托福语法笔记之改错.doc

托福语法笔记之改错词序颠倒一、单个的分词修饰名词时，可前置也可后置，通常后置 the region studied the studied region 二、一个或两个介词的短语修饰名词时，通常后置 三、常考的最长的词序 the + 最高级+adv+(分词+adj)+noun.+noun. 这两个前后不确定 the oldest continuously occupied permnant settlement 四、动词短语为完成时或被动式，修饰动词短语的adv夹在中间 have already done be well done have not yet rach be made originally from be come chiefly from 如果动词短语中有个介词，副词应当放在介词前 五、以分词为中心的合成形容词，应将分词置于词尾 eating plant animals应改为 plant-eating animals 同样的还有：warm-blooded animals bridge-built material cup-shaped sculpture *选项中的合成形容词便是答案 六、more still abundant 错 more修饰adj，adv时应紧接在adj/adv的前面 more abundant only, more than, less than修饰数量名词时，应紧接在数量名词前 The bridge is only three feet long. 七、主系表结构 当谓语动词为系动词时，便是主系表结构 主系表 对 主表系 错 表系主 对（倒装句中） to stay warm. rest motionless remain committed to became associated with 常考的系动词有： rest, stay, remain, mantain, lie, exist, be, become, turn, get 以及感观动词：look, appear, seem, feel, sound, taste *appear, seem 可接不定式：appear to do; seem to do 八、多种修饰语的次序 限定词|数词|adj. | +noun. | |描大新材| 包括：指示代词|序数词|述小旧颜国料| 人称代词|基数词|型形多结| 不定代词| |形状少色籍构| 冠词 | |容长内| 所有格 | |词短容| The man has the first two beautiful ong old red French sports cars.从句从句 名词性从句 主，宾 表，同位语 修饰性从句 定语从句 状语从句 从句=从句引导词+句子 从句引导词：标明从句的位置 连接代词+不完整句 连接副词+完整句(不作成分) who + noun. 错 .noun.+which+SVO 错 which+noun. 错(但which group)-在托考中不用 prep+which+Vt+O 错 noun.+what 错 prep what +SVO 错 when + V 错 where + V 错 that用法： 定语从句：连接代词，在从句中作为成分，+不完整句 主，宾，同位，从句 连接adv,不作成分，+完整句 that的省略用法 that：1，定从 that+be 可省 2，定从 在从句中作宾语可省 3，宾从 某些Vt后可省略 that *当先行词中有：adj最高级，序数词，only,不定代词时，只能用that wether to do 句子（主，宾，表，同位语） 句子，wether 句子 错（不可以引导状语从句） 句子，whether句子or not 对平行结构由平行连接词连接两个或两个以上的对象构成 一、平衡连接词 1. 单一式：and, or, but 2. 短语式：as well as, rather than, other than, instead of 3. 相关式：both.and, not only .but also from.to, either.or between.and, from.until the same as, such as, as .as neither. nor, not.but, neither.or 二、平行的形式 X and Y X, Y and Z(不常考) X, Y, and Z (常考) 三、平行的性质 1. 单复数的平行(不是绝对要平行) 比如：cells, organs, adn tissues a heart, veius, and arteries 2. 词性的平行 绝对，但是无adj的名词例外 local, state, and national government 对 city and regional planning 对 seasonally, or yearly 错 adv. adj. 3. 时态的平行 可以不平行，但是必须有相应的不同时间 4. 结构形式的平行 doing, to do, adj+n, 动+宾 结构要平行 5. 语态的平行 Dallas, Texas, has become a national hub of bank, banking fashion, manufacturing and transportation. 6. 排列位置的平行 主 not only 谓 but also 谓 对 Not only 主谓(倒装)，but also 谓 错 四、not only.but also的省略 1. .not only.but (also). 2. Not only 主谓(倒)but 主谓 3. Not only 主谓(倒),(;)主+also+谓 4. Not only. but.as well词性混用一、作表语：形容词和副词的混用 1. be + adv. - be + adj. eg: be rarly - be rare 2. be + noun. + prep - be + adj. +prep eg: be value for - be valuable for be fame for - be famous for 3. be origin based on 错 表语唯一 be forcibily 错 be completely enclosed 对 be originally a poem 对 be typicaly concerned with 对 be generally with 对 数+noun. be + noun./adj./分词 +adj. 分词短语 adv. 二、作宾语时，名词和动名词的混用 *原则：名词比动名词优先 from their kinding 错 food supplying错 区别：名词作宾语，后面不可接名词 动名词作宾语，后面可接名词 动名词前可加the:the making of any work of art 动名词前加the 后变化为一个纯粹的名词，不可再加名词了 三、状语从句引导词与近义介词/adv.的混用 1. when, while/during, in * when, while+ noun. 永远错 during + 句子 永远错 2. although/despite despite + 句子 永远错 despite the fact that 对 3. even though/even 前者为连词，后者为副词 even + 句子 永远错 四、平衡连接词与近义副词的混用 1. and/also 前连后副 V also V 对 noun. also noun. 错 2. or / else 前连后副 by scant else by color 错 3. but/instead 前连后副 五、表示人的名词与表示物的同根名词的混用 architect - architectural inventor - inventation sculptor - sculpture poet - poem, poetry novelist - novel educator - education settler - settlement composer - composition engineer - engineering 六、作定语，名词和形容词的混用 原则：表示同一概念的形容词比名词优先 eg: certain 比certainty优先 当意义不同时，就无所谓优先 如： color monitor 彩显 colorful monitor 外观彩色的显示器 colorful effect 多彩的效果 color effect 彩色效果 例外： 1. 没有表示同一概念的形容词时，只能用名词修饰 the city or regional planning Beijing city commercial bank the state government 2. noun. + noun. 为特定含义时，不改为adj. safty glass 防弹玻璃 exhibition flights 飞行表演 color monitor 彩显 3. noun.修饰noun.，表示后一个名词的本质属性，品质，种类时，不改adj. *noun. + noun. 最后选 beauty salon对 intelligence test 对 noun.+noun.在一起 a. 最后选 b. 有无同概念形容词 c. 看句意 七、作修饰语，形容词和副词的混用 1.副词永远不能修饰名词 up arms - upper arms 注意陷阱：adv. + 同位语 * special 永远改especially The common cold, (which is) normally a minor illness, can threaten the health of patient. 2. adj. + adj. + noun. 依次修饰关系 an old red car a frequent pretty girl(?) 3. adv. + 数 + noun. ; 数 + adj. + noun. 对 数 + adv. + noun. ; adj. + 数 + noun. 错 adv. + 数 + adj. + noun. 对 4. adj. V adj. + prep. adv. adv. 分词短语 数词谓语动词一、主谓一致 1. 主谓的分隔原则 S, -,VO 主谓之间可以用定从及省略形式的定从分隔 * 主谓一致与主语同位语无关 2. 定语从句中的主谓一致 .noun.+that/which+V * that, which并不反映单复数 one of 复n + that/which + 复V the only one of 复n + that/which + 单V 3. 随前一致 together with, as well as, with, including, of 4. 随后一致 not 单n. but 复n. + 复V not noly 单n. but also 复n. + 复V 5. 就近一致 单n. or 复n. either 单n. or 复n. neither 单n. nor 复n. is he or we. 对 he or we are. 对 6. 可数名词and可数名词+复数动词 不可数名词and不可数名词+复数动词 例外：war and peace is/was black and white is/was bread and butter is/was to love and to be loved is/was 7. 百分比结构 most, rest, half, majority, some, 50 percent, one percent _+of+n.+V 由名词决定动词的单复数 8. 倒装句中的主谓一致 There be. between , among 等介词位于句首，即引起倒装 Between .+ be + noun. Among.+ be + noun. 主 + 系 + 表 主系关系要一致，系表关系可以不一致 9. The+ adj. a. 表示“一类人”用复数V The rich are ridiculous b. 表示某一抽象概念 The good is attractive 10. one of + 复数noun. + 单V more than one 单数noun. + 单数V many a + 单noun. + 单V a + 单noun. or + two + 单V: a day or two news 单数 measles 不可数 the series 用is/are从上下文得出 二、时态 1. in + 过去某一时间，用一般现在时 2. befort+ 过去年份，用过去完成时 3. for/since: for后跟时间段，可用现在完成和一般过去时 since 后跟时间点，只能跟现在完成时 I have been a teacher for 3 years. I have been a teacher since 1996. I was a teacher for 3 years. 4. 自然现象、真理描述用一般现在时 时态：现在完成时和一般过去时混用 一般现在时和一般过去时混用 三、语态考主被的混用 一个证明，二个位于，三个需要，四个情感 1. 证明：prove(vi) + to be + n./adj. prove(vt) + sth./that +句子 my advice rpoved to be wrong 2. 位于：locate永远考被动 situate 主动：把.放置;确定位置 被动：位于 3. 需要：need, want, require 情态动词动原 doing need实义动词 to do .一般 to be done n.词 My watch need repairing. 主动表被动 to be repaired. require to be done want doing 4. 情感：please, annoy, surprise, move I am pleased. 主语高兴 The news is pleasing. 令人高兴 使.高兴（心烦、惊讶、感动） Franklin is so moved. The story is so moving.非谓语动词一、现分与过分的区别 现分过分考与不考备注 主动被动90%（后置定语，状） 进行完成10%（前置定语） 动作状态不考 a retired general a retirign general 错 a fallen fruit 在地下 a falling fruit正在掉 二、现在分词与过去分词的用法 1. 用于名词后作后置定语，等同于定语从句，只考虑主被动 Indians who lived in =living 分词从句 2. 用于句首，句末作状语，只考虑主被动 非此即彼included in/by including 分，prep involved in involving 3. 常考的接doing的词 enjoy , finish, celebrate, suggest, advocate, forgive, mind, avoid, escape, tolerate, delay, quit spend . (in) doing have difficulty/trouble/a problem/a hard time (in)doing 三、动词不定式的省略用法 1. help to do = help do 可省可不省 help sb to do = help sb do 2. 使役动词必省to let sb do ; make sb do; have sb do ; bid sb do have sth done 3. 关于感观动词 see, hear, notice, feel, watch 必须省to see sb do 看见整个过程 see sb doing看见动作正在进行 改被动后to 要加回来 be seen to do be seen doing 四、动词不定式的固定用法 1. 第一“人” the first (sb) to do 2. 表“迫使”的动词 allow sb to do allow sth permit sb to do permit sth enable sb to do enable sth cause sb to do cause sth force sb to do force sth 3. 表“倾向”的adj./V tend to do attemp to do be (more) likely to do that + 句子 be inclined to do be apt to do be liable to do 4. 表“目的”的名词 The function + of sth. + is to do sth. function, goal, purpose, aim, objective, reason, intention 5.与接不定式的V或adj. 同词根的名词也接不定式 be able to do - ability to do enable sb to do decide to do - decision to do be ambitious to do - ambition to do try to do - make great efforts to do attempt(v.) to do - attempt(n.) to do 五、动词不定式的其它形式 1. 动词不定式的将来式 主动：be to do 被动：be to be done 表示预计要发生或按计划要发生的事情 China is to be one of the most important contries in the world. 被动式与过去分词的区别 the surfaces to be glued the surfaces glued 2. 动词不定式的完成时 主动to have done 被动to have been done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语之前 Im glad to have seen your son yesterday. 3. 某些adj. 后主动表被动 This plas is difficult to come out easy hard代词与介词代词 一、代词的五种形式间的混用 he him himself self 主格宾格反身代词 名词 所有格 his (A)名词前面应该使用所有格 make she debut 错 make ones debut * 双宾语结构例外 won him prizes 对 （B）反身代词画线改宾格 要使用的反身代词必须与所在句子主语一致 he killed him. 他杀 he killed himself 自杀 （C）self ,是名词，“自我”，只用于哲学， 出现永远错 二、代词的单复数 him,her- them, 注意一下 三、代词的性别 his/her himself/herself 四、代词的人与物 Although he is employed in hte scientific field, the metric system -it is not used in the U.S. 五、关系代词 which 指代物 that 指代人或物 注意：who与which混用 who 指代人 who 主 whom 宾 whose 所有格 whom image -只考过一回 -whose *主要考who和whose的混用 who + noun. 错 whose + V 错 介词 一、through/throughout through: “穿过”、“通过”，强调动作 throughout: “贯穿”throughout his lifetime “遍布”throughout the world 二、between/among between the stars/trees 两两之间 among the two realms 错 三、in/inside /into inside,in 静态，强调状态 into 动态，强调动作 air inside the house o the sky in + 单数noun.(无冠词)，表示某一领域，某一方面，某一行业 in shape, in size 四、in/for/since in + 1. 时刻点 2. 一段时间 for+ 1. prep. + 一段时间 2. conj. 并列连词，不能位于句首 句子，for 句子 since+1. prep., “自从”时刻点，完成时 2. conj., “因为”Since +句子，句子 3. adv., a. 与过去时共用= ago .was.many years since . b. 与完成时连用，表示过去某个时间某个事件到现在 Tom was elected president last term, but he since has de voted little fo his spare time to his reponsibility. 五、of 遗漏 多余 六、by 1. be done by 只要不是固定词组，就改by 2. by doing 只要不是固定词组 3. 作品by 作者 publication by Franklin 七、固定搭配 together with = with adv + prep = prep冠词冠词(缺失与多余为重点和难点) (A) 1. a与an的区别 (发音而非字母) an: herd undergraduate understanding oyster honest a : unique university unite yawn 2. a与复数名词的混用 an outstanding methods. 3. 不定冠词a的遗漏 (1)固定短语中a的遗漏 a set of, a piece of, a variety of, a series of, a collection of , a wide range of a wealth of + 不可数名词(information) (2)强调可数名词的单数概念 且无其它限定词，必须用不定冠词 也就是说，单数可数名词前必须有限定词 * v+单数可数名词 错 prep+单数可数名词 错 of humid area area可数，所以错 of prize fighter fighter可数，所以错 of raindrop 亦然 例外：a. a part of= part of part 永远对 b. 表示职务、身份、亲属关系的词可以单独使用 Little Bush, son of George Bush, is running for the office of president. c. 表示“种类”名词后所接noun可单独使用 type of , kind of, sort of d. 表示某一方面的名词可单独使用 All cells differ in function, in size, in color, in shape. (B)定冠词 (the ,表特指) the astronomy, the nitrogen, the iron, in the histroy, in the nature, of the human hoby, on the right side 这些名词前都不能加the 1. 表示“独一无二”的事物 the Great Wall, the Sun, the Moon, the Earth 2. 关于序数词 * 序数词只有作定语修饰noun,才必须加the 年代：in the serventeenth century 排序：the eight(h) element (is). * 序数词考两点：a. 加不加the b. 是eight或eithth (单词) 陷阱： a. Utah ranks first among. b. A is second only to B. 3. adj.最高级作前置定语修饰noun,才必须加the. the most desolate region(S) the most . area(s) adj+est 后可以是复数。 4. 四大洋，河流，湖泊前必须加the Winds from the Atlantic Ocean 5. “人体” the human body “普通人” the average person the common person 6. 表示“开始”与“结束”，必须加the the beginning( 可以加s) the end 7. 学科前不加the the astrology错 元素前不加the Iron, Nitrogen 8. nature a. 在自然界 in nature b. . of nature 本质上的 faith of natrue 发自内心的 9. history a. 泛指“在历史上”，in history b. 特指在某种历史上，in the history of NOS 10.乐器 play the piano(正确) play erhu(正确) 11.城市名，州名，国家名前不加the in Beijing , in the city of Beijing 联合名词除外：the United States the United kingdom a United States boy. 12.most的用法 a. 作为一个副词(adv.)修饰adj,adv，表示最高级 . are most plantiful . the most handsome teacher b. adj. 大多数的 most animals 泛指 (不可以+the)+可数/不可数名词皆可 决定谓语 c. pron.大多数，大部分 most of the animals 特指 d. a most beautiful girl adv., very e. most/mostly 均作副词时，most修饰形容词、副词 mostly修饰动词、介词 be composed mostly of名词名词 一、重要的名词 (A)重要的可数名词 discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, effort, effect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, human , human being, system, fashion, kind, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type (B)常见的不可数名词 furniture, luggage, clothing, equiment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry, scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, folige, advertising, health 1. 液体不可数 2. 自然现象不可数：rain, sunlight, but a heavy rain 可以用 3. 颗粒状不可数 4. 看不见摸不着的不可数 证据不可数，intelligence 不可数， advice 建议皆不可数 5. 学科不可数 mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, politics, mechanics, genetics, geology, geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology, histroy 6. 疾病不可数: meales, munps(腮腺炎) , diabetes(糖尿病) 7. 总称不可数 (C)常见的不规则名词 *tooth, foot 一定错 man-men, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, basis-bases, analysis-analyses, crisis-crises, axis-axes, hypothesis-hypotheses, alga-algae, lava-lavar, fungus-fungi, stimulus-stimuli, datum-data, medium-media, bacterium-bacteria, spectrum-spectra, mouse-mice, child-children, phonemenon-phenomena (D)常见的单复数同形的名词 aircraft, spcecraft 等 craft结尾的词 species, series, means(mean不加s不是名词) sheep, deer, trout, carp, salmon, fish-fishes,fish 鱼类一般单复同形 (E)单一复数意义有差异的名词 sky-skies(气候) water-waters(水系，永远不错) good-goods(货物) part-parts(才能) custom=customs(风俗) spectacle(风景)-spectacles(眼睛) letter-letters(文字) arm-arms(武器) force-forces (武装力量) ？：这些词加s后是另一个名词单数还是作为复数 (F)即可数又不可数的名词 不可数 可数 paper 纸 文件 rock 碎岩 块岩 collection 各种收藏品 同一种收藏品 sugar 砂糖 方糖 area 面积 地区 land 面积 区域 work 作品；工作 著作；工厂，工程，工事 room 空间 房间 time 时间 倍数，时代 * art, newspaper, food, beverage art 泛指艺术 不可数 一种艺术