assignment 01 for “language and linguistics” .doc

第 4 页 （共 4 页）assignment 01 for “language and linguistics”（units 1-3）answer sheet语言与语言学 作业01（第1-3单元）答题纸学籍号： 111011010108 姓名： 何璐 分数： 学习中心： 北京总部学习中心 专业： _11春专升本1班_the total marks for this assignment are 100 points. time allowed for completing this assignment is 1 hour (60 minutes).please write all your answers on the answer sheetshort answer questions 40 points11) phonological writings: phonological writings refer to those writing systems that have a close connection with the way languages are pronounced. english has a phonological writing, although it is poor one in the sense that in many case the spelling of a word does not match the sound of the word. 2) non-phonological writings: non-phonological writings refer to those writing systems that have little connection with the way language are pronounced. chinese is a good example of such a writing system. chinese characters do not show you how they are pronounced. we need an extra sound system such as hanyu pinyin fangan to tell us how to pronounce the characters. 2yours: you will be held responsible for what you say, because what you say is yours. the same is true of everyones speech not yours: the chinese you speak, ignoring the content of what you say this time, is yours and at the same time not yours. this is because the chinese you speak is only part of chinese language all chinese native speakers- over one billion- speak. in other words, you do not owe it. language is everyones language, but it belongs to no one. it is possessed by the language community as a whole. it is used by everyone, but it goes beyond the total sum of all the used put together. 31）material world: things in this word can be sensed by our five sense organs. they can be verified by other people independent from our direct experiences. for instance, tian amen square at the centre of beijing. 2) subjective world: these things are inside us. they cannot be known by others unless we express them by language and speak them out. they differ from the things in the material world in that they cannot be verified by other people independent from our own consciousness. for instance, when i say to you” i feel happy”, all you can do is take my word and believe that i was telling the truth. 3) symbolic world: the world artificially constructed by symbols. for example, star wars 41) acoustic analysis: they can be studied as physical sounds, with little consideration of the fact that they are produced by humans and loaded with meanings. acoustic analysis makes use of laboratory equipment. 2) perceptual analysis: we want to know how speech sounds are perceived by the receiving ear. note also that people perceive sounds not only “objectively”, but also subjectively. 3) organic analysis: it compares the speech organs of individual speakers in terms of length, mass, size, shape and so on. it also examines the volume and power of the respiratory system. it is found that no two individuals have the speech organs that are the same in length, mass, size, shape, respiratory volume and power. 4) phonetic analysis: a level all of us as foreign language learners are fully aware of. when we first learn english sounds, we are told how to open the month, where we should put the tongue, so on and so forth. analysis and application 60 points step 1: hit upon an idea an idea formed in the brain that is mean hit upon an idea, and you want to send the idea to other people by speaking or writing. step 2: express the idea we now know what you want to say or write, than you need to sand the idea from brain to you mouth or hand. this is second step. step 3: transmit the idea it means you speak out and the loaded sounds travel via air, or you finish you writ and se