从苔丝看托马斯哈代的宿命论 毕业论文.pdf

从苔丝看托马斯哈代的宿命论 从苔丝看托马斯哈代的宿命论 on thomas hardy s fatalism in tess of the d urbervilles abstract thomas hardy is unique as a novelist in the history of english literature he focuses on the poor s fate and animadverts the world reveals the evil of society but hardy is a controversial writer some people think that in hardy s work tess of the d urbervilles there are many super naturalism descriptions and fatalism which made it difficult to understand others think that hardy s writing works are involved in the fatalism s mistake and had a pessimistic attitude towards life this paper focus on the formation of haday s fatalism from the historical background victorian age the family background the backward and patriarchal village and the social thoughts darwin s evolutionism and schopenhauer s tragic sense makes an analysis of the features of hardy s fatalism and its limitation according to hardy s writing technique coincidence and foreshow to further analyze fatalism a conclusion can be drawn that hardy s fatalism is not a sheer fatalism it also used as a means of animadverted the false and bias of social system key words thomas hardy fatalism coincidence and foreshow 论哈代 苔丝 中的宿命论论哈代 苔丝 中的宿命论 摘要摘要 托马斯哈代作为一名小说家在英国文学史上的地位是独一无二的 他非常关 注穷人的命运 无情的批判现实世界 揭露社会主义的黑暗面 但哈代是一位有 争议的作家 有人说他的文章中有太多的超自然主义描写和宿命论思想 有时使 文章晦涩难懂 有人认为哈代的作品陷入了宿命论的迷误 本文从哈代生活的社 会背景和家庭背景以及当时的社会主要思潮 达尔文的进化论 叔本华的悲观主 义等着手 论述了哈代宿命论思想体系形成原因和特点及其局限性 并结合哈代 宿命论常用的手法 巧合和预示 来进一步分析哈代的宿命论 从而得出哈代的 宿命论并不是一种纯粹的宿命论 而是借宿命论来批判虚伪而偏见的资本主义道 德观 关键词关键词 托马斯 哈代 宿命论 巧合和预示 contents introduction 1 a about thomas hardy and his novels 2 b about tess of the d urbervilles 2 c about fatalism and its definition 2 d about the background research 3 the formation of hardy s fatalism 3 a the change of hardy s thoughts 3 b the cause of the fatalism 3 1 the effect of his family 3 2 the effect of social reform 3 3 the effect of darwin and schopenhauer 4 the feature of hardy s fatalism 4 1 the factor of environment 4 2 the factor of character 4 the embodiment of hardy s fatalism 4 a the coincidence of events 4 b the foreshows of events 6 the significance of hardy s fatalism 7 a the significance of society 7 b the significance of literature 8 the limitation of hardy s fatalism 8 conclusion 8 bibliography 9 on thomas hardy s fatalism in tess of the d urbervilles introduction a about thomas hardy and his novels thomas hardy is unique as a novelist in the history of english literature he is the last excellent realistic novelist and poet in the victorian age his works depict the great changes in economy politics morals and customs of british countryside at the turn of the 19th century and explore the causes of these changes he creates 14 full length novels in his life most of his novels are full of pessimistic fatalism for him human beings are always crushed by a superior force he attributed it to the fact which was predetermined his works reflect the conflicts between character and environment his works provide readers with the vivid pictures of the 19th century thomas hardy was born in a small village in dorset an area of southern england steeped in history dorset provides the setting for most of hardy s novels and stories including those are generally thought to be his best hardy s first popular success occurred in 1874 when the first of his wessex novels far from the madding crowd was published in the early novel under the greenwood tree there are vivid collective descriptions of rural people whose thoughts actions and feeling are shown in much detail in a pair of blue eyes he refers to the things beyond the theology that is love and remarriage when he studies the pure and eternal love he finds out that the social status influences and set a limit to love and living in the return of the native from the obvious contrast between the hero and heroine and the different attitudes towards the city life and rural life we see that he continues to study the tragedy since the mayor of caster bridge the mayor of caster bridge is a recall of the spirit of evolution in the novel two characters stand for hardy of two kinds of thoughts he stands by the former in feeling but the latter in reason hardy has not much school education and was lack of scientific knowledge he couldn t view the society in a new light of marxism he is thus one of the relatively few well known english writers who didn t have a university education shakespeare and dickens are others the fact of society makes him and the laboring people believe in fatalism the thought are highly summarized in the tess of the d urbervilles the novel is hardy s most famous novel under his pen the heroine tess is created as an attractive and warm hearted woman who has the quality of endurance and self sacrifice but suffer a lot in her short and miserable life tess has long been regarded as the most successful woman character in the english literary history b about tess of the d urbervilles tess of the d urbervilles is thomas hardy s most famous novel the work depicts tess s miserable and short life tess is a beautiful pure and hard working woman and she has all good qualities which a pure woman should have when she was 16 she follow her parents requirement to visit stoke d urbervilles a wealthy family who had assumed the d urbervilles name because no one else claimed it the son alex tricked the innocent young tess into walking as a poultry maid not letting her know that her mother was unaware of tess s identity though tess knows alec means her no good alec more clever than she at last get her alone and then possessed her in order to escape from alec she worked in different farms wu weiren 1998 at a dairy farm tess was well treated and she met angel who is a pastor s son and study on the farm though angel interested tess most he was rejected by tess many times tess loved him very him very much but the memory of her night with alec caused her to refuse angel again and again at last angel insistence coupled with the written pleas of her parents to marry someone who could help the family financially won her over and she agreed to marry him on the night before the wedding she wrote angel a letter telling everything about her and alec but in the morning angel acted as tenderly as before and tess loved him more than every for his forgiving nature when she realized that angel had not found the letter she attempted to tell him about her past on their wedding night angel told tess about his own past tess forgave him and then told about her affair with alec thinking that he would forgive her as she had him but angel was shocked and told her she was not the woman he loved angel left tess in order to keep her family she doing hard labor in the fields while she was working in the fields she met alec again and perused by him once more tess wrote to angel and the letter took several months to reach angel meanwhile alec was so kind to tess and so generous to her family that she began to relent in her feeling towards him then she went to alec again living with him as his wife angel returned and found tess with alec he turned away and more hurt than before tess felt that she could not find happiness only if alec were dead so she killed him and went together with angel they are happy with one another for a few days when the authorities found tess she was ready for her punishment she stood up bravely and faced her captors from the introduction above we can see that tess s life is a tragedy though she try her best to peruse her happiness she can t escape from the great power of fate she was destined to be the slave of fate c about fatalism and its definition the belief that the order of things in the universe is decided by a mysterious power and people s lives are determined by this great power called fate many people called fatalists believe in this and that they have no power in determining their future no one can escape from the determined fate no matter what one can do is just to follow it in tess of the d urbervilles tess has no control of her own destiny try as she may she is still a slave of fate throughout the bleak novel we can easily felt that tess s tragedy is controlled by the fate tess is the victim of the fate at first she was raped by alec then she was dumped by angel at last she killed alec and was sentenced when she faced the sufferings she had no power to fight against in the novel the word fate and god are appear many time on the surface it seems like a mysterious power control everything in fact through the real record of the society hardy reveals the tragic history of english countryside at that time just as hardy said fate is determined by one s economy status and class status 王延 2009 hardy write tess as a victim of fate her life full of coincidence and fatality this allow readers not to blame her for the things that happen around her much of the critical debates surrounding tess centers on the following points is tess a victim of fate are the things that happen to tess beyond her control why hardy has to sacrifice poor tess future is hardy s approach to the novel and its main character truly fatalistic i will explore these questions and the doctrine of fatalism as it applies to tess fatalism is defined in webster dictionary as the doctrine that all things take place by inevitable necessity fatalism is a primitive force that exists independent of human wills it is the idea that all actions are controlled by fate d about background research about hardy s fatalism in tess of the d urbervilles different people have different opinions some people think in hardy s work tess of the d urbervilles there are many super naturalism descriptions and fatalism special customs and scenes which made it difficult to understand 黄丛笑 2002 some people think that even though hardy can see the crisis of the english capitalism society his inability to find a way to solve the contradictions of life he can t clearly find the source of causing tragedy so he can t find a good way to save the society he resorted to the fatalism 孙红艳 李锋 2003 others think that hardy s writing works are involved in the fatalism s mistake and had a pessimistic thought towards life 左金梅 李旭奎 2003 but when we deeply learnt about the times and social background and hardy s life experiences we can find a key to read his article and to analyze his fatalism in this article i will show how hardy expressed his fatalism thoughts through frequently use of coincidences and foreshows and how to put tess into tragedy step by step i will go into detail the formation of hardy s fatalism the feature of fatalism the embodiment of fatalism and the significance of fatalism to explore how the fate controlled tess by one after another coincidence therefore to reveal the unjust society the formation of hardy s fatalism a the change of hardy s thought at the beginning of 1870 s hardy started to create full length novel at that time capitalism invaded english countryside and collapsed the rule of the religion and society hardy saw the destroy of the famer s lives which brought by the capitalism in emotion hardy can not accepted the destroys of the countryside but in ration he know that it is necessary for the developing of society the frication between emotion and ration make him sad and despair he focuses on poor s fate and animadverts the world revealed the evil of society because the limitation of the age hardy tries his best to solve the society problems but failed his thought also experienced a complicated course 韩丽英 2009 at first he believe in god as other people but all the miserable facts tells him that god can not do anything to save the poor s suffering he even looked down upon god just like he wrote in the novel but might some say where was tess s guardian angel where was the providence of her simple faith perhaps like that other god of whom the ironical tishbite spoke he was talking or he was pursuing or he was in a journey or he was sleeping and not to be awaked thomas hardy 2006 so he turned to believe darwin s evolutionism then was affected by schopenhauer arthur s tragic sense at last he formed his own theory that is called fatalism the series change of his thoughts he didn t find the right method to solve the social problems but the course led him to be a pessimist and his novels are full of pessimistic thought and fatalism as a humanism novelist hardy thought that people s life is miserable the fate of the heroin in the novel just the epitome of the great laboring people s life b the course of hardy s fatalism 1 the effect of his family thomas hardy the son of a building contractor was born on june2 1840 in a small town in dorset in southwest england hardy s father liked music very much who played at church services and the boy follow his father s step by learning to play violin this was the start of a lifelong interest in music while figures prominently in his book when he was a little boy his health was not good he mainly accepted the education at home his thought was deeply affected by his mother and his grandmother who lived in super naturalist domain in the remote country 黄丛笑 2002 their personal experience made them become the believers of super natural in most hardy s novels the tragic figures were often classified as predestined in his thoughts an uncontrolled power about everything exists everywhere it control our own destiny just as a naughty child caught the same bug killing it for the sake of fun it is this strength that control people s fate no matter how you struggle you can t escape from it 2 the effect of social reform more than one hundred years ago victorian age was a long and conservative period it was also the most prosperous age in the english history the united kingdom of great britain keeps a stronger stage in this period all the social fields experienced great changes the industry had reached its peak agriculture had become mechanized great britain was stepping towards the age of machine while the social problems at that time become more serious the contradiction between the working class and capitalist class become more intense than ever before and charter movement happened in 1848 from the 1870 s the free capitalism changed into monopoly capitalism but the prosperous economy did not bring happiness to the people not for a long time the economy depression happened which made the people s life more miserable than before with the extension of capitalist farming the yeoman class of smallholders of peasants with their traditions of independence was bound to disappear peasants particularly women and children fell the slave of mechanized production though people s lives become worse than before the society was still onward neither can hardy understood the phenomenon nor realize the real source of social changes so he could not find the right way to future he had to resort to the mystery fate thought it is fatalism 3 the effect of darwin and schopenhauer s thoughts hardy was interested in literature when he was at school he read a lot of greece tragedy and shakespeare tragedy in 1859 darwin published origin of species he thoughts that since each species are bred too many generations who under the pressure of the environment the fight against each other for survival as a result any living creatures as long as it different from other creatures in some ways naturally so it will have a high a chance of survive and also selected by environment due to genetic rules any choice of organisms tends to spread its new improved over the characters darwin made a conclusion there were many species exist but many of them become extinct those who survive are the most able to adapt to the environment he thought that evolution is not decided by the will of god but decided by the survival of the fittest when hardy was young he doubt the christian faith which he learnt all the time he accepted darwin s things actually selection theory then hardy gradually shakes off the impact of christianity and had an unique understanding of the life system then he affected by schopenhauer arthur s tragic sense he thought that no matter how the human struggle and how the civilization developed the fate of mankind had not been able to escape the teaser he called this inherent supernatural force inside will but he didn t give it a clear definition he only use will convey a meaning of the world will can be divided into the universe will and free will universe will is a process or a definite objective it is free automatic and not subject to human control free will is not free and will be subject to the control of the universe the feature of hardy s fatalism after reading tess of the d urbervilles we can see it is full of fatalism through reading and analyzing the novel we can find two features of hardy s fatalism a the factor of environment in order to enhance tess s tragic and show her character hardy made full use of color season and other symbol significance of natural phenomena which play a very important role to deepen the theme of the novel red represent blood violence and crime in western traditional culture which is different from chinese culture as one of the biblical images red also stand for lust bad luck and danger 程云 2009 at the beginning of the novel tess went to visit stock d urbervilles she ties a red hair band which is wider than usual the house of the stock d urbervilles is made of red bricks alec led tess to his strawberry garden and give her bright red strawberry into her mouse the red stand for danger and lust when tess s old horse was killed by the couch from the wound his life s blood was spouting in a stream and falling with a hiss into the road she became splashed from face to skirt with the crimson drops thomas hardy 2006 the red here foreshows tess s destroy is coming the change of the places also indicates that the change of tess s fate tess lives in marplot which located in blackmoor vale then she went to trantridge to visit stock d urbervilles where she was r