicant will be expected to write two articles every week on happenings in the city and on campus. The position will commence at the end of May and will last through to the end of August. The salary for the position is negotiable and will be based on experience. If you are interested, please send your resume to the campus newspaper office. 译文：日期：2005年8月10日致： 全体学生自： A. 巴特尔事由：夏季学期记者招聘学生报正在招聘夏季学期的记者。条件是应聘人应是本校的在校生，最好至少有两年的写作经验。被聘者将每周写两篇关于这个城市和校园的报道。工作是从五月底开始，一直持续到八月底。工资待议，且会以其经历为依据。感兴趣者，请把你的简历寄到学校报社。三、应用文的写作方法、特点 硕士研究生入学英语考试中的应用文写作一般也遵循了三段式的写法：第一段表明作者写信的缘由；第二段详细介绍具体情况；第三段根据不同种类的信件运用不同的结尾客套语。和短文写作比较起来，它对于语法结构和词汇多样性的要求相对较低，因为应用文写作更注重信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域的恰当。简而言之，应用文最重要的是把“事情”说明白，而不是要把文章写得多么优美。新赠作文要求写100字左右应用性短文,应用性短文通常包括各种信函、简历、便条、备忘录等，笔者认为考生准备重点应在各种信函。信函主要有：求职信、投诉信、邀请信、订购信、询问信、感谢信、道歉信、推荐信等八种，而在这八种信函中前五种是重点的重点。由于这是一篇小作文所以要求100字左右，难度相对于六级还低。考生只要熟悉一些常用经典句型，便可在短时间一挥而就。比如求职信开篇的一个黄金句型：I am responding to your advertisement in China Daily on January 10th, 2003, which invites applications for interpreters. Enclosed with this letter is my resume which details my background. 又如此类信件结束的一个钻石句型：I shall be much obliged if you will afford me an opportunity for an interview, and I appreciate a response from at your earliest convenience.考生再少加发挥，在二段设置几个亮点，一篇高分文章就由此诞生了。虽然短信好写，还是建议考生参考一些写作书中关于应用文的介绍，了解模式，熟悉套话。毕竟也是书面语语体，要注意语言正式、词汇多变，如前面提到了reference books, 后面不妨修改成reference (reading) materials。还要保留一些客气礼貌的用语，如I do appreciate your kind consideration to my request或I am grateful to your kind assistance.另外，千万不要把前面的提示语（情景说明）照搬到自己的作文中用来凑字数，要利用同义词、同义表达加以改造，否则会有抄袭之嫌。下面归纳五大信函写作策略： 1 求职信 开头段：表明信息来源，说明写作意图。 主体段：介绍自己相关的工作经历、学习经历，以此证明你能胜任这个职位。 2 投诉信 开头段： 说明与收信人的相关性，点明你写作的意图。 主体段： 写明投诉的原因，要展开说明，或者讲具体理由，或者谈问题的具体体现方式。 结束段：表达你希望上述问题得到尽快解决的强烈愿望，并对有关人员做出的努力表示感谢。 3 邀请信 开头段：表明写作意图，向某人发出邀请。 主体段：说明邀请的具体原因，邀请的内容。 结束段：表明强烈的期盼，并希望尽快得到答复。 4 订购信 开头段： 开篇点出写信的目的，定购你要的东西。 主体段： 详细说明你订购货物的规格、大小、颜色、尺寸等。 结束段：表示对方回函以便确认。 5 询问信 开头段： 明确写信的目的，说明写这封信的目的是寻求某信息或帮助。 主体段：询问具体问题，强调所需信息的重要性。 结束段：表达获取信息的强烈愿望，提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并对有关人员表示感谢。总体来说新增小作文有规律可循，只要多加练习就能自如应付。（二）大纲样题详解Directions:You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:1) detailed information about the books you want,2) methods of payment,3) time and way of delivery.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address.范文Dear Sir/Madam I am writing to express my interest in purchasing several titles from your bookstore. The books that I would like to buy are A Students Guide to Correct English Usage by Edwin James, and A College Dictionary for Advanced English by John Black. Could you let me know how much these books will cost? Which methods of payment does your store accept? Can you deliver them by express mail? How long will it take the books to reach me? If possible, I would like to pay by check and have the books sent directly to my dorm. Many thanks for any assistance you are able to provide.Yours Sincerely, Li Ming (Word Count: 113 words)这篇文章共113个词，符合字数标准。下面依据评分标准的五个方面，分析得分的关键。是否包含所有内容要点？题目要求信中必须提到三点：1）要买的书的详细信息。信息包含两个方面：提供给书店的信息和从书店索取的信息。范文的第二句话列出了两本书的题目和作者，给书店提供了明确充分的信息。第三句话向书店询价，以便决定是否购买。这里，书名的写法也是考点之一。在印刷品中，书名用斜体，而在手写稿中，为了便于区分，书名用下划线突出。2）付款方式。范文第四句话分别询问书的价格和付款方式。methods of payment这几个词在题目中出现过，这样写是允许的，但不能使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子，否则会被扣分。3）配送所需时间和方式。这两点在范文的第五、六句话中都已提及。可见，范文包含了所有的内容要点。是否使用丰富的语法结构和词汇？即考查句型和词汇的灵活使用，强调变化，切忌单调、重复。先看句型，粗粗一看，没有简单重复。虽然连续提出的四个问题中，第一和第三个语法结构差不多，分别是Could you.，Can you.，但用了不同的词，避免单调。这封信里出现次数最多的词是book，作者很用心，在第一句中就用了大多数同学不会想到的一个词：title，它除了“题目，标题”的常用意思之外，还可以表示“（书刊等的）一种，一本”。第一句话的用词就与众不同，会给考官一个很好的第一印象。另一个使用频率高的词是buy，文章同样采用了先声夺人的做法，第一句用了purchase这个稍有难度的词。在提到配送方式时，用了deliver和send两个词，避免重复。在语法结构和词汇的丰富性方面，文章做得也不错。语言是否自然流畅，是否有语法错误？总体而言，范文读起来很流畅，几乎没有语法错误，唯一的错误就是在称呼后面缺少逗号。是否采用了多种衔接手法，文字是否连贯，层次是否清晰？由于内容的关系，这封信没有使用诸如and，but，however之类的连接词，但读起来仍然很连贯，因为用了另一种衔接手法，用“书”串起全文。第一句：purchasing several titles，第二句：the books that I would like to buy，第三句：these books第一次提过之后，就用不同的定冠词来特指这些书。层次也很清晰，首先说明写信的意图，然后按照提示语的顺序层层展开。格式和语域是否恰当贴切？应用文的格式是考查的一个重点。书信的格式包括以下几个要素：1）称呼。因为这封信是给书店销售部的，并不知道收信人是男士还是女士，所以写Dear Sir/Madam，后面应该有“,”。2）正文。写作有两种基本格式：缩进式和齐头式。缩进式每段开头空四个字母，段与段之间不空行；齐头式每段开头顶格，段与段之间空一行。在考试中，建议考生使用齐头式，目前多数商务书信或正式的书信都采用这种格式。这封信就是用齐头式。3）落款。Yours sincerely是最常用的落款，适用各种关系的人之间。语域是指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般及非正式体。对于书信而言，要根据收信人身份判断所采用的话语方式。如果是寒暑假时同学间的书信，就要用非正式体。这封信应该用正式体，范文中的称呼和落款都体现了这一点。另外，范文所用的一些句型也采用了正式体，例如：I am writing to express my interest in .，Many thanks for any assistance you are able to provide. 需要提醒考生注意的是落款的姓名应与称呼相对应，写给一个机构的信，落款应当是全名，如果是写给关系密切的人，只写名字就可以，但一般会在前面加上祝福语，常用的有：Best regards，Best wishes，或With lots of love，写给机构和关系不密切的人不必用祝福语。（三）2005-2006年考研英语写作PART A真题及范文2006年全真试题Directions:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address.【参考范文】To Whom It May Concern,I would like to make a financial contribution to Project Hope, and help those who are eager to receive formal education. And would you please help me to find a candidate who has recently withdrawn from school due to poverty and is in great need of aid? It will be better if the child is a girl at the age between 10 and 12 living in a remote area. Id like to donate some money and try my best to see her through her studies. First, I would like to donate 600Yuan which will cover the tuition fee. Second, during summer vacation each year, I will invite her to Beijing, so that she couldl broaden her horizon I really appreciate your help, and look forward to your reply as soon as possible.Yours sincerely,Li Ming2005年全真试题51. Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)【参考范文】A Letter to QuitJY,5Jun 22, 2005Dear Mr. Wang,First of all, please allow me to express my deep sorry to you for my resignation. I do know that this will bring about much trouble to you so that I write to you for my explanation.I decided to quit for some reasons as follows. To begin with, the job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions is not suitable to me. Whats more, I am preparing for another degree and I prefer to further my study. Again, I apologize for my resignation to you!I am looking forward to your early reply.Sincerely yours,Li Ming【范文译文】尊敬的王先生：首先，请允许我对我的辞职向您表示深深的歉意。我确实知道这会给您带来许多麻烦，因此我将在此作出解释。我决定辞职的原因如下：首先，作为设计与时尚杂志的编辑这份工作不适合我。其次，我想要继续我的学业并正在为下一个学位做准备。最后，我再次对我的辞职向您表示歉意。等待您的尽早答复。你诚挚的李明【范文2】Dear Mr. Wang, I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. There are a few factors involved. First of all, the salary has proved to be much lower than you originally promised. Its very difficult for me to support a large family. In addition, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, so it is exhausting for me to spend over three hours commuting every day. Most importantly, I feel rather disappointed and left out on the job itself as in the past two months. I was never given any really important responsibility. Please consider of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused to you. faithfully Yours sincerely, Li Ming（四）书信写作句式与套语开头用语 Im sorry Ive been so slow in answering your letter. I have the pleasure (honor) to inform (tell) you that. I must apologize for my delay in answering your letter. I apologize for not writing to you for so long. I was really surprised to receive your letter yesterday. It was nice to hear from you again. I was sorry to hear that. Thank you for telling me about. I hasten to write you a few lines. Please excuse this very short note. I am glad to hear of your continued success. As I have not heard from you for long， I feel anxious. I would have written to you before， but I have had so many things to do that I have not had one moment for myself. I am very glad to hear that you are all enjoying good health. Your kind letter afforded me much pleasure. I am obliged for your prompt and gratifying reply. We are very happy to say that we are all in the full enjoyment of health. It was good to hear from you and I shall be very pleased to let you have the information you need. Im very pleased to hear that everything is going so well with you and if I can help in any other way， do let me know. We have enjoyed hearing from you. 结尾语 Hope to hear from you soon /as early as possible. Thanks again for writing about. Please give my love/wishes/regards to. I hope to hear more news about. Im praying for your soon recovery. Take care of yourself. Im looking forward to your early (favorable)reply. Thanks again for writing about. Thank you in advance. Please remember me to your family. Do please write and let me know how you are getting on. As the season grows colder， I hope you will take good care of yourself. I hope you are keeping quite well. I hope you and your family are very well. I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience. An early call or reply would be greatly appreciated. I hope to see you soon， and tell you all that I would otherwise write. Best wishes for your health and every happiness. You have my very best wishes for continued and increasing success. I do hope that you and your family are in good spirits and robust health. 2. 祝贺信 开头用语 It is the most joyful news I have heard for a long time. I was pleasantly surprised to read in the newspaper that you. Congratulations on your promotion/graduation/success/progress/achievements. I am delighted to learn that. 结束用语 I wish you all possible joy and happiness in the world. We hope you will have nothing but joy and happiness in your life together and in your chosen career. Wish you the best luck and every happiness. Please accept my heartfelt congratulations! I would like to express my best wishes and warmes