丹麦猪饲养标准 Nutrients Standards 2004.doc

Nutrients Standards营养标准Amino acids 氨基酸Sows 母猪Finishers 生长育肥猪Minerals 矿物质Vitamins 维生素Vitamin E 维生素EThe feed evaluation system in Denmark丹麦猪的营养评价体系In 2002, a new feed evaluation system was introduced in Denmark. This newsystem is based on the physiological energy value of the nutrients and on standardised digestibilities, and two new feed units have been introduced replacing the old feed unit: FEsv (feed units for pigs including lactating sows) and FEdr (feed units for gestant sows).在2002年，丹麦引进了新的猪营养评价体系。新营养评价体系的基础以营养元素的生理能量值、标准的消化力和两个新的营养单位即FEsv （包括哺乳母猪在内的营养单位）和FEdr（妊娠母猪的营养单位）。The content of feed units in the individual ingredients has been calculated on the basis of knowledge of the following factors:各营养元素每饲料单位的含量的计算根据下列基础知识：Digestible crude protein in ileum在回肠的可消化粗蛋白Digestible crude fat in faeces粪便中的可消化粗蛋白Easily digestible carbohydrate易消化碳水化合物Carbohydrate not easily digested (fermentable carbohydrates)难消化的碳水化合物（可发酵的碳水化合物）Extra carbohydrate (included only in the calculation of FEdr for gestant sows and takes into account the fact that gestant sows digest 18% of what is indigestible for finishers)多余的碳水化合物（只包括在计算妊娠母猪的营养需要和考虑妊娠母猪只能消化相对于育肥猪可消化的多余碳水化合物的18）Energy loss in connection with digestion (2.8 KJ per g indigestible dry matter at ileum)与消化 有关的能量损耗（2.8兆焦/克在回肠中的未消化干物质）The protein evaluation system is based on standardised ileal digestibility for each amino acid.蛋白质的评价体系基础是每种氨基酸的标准回肠可消化力。In the old feed evaluation system, the content of feed units is calculated as follows:在旧的营养体系中，饲料单位的含量是按照下列公式计算的。Amino acids氨基酸The standards in tables 1 to 4 denote the minimum content estimated to be necessary to ensure an optimum production. The standards for weaners, growers and finishers are based on approximate ad libitum. All amino acids are stated per feed unit in the old feed evaluation system (FUp) and the new feed evaluation system (FEsv and FEdr).表1至表4中的氨基酸标准表示确保最佳的生产性能必需最低估计含量。断奶仔猪、生长猪和育肥猪的氨基酸标准基于自由采食。所有的氨基酸含量按照旧的营养体系（FUp）和新的营养体系（Fesv和FEdr）进行表示。The standards were revised in:营养标准的修订时间表1990:The standards for the first five amino acids were revised on the basis of the latest weaner trials.按照最近的断奶仔猪试验，修订了标准中的前五种氨基酸的含量。1991:The standards for male pigs were reduced by 10% on the basis of the latest Danish trials. Therefore there are no specific standards for male pigs.按照最近在丹麦的试验，公猪的营养标准减少了10。至此，再没有公猪的特殊营养标准。1996:Standards were established for the remaining six amino acids.建立了剩余的六种氨基酸的营养标准。1998:Standards were incorporated for use at phase feeding.建立了阶段饲养的营养标准。2001:The standards for methionine, methionine + cystine, and threonine for sows were revised. Furthermore, the standards for leucine for weaners and growers, and for methionine for finishers were revised (cf. note LU0126).修订了母猪的蛋氨酸、蛋氨酸胱氨酸和苏氨酸的营养标准。另外，修订了断奶仔猪和生长猪的亮氨酸、以及育肥猪的蛋氨酸的营养标准。2002:The standards for threonine and tryptophan for weaners were changed. New amino acid standards and recommendations for minimum content of crude protein have been incorporated that apply to the new feed evaluation system introduced in the summer of2002 (cf. note LU0216). The amino acid standards are changed from apparent faecal digestible to standardised ileal digestible.修订了断奶仔猪的苏氨酸和色氨酸的营养标准。综合了新的氨基酸营养标准和最低粗蛋白的推荐含量，应用于2002年夏季引进的新的营养标准。氨基酸的营养标准由表观的粪便消化率改变为标准的回肠消化率。Table 1. Amino acid standardsfor sows, g dig. per feed unit表1、母猪的氨基酸营养标准，克（可消化的）/饲料单位Old feed evaluation system旧的营养评价体系New feed evaluation system新的营养评价体系Gestant妊娠Lactating*哺乳Gestant妊娠Lactating*哺乳Per FUpPer FUpPer FEdrPer FEsvLysine赖氨酸3.56.03.36.0Methionine蛋氨酸1.9Methionine + cystine蛋氨酸胱氨酸3.6Threonine苏氨酸3.24.03.03.9Tryptophan色氨酸1.01.21.01.2Isoleucine异亮氨酸3.04.23.04.2Leucine亮氨酸7.0Histidine组氨酸2.5Phenylalanine苯丙氨酸3.6Phenylalanine+tyrosine苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸7.0Valine缬氨酸5.0Crude protein, min.粗蛋白，最少含量9011090110* If it is not possible to reach an average feed intake in the lactation period of at least6.0 feed units per day, it may be necessary to increase the content of amino acids per feed unit by 8% for all amino acids.如果母猪在泌乳期的采食量不能达到每天至少6.0饲料单位的平均水平，就有必要将所有氨基酸的每饲料单位含量增加8。Table 2. Amino acid standards for weaners, g dig. per feed unit表2、断奶仔猪的氨基酸营养标准，克（可消化）/饲料单位。Old feed evaluation system旧的营养评价体系New feed evaluation system新的营养评价体系Age, weeks 周龄Weight interval, kg体重范围，公斤3-56-95-89-205-119-3020-303-56-95-89-205-119-3020-30Lysine 赖氨酸10.810.8Methionine 蛋氨酸3.13.0Methionine + cystine蛋氨酸胱氨酸5.25.1Threonine 苏氨酸6.5*6.2*6.1*5.7*6.5*6.1*6.0*5.6*Tryptophan 色氨酸1.71.6Isoleucine 异亮氨酸5.75.3Leucine 亮氨酸10.810.9Histidine 组氨酸3.33.1Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸5.65.3Phenylalanine+tyrosine苯丙氨酸酪氨酸11.911.210.810.312.111.310.910.3Valine 缬氨酸6.96.6Crude protein, min.粗蛋白，最少含量 155150150145155150150145* Please note that a trial with threonine is being carried out at the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The results are expected to be published in June 2002, and the standard for threonine for weaners may be re-adjusted as a result of this trial 注：在丹麦农业科技研究所进行了有关苏氨酸的试验。试验结果预期在2002年6月发表，断奶仔猪的苏氨酸营养标准可能根据该试验结果进行调整。Table 3. Amino acid standards for growers and finishers, g dig. per Fup表3、生长猪和育肥猪的氨基酸营养标准，克（可消化）/FupOld feed evaluation system 旧的营养评价体系Weight interval, kg体重范围，公斤20-45 30-45 30-55 45-65* 25-100 55-75* 45-10055-10065-10075-100Lysine 赖氨酸6.76.5Methionine 蛋氨酸1.91.9Meth. + cyst.蛋氨酸胱氨酸5.04.24.03.83.8Threonine 苏氨酸4.54.4Tryptophan 色氨酸1.31.2Isoleucine 异亮氨酸4.24.0Leucine 亮氨酸7.67.4Histidine 组氨酸2.42.3Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸4.24.0Phenylalanine+tyrosine苯丙氨酸酪氨酸7.67.4Valine 缬氨酸5.04.8Crude protein, min.粗蛋白，最少含量140135133130127125122118* The short weight intervals apply to phase feedingTable 4. Amino acid standardsfor growers and finishers, g dig. per Fesv表4、生长猪和育肥猪的氨基酸营养标准，克（可消化）/FEsvNew feed evaluation system 新的营养评价体系Weight interval, kg体重范围，公斤20-4530-4530-5545-65*25-10055-75*45-10055-10065-10075-100Lysine 赖氨酸6.76.4Methionine 蛋氨酸2.02.0Meth. + cyst.蛋氨酸胱氨酸3.83.8Threonine 苏氨酸4.44.3Tryptophan 色氨酸1.31.2Isoleucine 异亮氨酸5.04.14.03.93.8Leucine 亮氨酸7.77.5Histidine 组氨酸2.52.4Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸4.03.9Phenylalanine+tyrosine苯丙氨酸酪氨酸7.87.6Valine 缬氨酸4.94.7Crude protein, min.粗蛋白，最少含量140135133130127125122118* The short weight intervals apply to phase feeding 缺的体重范围适用于阶段饲养Tables 1 to 4 denote the minimum contents of crude protein. If these are met, one has generally ensured a sufficient supply of the last six amino acids that are normally not added in the form of synthetic amino acids. In diets with a lower content of proteins than stated in the standards, one must ensure that the standards for all eleven amino acids are met. If all these standards are not met, then there is no reason for adding e.g. lysine and methionine so that the standards for these two amino acids are met.表1至表4注明了粗蛋白的最少含量。如果日粮中的粗蛋白含量达到了标准中的最少含量，一般可以确保后六种氨基酸的供应，不再添加合成的这六种氨基酸。如果日粮中的粗蛋白的含量低于营养标准中的含量，就必须确保这11种氨基酸达到营养标准的要求。如果不能达到营养标准的要求，也就没有必要添加过多的氨基酸诸如赖氨酸和蛋氨酸以满足营养标准。As an example of deficiency, table 5 shows the importance of a 5% deficiency of the first limiting amino acid.表5是一个氨基酸缺乏的例子，表示了第一限制性氨基酸缺乏5的重要性。Table 5. Importance of the first limiting amino acid (rule-of-thumb)表5、第一限制性氨基酸的重要性5% lower content than the requirement means:低于5的营养含量意味着Weaners, 7-25kg断奶仔猪，7-25公斤Finishers, 25-95 kg育肥猪，25-95公斤Daily gain, g 日增重，克 14 15Increased feed consumption, FUp per kg gain增加饲料消耗，0.040.05Lean meat %, percentage unit瘦肉率- 0.3Minerals矿物质The standards are stated as the pigs requirements plus a safety margin.In general it cannot be recommended to add minerals beyond the standard. This particularly applies to calcium, as calcium interacts with some of the micro minerals, which means that a high content of calcium thereby may obstruct the utilization of these micro minerals.矿物质的营养标准为猪对矿物质的需要量再加安全量。一般情况下，添加的矿物质不要超过营养标准。尤其是钙的含量，是因为钙与一些微量元素互相影响，即钙含量高会降低这些微量元素的吸收利用。The standards for minerals in tables6 and7 are denoted as total amount in the feed.表6和表7中的矿物质营养标准为饲料中矿物质元素的总量。The standards for digestible phosphorus and calcium for weaners and sows were last revised in 1997 and 2000, respectively. In 1998 phase feeding standards for phosphorus in the feed were incorporated. The standards for the other minerals were revised in May 1991.断奶仔猪和母猪的可消化磷和钙的营养标准分别在1997年和2000年修订的，综合了1998年磷的阶段营养标准。其它矿物质的营养标准于1991年5月修订的。Table 6. Mineral standards for sows and weaners, total amount per feed unit. The standards are identical in both the new and old feed evaluation systems表6、母猪和断奶仔猪的矿物质营养标准，总量/饲料单位。新旧营养评价体系的矿物质营养标准相同。Sows母猪Weaners 断奶仔猪Gestant妊娠Lactating哺乳6-9 kg9-20 kg9-30 kg20-30Calcium, g 钙，克7.08.07.0Dig. phosphorus, g可消化磷，克Sodium, g钠，克Chloride, g 氯，克Potassium, g 钾，克Magnesium, g 镁，克Iron, mg 铁，毫克8080150(1)150(1)150(1)150(1)Copper, mg 铜，毫克666666Manganese, mg 锰，毫克404040404040Zinc, mg 锌，毫克100100100100100100Iodine, mg 碘，毫克Selenium, mg(2) 硒，毫克50.350.350.351) Hereof at least 100 mg easily soluble iron salt. 至少100毫克易溶铁盐(2) According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, mixes must not contain more than 0.5 mgselenium per kg complete diet as a maximum. Depending on the composition of the diet, this means that one can add from 0.2 to 0.35 mg selenium per feed unit. 按照丹麦饲料法律，混和饲料硒的含量不能超过0.5毫克/公斤全价饲料。根据日粮的组成，硒的添加量为0.2-0.35毫克/饲料单位。As the content of digestible phosphorus in the feed cannot yet be controlled,the feeds content of digestible phosphorus should be assessed on the basis of the total content of phosphorus. Table 8 shows the guiding minimum content of total phosphorus. 由于不能控制饲料中的可消化磷的含量，应根据饲料中总磷的含量估计可消化磷的含量。表8中磷的含量为最低总磷含量。Table 7. Mineral standards for growers and finishers, total amount per feed unit. The standards are identical in the new and the old feed evaluation systems.表7、生长猪和育肥猪矿物质营养标准，总量/饲料单位。新旧营养评价体系的矿物质营养标准相同。20-45 kg30-45 kg25-100 kg45-100 kg65-100 kgCalcium, g 钙，克8.07.57.07.06.5Dig. phosphorus, g可消化磷，克2.12.0Sodium, g 钠，克1.51.5Chloride, g 氯，克2.52.5Potassium, g 钾，克2.52.5Magnesium, g 镁，克0.40.4Iron, mg 铁，毫克8080808080Copper, mg 铜，毫克66666Manganese, mg 锰，毫克4040404040Zinc, mg 锌，毫克100100100100100Iodine, mg 碘，毫克0.20.2Selenium, mg(1) 硒，毫克0.20.2According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, mixes must not contain more than 0.5 mg selenium per kg complete diet as a maximum. Depending on the composition of the feed, this means that one can add from 0.2 to 0.35 mg selenium per FUp.按照丹麦饲料法律，混和饲料硒的含量不能超过0.5毫克/公斤全价饲料。根据日粮的组成，硒的添加量为0.2-0.35毫克/饲料单位Table 8. Guiding minimum content of total phosphorus in complete diets to which phytase has been added, g per feed unit (when using traditional grain mixes and aphosphorus source with a 67% digestibility).The prerequisite is addition of the following amounts of phytase: 300 FTU (Natufos) or 375 FTU (Ronozyme) to home-mixed feed and 500 FTU (Natufos) or 625 FTU (Ronozyme) to heat-treated, ready-mixed feed.表8、添加了植酸酶的全价饲料中的总磷的最低含量，克/饲料单位（为使用传统谷物且含消化率为67的磷）。先决条件是按照下列要求添加植酸酶：家庭混合饲料添加300 FTU (Natufos)或者375 FTU (Ronozyme)，混合好的要制粒的饲料添加500 FTU (Natufos) 或者625 FTU (Ronozyme)。Complete diet with phytase添加了植酸酶的全价料Weaners, 6-30 kg 断奶仔猪，630公斤5.5 g per FUpGrowers and finishers, 30-100 kg 生长育肥猪，30100公斤4.1 g per FUpGestant sows 妊娠母猪4.0 g per FUpLactating sows 哺乳母猪4.8 g per FUpVitamins维生素The standards were revised in 1990. Besides the pigs minimum requirements, a safety margin is incorporated in the standards. This means that regard has been made to the production conditions applying in practice.维生素的营养标准是在1990年修订的。另外，综合了猪的维生素最少需要量和安全量。这就考虑了应用于实践的生产条件。Contrary to the standards for minerals, the standards for vitamins are denoted in added amounts without regard to the content of vitamins of the basis feed (cf. table 9). This is due to the fact that the feedstuffs natural content of vi