高中英语Unit3BacktothepastSectionⅢGrammar——宾语补足语、either...or...和neither...nor...的用法以及主谓一致教案牛津译林版.docx

Section Grammar宾语补足语、either.or.和neither.nor.的用法以及主谓一致语 境 自 主 领 悟先观察原句We found the ruins most interesting.We called her the Loulan Beauty.She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.Either you or she has to go there.Do you speak either English or French？He neither sang nor danced at the party.She lives neither in Beijing nor in Shanghai.Visiting a place like this is always very interesting.These remains were preserved for research in the future.The whole class are watching a football match.There is a pen and some pencils in my pencilcase.后自主感悟1.句至句中的黑体部分都是宾语补足语成分。它们分别是由形容词、名词和不定式来充当的。2.either.or.和neither.nor.的作用是连接并列词(组)或等同的句子(成分)。句为并列主语，句为并列宾语，句为并列谓语，句为并列状语。3.句和句都涉及了主谓一致。其主语分别是动名词短语和名词；句和句的主语分别是复数名词和集合名词。一、宾语补足语英语中句子的宾语需要进一步补充说明时，其后常接补充成分，称为宾语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语等。1名词作宾语补足语能以名词作宾语补足语的动词有：name，call，appoint，find，consider，choose，elect，think，leave，keep等。They named their child John.他们给孩子取名为约翰。 We made her monitor of our class.我们选她做班长。名师点津表示头衔或职务的名词作宾语补足语时，名词前不加冠词。2形容词作宾语补足语形容词作宾语补足语，主要用于表示宾语所处的状态或某一动作的结果，可以接形容词作宾语补足语的动词有：make，prove，leave，find，think，consider，keep 等。She was determined to prove everyone wrong.她决心证明大家都是错的。3副词作宾语补足语某些副词可用于动词或介词 with和without 后作宾语补足语，作宾语补足语的副词多用于表示动作或动作的方向等。可以充当宾语补足语的副词有：out，upstairs，in，over，on，outside，indoors等。The woman walked along the river up and down with her head down.那位女士低着头，沿着河岸踱来踱去。4介词短语作宾语补足语介词短语作宾语补足语时，可用于表示状态、职位、身份、地位等。She found the machine in good condition.她发现那台机器状况良好。A conceited man always thinks himself above others.自负者总认为自己高人一等。5分词(短语)作宾语补足语分词(短语)作宾语补足语通常用于感官动词、使役动词或介词 with，without 等之后。作宾语补足语的现在分词(短语)一般表示主动与进行，即宾语是分词(短语)所表示的动作的执行者，且该动作正在进行；作宾语补足语的过去分词(短语)通常表示被动与完成，即宾语是过去分词(短语)所表示的动作的承受者，且该动作已完成。I am so sorry to have kept you waiting so long a time.不好意思让您久等了。She saw the thief caught by policemen.她看见那个小偷被警察抓住了。6动词不定式(短语)作宾语补足语动词不定式(短语)作宾语补足语通常表示具体的动作。(1)动词不定式(短语)作宾补用于let，make，have等使役动词(get除外)之后，此时动词不定式(短语)所表示的动作通常发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，且不定式符号to需去掉。The teacher doesnt make his students do homework at school.那位老师不让他的学生在学校做家庭作业。(2)动词不定式(短语)作宾补用于see，hear，watch，notice，feel等感官动词后，此时不定式(短语)所表示的动作通常已经完成，且不定式符号to需去掉。动词不定式(短语)作宾补用于动词help后时，不定式符号to可省去也可不省。I heard someone knock at the door three times.我听见有人敲了三次门。名师点津分词(短语)与不定式(短语)作宾语补足语的区别：现在分词(短语)作宾语补足语时，宾语在逻辑上是分词(短语)所表示的动作的执行者；过去分词(短语)作宾语补足语时，宾语在逻辑上是分词(短语)所表示的动作的承受者；不定式作宾语补足语，宾语也往往是不定式的逻辑主语，该不定式与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，一般为待发生的动作。I heard a girl singing upstairs.我听见一个女孩正在楼上唱歌。(表示一个正在进行的主动动作)I heard the song sung.我听见有人唱过这首歌。(表示一个完成的被动动作)I heard a girl sing upstairs.我听到一个女孩在楼上唱歌。(表示一个完整的动作)即时演练1用所给词的适当形式填空Before driving into the city，you are required to get your car washed(wash)I asked him to buy(buy)a torch when he came here.His daughter was made to play(play) the piano for two hours every day by him.Dont leave him waiting(wait) outside.Its too cold.Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself reminded(remind) of his own dreams.7介词with可以跟复合宾语，这一结构通常在句中作状语或定语。它的常见构成：(1) with宾语介词短语With some papers in his hand，the teacher came out of the classroom.手里拿着试卷，老师走出了教室。(2) with宾语现在分词In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.在亚洲的有些地区，不准你坐着把脚对着别人。(3)with宾语过去分词The murderer was brought in，with his hands tied behind his back.凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。(4)with宾语不定式With the matter to be settled，we held a meeting.因为要解决这个问题，我们召开了一个会议。(5)with宾语形容词He usually sleeps with the windows open even in winter.即使在冬天，他也常常开着窗户睡觉。(6)with宾语副词The classroom with the lights on is our computer room.亮着灯的教室是我们的机房。二、either .or .和neither .nor .的用法1either .or .意为“或者或者”；“不是就是”。表示两者之一，连接句子中两个并列的成分。When the girl is happy，she either sings or dances.那个女孩高兴时，不是唱就是跳。Either you are mad，or I am (mad)要么是你疯了，要么是我疯了。2neither .nor .表示“既不也不”。其含义是否定的，可连接句中的两个并列的成分。It is neither hot nor cold in winter here.这里冬天既不热也不冷。Neither could theory do without practice，nor could practice do without theory.理论离不开实践，实践也离不开理论。名师点津either.or.或neither.nor.连接两个主语时，其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就是我们通常说的“就近原则”。Either you or he has lunch at school.要么是你要么是他在学校吃午饭。三、主谓一致在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。1语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致(1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm.他父亲正在农场工作。To study English well is not easy.学好英语不容易。Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.在太阳底下看书对你的眼睛有害。What he said is very important for us all.他所说的对我们都很重要。名师点津(1)由what，who引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。What I say is helpful to you.我说的对你是有益的。What I bought were three English books.我买的是三本英语书。(2)两个不定式结构或动名词短语作主语时，如果是两个概念，用复数形式；如果是一个问题的两个方面，用单数形式。Going shopping and working out in the gym are what she does in her spare time.她空闲时间去购物和体育馆锻炼。Where and when to hold the sports meet hasnt been decided.在哪儿和什么时间开运动会还没有决定。Early to rise and early to bed is good for our health.早起早睡对我们的健康有好处。即时演练2用be动词的适当形式填空To teach you English this term is my job.Making mistakes and learning to correct them are a part of life.What we need is more practice.What we need are experienced workers.(2)由连接词and或both.and连接起来的并列主语后面，要用谓语动词的复数形式。Lucy and Lily are twins.露西和莉莉是双胞胎。Both the boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.听到这个消息，男孩和女孩都很吃惊。名师点津若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。The writer and artist has come.那位作家兼艺术家已经到了。(3)由no.and no.each.and each.every.and every.many a.and many a.one and a half.等构成复合主语时，谓语动词用单数。Every boy and every girl has the right to get education.每一个男孩和女孩都有权利接受教育。(4)主语后面带有as well as，rather than，like，but，except，besides，with，together with，along with，including，in addition to，as much as，more than等词连接的名词，根据语法一致的原则，谓语动词根据这些词前的主语来确定动词的形式。The professor together with a number of students was doing experiments in the lab at that time.当时教授和他的很多学生正在实验室做实验。(5)either，neither，each，every或no单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都看作单数。Each of us has a new book.我们每人都有一本新书。Everything around us is matter.我们周围的每件事都是麻烦。(6)如果集体名词指的是整个集体，谓语动词用单数；如果指集体中的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这类词有family，class，crowd，committee，population，audience，public，board，class，team，group，company，crew，enemy，government，herd，jury，party等。Class Four is on the third floor.四班在三楼。Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.四班学生在选班长的事情上没能达成一致。名师点津people，police，cattle，youth等名词一般都用作复数。The police are looking for the lost child.警察正在寻找丢失的孩子。2逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数)(1)what，who，which，any，more，all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。All is going well.一切顺利。All have gone to Beijing.所有的人都去了北京。(2)时间、距离、金钱作主语时的主谓一致表示时间、距离、度量、重量、金钱等的复数名词作主语，被看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；若强调个体也可以用复数。Twenty years is a long time.二十年是很长时间。Two kilometers is a long way to go on foot.步行两千米是一段很长的路程。(3)若主语是以复数形式结尾的书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。The Arabian Nights is an interesting story book.一千零一夜是一本有趣的故事书。(4)表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数。One and a half apples is(are)left on the table.桌子上剩下一个半苹果。(5)算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。Twelve plus eight is twenty.十二加八是二十。Fiftysix divided by eight is seven.五十六被八除是七。(6)一些学科名词是以ics结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics以及news等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。I think physics isnt easy to study.我认为物理不好学。(7)trousers，glasses，clothes，shoes等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the)pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词则用单数。My glasses are broken.我的眼镜坏了。The pair of shoes under the bed is his.床下那双鞋子是他的。(8)“定冠词the形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示某一个人时，谓语动词用单数。The young are mostly ambitious.年轻人多半有雄心。Yesterday an accident happened on the road and a person was injured.The injured was rushed to hospital.昨天路上发生了一起事故，一个人受伤了。伤者很快被送到医院。即时演练3用所给动词的适当形式填空Most of the teachers are(be) against the proposal.One of my close friends has(have) been abroad for 8 years.Two thirds of the land is(be)planted with wheat.3就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致(1)当两个主语由either.or.neither.nor.whether.or.not only.but also.连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends.或者老师或者学生是我们的朋友。Is neither he nor they wholly right?他和他们都不全对吗？(2)there be句型中，be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.房间里有两把椅子一张桌子。即时演练4用所给词的适当形式填空Are(be)either you or he good at English?Not only the students but also the teacher wants(want)to go climbing.There are(be)two chairs and a desk in the room.There is(be) a desk and two chairs in the room.In front the village runs(run)a river.单句语法填空1With a lot of homework to do(do)，he cant play football.2You may find it astonishing(astonish) that such a girl could sing so well.3I looked up and noticed a man picking(pick) the womans pocket on the bus.4When he walked past，he heard his neighbor play/playing(play) the violin.5He found his hometown greatly changed(change)6Not only I but also my daughter is(be) fond of his magic tricks.7Listening attentively in class and reviewing in time is(be) a sure way to improve your learning.8Did you go to the show last night?Yeah.Every boy and every girl in the area was