托福阅读成书（教师版） .doc

爱特精英toefl-ibt阅读讲义(version 090701)一、toefl-ibt阅读的特点toefl-ibt阅读与旧托福阅读的五大不同1 toefl-ibt阅读文章长度、题目数量、考试时间与以前托福的不同原托福阅读考试时间为55分钟，共有5篇文章，文章长度在350字/篇，每篇文章所带题目在10道左右，总题目数量50道toefl-ibt阅读篇数为35篇，每篇考试时间为20分钟，总时间为60100分钟，每篇文章字数在750字左右，每篇文章所带题目为1214道；2 toefl-ibt阅读文章中的专业词汇处理及题目定位处理的不同a. a word in blue in a passage indicates that a definition is available for the word. clicking on the word brings up this definition.文章中所出现的生僻词汇和专业词汇，都由蓝色字体标出，并附有相应的定义和解释；b. whenever a question refers to a particular word or sentence in the passage. the word or sentence is highlighted. you do not need to search for it. detail questions on toefl-ibt identify the particular paragraph in which the answer can be found, so you do not need to scan the passage in order to find the location of an answer to a detail question.所有关于language use的问题都是对文章中某个单词，某句话或某个段落进行发问，不再考查问题定位能力，从而降低了答题难度另一方面，新托福出题顺序与文章顺序具有一致性，可以对题目在文章中进行大致的定位；3 toefl-ibt阅读的题型变化及分值变化新托福阅读的题型：basic information and inferencing questions (11-13 questions per set)1. factual information questions (3 to 6 questions per set) 事实信息题2. negative factual information questions (0 to 2 questions per set) 否定事实信息题3. inference questions (0 to 2 questions per set) 推理题4. rhetorical purpose questions (0 to 2 questions per set) 修辞目的题5. vocabulary questions (3 to 5 questions per set) 词汇题6. reference questions (0 to 2 questions per set) 指代题7. sentence simplification questions (0 to 1 questions per set) 句子简化题8. insert text question (0 to 1 questions per set) 插入文本题reading to learn questions (1 per set) 阅读领会题9. prose summary文章总结题10. fill in a table文章填表题（信息归类题）其中，前6种与以前托福相同，而后4种则为新的题型，包括简化句子，插句，文章总结题和文章填表题；prose summary与fill in a table的分值分布如下：prose summarypoints possibleanswers correctpoints earned 2 points32210-10fill in a tablepoints possibleanswers correctpoints earned 3 points 5342310-20 4 points746352410-30提高了对文章内涵的理解能力和推断总结能力的考查，新托福阅读文章难度与美国大学教科书难度相当，内容方面从广义上看包括自然科学，社会科学，人文学三大类，又细化为美国历史人文类（包括美国历史，美国人文），文学艺术类，自然科学类（主要包括自然现象、科技发明史、考古学、天文学、地质学五个方面），动植物性征类，社会城市发展类五个大类别；4 toefl-ibt阅读考试环境的不同新托福阅读文章出现在电脑屏幕右边，相应题目出现在屏幕左边，考生可以通过next button向前浏览所有问题，通过back button回顾前边问题，并返回文章最开头。另外，可以通过review button在review screen看到所有问题，还可以通过help button得到list of topics for which helpful explanations and available；5. toefl-ibt阅读部分干扰项难度增大 新托福干扰选项设置复杂度加大，难度向sat、gre靠拢，体现在干扰选项增多，以及干扰性的增强上，在句子简化题paraphrasing和文章总结题尤其明显。二、 toefl-ibt阅读题型攻关1 factual information questions事实信息题，也叫细节题，考查识别文章明确阐述的信息的能力。一般只对应文章某一部分或某个段落具体的一句或两句话。细节题涉及的语言现象主要有因果关系、比较级、类比、概念等。常见的问题形式如下：according to the paragraph, what/why/who/where/when/how? (5w1h)according to the paragraph, which one is true?the author argues thatwhat is the reason that?which one best describes?例一 1790 saw the nation entering a new era of road development. unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in better communications with the interior. according to the passage, why did states need private companies help in road building? (a) the states were unable to build roads themselves financially. (b) private companies could spend less time completing roads. (c) the states did not have as much equipment as private companies. (d) private companies had more knowledge of the interior.例二injuries and deaths were relatively less in los angles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. on holiday, when traffic was light on the citys highways. in addition, changes made to the constructions codes in los angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the citys buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes. q: one reason why the loss of lives in the los angeles earthquake was comparatively low is that (a) new computers had been installed in the buildings (b) it occurred in the residential areas rather than on the highways (c) large numbers of los angeles residents had gone for a holiday (d) improvement had been made in the construction of building and highways例三not surprising in these hard times, the students major objective is to be financially well off. less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.” it follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting. q: the students criteria for selecting major today have much to do with _. (a) the influence of their instructors (b) the financial goals they seek in life (c) their own interpretations of the courses (d) their understanding of the contributions of others例四generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must possess hard body parts such as shells or bones. soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. even hard parts left on the surface for a length of time will be destroyed. therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by the elements and to be protected from agents of weathering and erosion. marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion. the beds of ancient lakes were also excellent sites for rapid burial of skeletal remains of freshwater organisms and skeletons of other animals, including those of early humans. ancient swamps were particularly plentiful with prolific growths of vegetation, which fossilized in abundance. many animals became trapped in bogs overgrown by vegetation. the environment of the swamps kept bacterial decay to a minimum, which greatly aided in the preservation of plants and animals. the rapidly accumulating sediments in flood plains, deltas, and stream channels buried freshwater organisms, along with other plants and animals that happened to fall into the water.only a small fraction of all the organisms that have ever lived are preserved as fossils. normally, the remains of a plant or animal are completely destroyed through predation and decay. although it seems that fossilization is common for some organisms, for others it is almost impossible. for the most part, the remains of organisms are recycled in the earth, which is fortunate because otherwise soil and water would soon become depleted of essential nutrients. also, most of the fossils exposed on earths surface are destroyed by weathering processes. this makes for an incomplete fossil record with poor or no representation of certain species.the best fossils are those composed of unaltered remains. generally, it is the inorganic hard parts, composed mostly of calcium carbonate, that form the vast majority of unaltered fossils. calcite and aragonite also contributed to a substantial number of fossils of certain organisms.1. according to the passage, an organism without hard body parts (a) is not likely to appear in the fossil record (b) is not heavy enough to sink below the surface (c) is not attractive to predators (d) takes a long time to decay2. why are marine organisms good candidates for fossilization? (a) they have more fleshy structures than land organisms. (b) it is likely that they will be buried rapidly. (c) the water environment speeds the decay caused by bacteria. (d) it takes longer for them to be preserved. 3. the fact that the land is largely the site of erosion is significant because (a) erosion is less destructive than sedimentation (b) fossils are most common in areas subject to erosion (c) erosion contributes to the destruction of skeletal remains (d) few organisms live in areas that experience extensive erosion 4. according to the passage, why were the remains of organisms trapped in swamps better preserved for the fossil record than those that were not? (a) the swamp environment reduced the amount of bacterial decay. (b) swamp waters contained higher amounts of materials such as calcium carbonate. (c) there were fewer sediments in swamps than in other bodies of water. (d) swamp vegetation accelerated the decomposition of organisms.2 negative factual information questions否定事实信息题，也叫except列举题，即排除列举题。它要求考生根据文中的信息判断哪些信息是对的(true)、哪些信息是错的(false)以及哪些信息是文中没有提到的(not given)。问题的形式是(注意其中的not与except)：according to the passage, which of the following is not true/false?which of the following is not mentioned as?all of the following describe except ?the authors description of involves all of the following except ？1并列句例一after 1957, population growth declined sharply as young people were staying at school longer; more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families.which of the following is not mentioned as causes of declines in population growth after 1957?(a) people being better educated.(b) people getting married earlier.(c) better standards of living.(d) couples buying houses.2考查词组列举例二the first birds appeared during late jurassic times. these birds are known from four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from the solnhofen limestone of bavaria, germany. this fine-grained rock, which is extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail.according to the author, all of the following evidence relating to the first birds was found except(a) nesting materials(b) four skeletons in good condition(c) two fragmented skeletons(d) a single feather例三modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of metabolism. in addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back each year.the author mentions all of the following as examples of complex behavior patterns evolved by birds except(a) migrating(b) nesting(c) singing(d) running3信息分散例四perhaps one of the most dramatic and important changes that took place in the mesozoic era occurred late in that era, among the small organisms that populate the uppermost, sunlit portion of the oceans the plankton. the term plankton is a broad one, designating all of the small plants and animals that float about or weakly propel themselves through the sea. in the late stages of the mesozoic era during the cretaceous period, there was a great expansion of plankton that precipitated skeletons or shells composed of two types of mineral: silica and calcium carbonate. this development radically changed the types of sediments that accumulated on the seafloor, because, while the organic parts of the plankton decayed after the organisms died, their mineralized skeletons often survived and sank to the bottom. for the first time in the earths long history, very large quantities of silica skeletons, which would eventually harden into rock, began to pile up in parts of the deep sea. thick deposits of calcareous ooze made up of the tiny remains of the calcium carbonate-secreting plankton also accumulated as never before.the passage mentions all of the following aspects of plankton except(a) the length of their lives(b) the level of the ocean at which they are found(c) their movement(d) their size3 inference questions出题模式：出现imply，infer，suggest等the author of the paragraph implies that what can be inferred from paragraph that ?which of the following statements is most likely true about?which of the following can be inferred about?which of the following statements most accurately reflects the authors opinion about.?时间对比推理例一 fundamental to any appreciation of canada in the 20 years after world war ii is the countrys dramatic population growth. . it seemed that canada was once more aligning with the tendency toward smaller families that had manifested itself all through, the western world since the industrial revolution. we can infer from the passage that before the industrial revolution (a) families had more members. (b) the economic situation was pessimistic. (c) population statistics were hardly credible. (d) the population changed very little.例二 although we are used to calling the films produced prior to 1927 silent, the film has never been, in the full meaning of the word, silent. at the outset, music was deemed an essential accompaniment; when the lumiere films were presented at the first public film exhibition in february 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. initially, the music played had no special relationship to file films; an accompaniment of whatever kind was adequate. very shortly, however, the lack of harmony in playing lively music to a serious film became obvious, and film pianists began to make some efforts in playing pieces harmonious with the mood of the film. what can be inferred from the passage about most of the films produced after1927? (a) they went with particular musical compositions. (b) they were genuinely silent. (c) they included the sound of the actors voices. (d) they were accompanied by well-known orchestras.集合概念推理例三 a folk culture is a small, isolated, cohesive, nearly self-sufficient group that is uniform in custom and race, with a solid family or clan structure and well developed rituals unaltered folk cultures can no longer be found in industrialized countries such as the united states and canada . in contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often very individualistic and always changing. what does the author suggest about the united states and canada? (a) they seldom treasure individualism. (b) they cherish folk cultures. (c) they have popular cultures. (d) they exhibit no social classes.例四 both the number and the percentage of people in the united states working in the nonagricultural sector increased at a rapid rate during the half century after the civil war, with the most striking expansion taking place in spheres such as transportation, manufacturing, and trade. it can be inferred from the passage that in the agricultural sector following the civil war (a) farmers attained new prosperity as a result of improved rural transportation. (b) the percentage of the total population involved in agriculture decreased. (c) new technological developments had little impact on farmers. (d) a large number of farms ruined in the war were rebuilt after the war.细节推断题例五deer, turkey, wild pigs, and bears also feed heavily on acorns, but do not store them, and are therefore of no benefit to the trees. flying squirrels, chipmunks, and mice are also unlikely to promote tree dispersal, as they often store seeds in tree cavities and underground burrows. only squirrels-whose behavior of caching (hiding) acorns below the leaf litter often promotes successful germination of acorns-and perhaps blue jays, important long-distance dispersers, seem to help oaks spread and reproduce.it can be inferred that chipmunks do not aid in the dispersal of oak trees because(a) they store their acorns where they cannot germinate(b) they consume most of their stored acorns(c) their stored acorns are located and consumed by other species(d) they cannot travel the long distance required for dispersal例六the beds of ancient lakes were also excellent sites for rapid burial of skeletal remains of freshwater organisms and skeletons of other animals, including those of early humans. ancient swamps were particularly plentiful with prolific growths of vegetation, which fossilized in abundance. many animals became trapped in bogs overgrown by vegetation. the environment of the swamps kept bacterial decay to a minimum, which greatly aided in the preservation of plants and animals. the rapidly accumulating sediments in flood plains, deltas, and stream channels buried freshwater organisms, along with other plants and animals that happened to fall into the water.it can be inferred that flood plains, deltas, and stream channels are similar in which of the following ways?(a) animals rather than plants have been preserved at such locations.(b) such locations are likely to be rich sources of fossils.(c) fossilized human remains are only rarely found in such locations.(d) rapid sedimentation in such locations makes it difficult to locate fossils.例七the nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. in the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. the result was a product called stearin. stearin is harder and bums longer than unrefined tallow. this break through meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produ