CANADA地理文化政治经济英文介绍.ppt

canada kelly canada thepacificocean theatlanticocean canadaisinnorthernnorthamerica location ottawa theflagofcanadathenationalflowermaple niagarafalls theland lakesuperior lakehuron lakeontario lakeerie lakesuperiorlakehuronlakeerielakeontario greatlakes albertabritishcolumbiamanitobanewbrunswicknewfoundlandandlabradorthetenprovincesnovascotiaontarioprinceedwardislandyukonterritoryquebecthethreeterrtioriesnorthwestterritorynunavutsaskatchewan lakesuperiorandhuronarethetwolargestlakesincanada about82 100sqkmand59 600sqkm respectively manitoulinisland anislandinlakehuron alsocontainstheworld slargestlakeonisland lakemanitourlin lakesuperior huron housesonthehuronbank therearefourriversystemsincanadaaccordingtothelocationofriverestuaries thearctic thelargestincanada thepacific theatlantic andthehudsonbaysystem arctic pacific atlantic hudsonbay oldmontreal alltheriversandlakesincanadacanbeusedforagricultural industrial urban andrecreationalpurposes alsosomeofthemcanhavespecialusesincommercialtransportation canadaisusuallydividedintosixgeographicalregions theappalachianmountains thegreatlakesandst lawrencelowlands thecanadianshield thecanadianinteriorplains thewestencordillera andthecanadianarctic st lawrenceriver canadaisfamousforthesizeandnumberofitsisland thelargestislandincanadaisbaffinisland 507 451sqkm anditisalsothefifthlargestislandintheworld theadministrativeregionalizationofcanada thepeople theestimatedpopulationin2006was33 098 932 whichisroughlythesameasthatofshanxiprovinceinchina andithasapopulationdensityof3 6personpersqkm 187thcountryintheworld canadaismadeupofmanyimmigrants 1 5 11 5 20 27 40 percent differentkindsofpeople theenglish thefrench othereuropeans theaboriginalandinuit theotherraces theinuit theclimate canadaisacountryofvastcoastlineanddiverseweather thecountryisboardedbythepacificoceantothewest thearcticoceantothenorth andtheatlanticoceantotheeast frozenmorethanhalfoftheyear hudsonbaygreatlyinfluencescanada sclimate facilitatingthesouthwardpenetrationofcoldarcticair thegulfstreammakesthesoutheastofcanadawarmer butitseffectsarelimited theicylabradorcurrentdramaticallyreducesthetemperatureinthenortheastofthecountry theclimatevariesindifferentcanadianprovinces themapofcanada thenorthernregionsofcanadaexperienceseverecoldweatherduringthewintermonths withaveragetemperatureintherangeof 25 to 35 insummer thedaysarelonganddailyhighsareoftenabove16 thehistoryofcanada thethreeearlyexplorationofcanada norwegian1000adenglishmen johncabot 1497frenchmen jacquescartier 1534 in1754 1763thefrenchandindianwarorsevenyearwarhappened thefrenchandtheenglishfoughteachotheralongwiththeirindianallies andtheresultwasthatbritishconquestofcanada manyquestionsandproblemsremainedofhowtoassimilatethefrenchpeopleintothisbritishterritory thequebecart 1774 theconstitutionalactof 1791 gavefrenchcanadiansmorerightstopracticetheirlanguageandreligion onjuly1 1867theconstitutionact1867created onedominionunderthenameofcanada canadanowhadfourprovinces ontario quebec novascotiaandnewbrunswick theeconomy canadaisamemberofthegroupof8 g8 theeightcountriesoftheworldwiththemostpowerfuleconomies canadaisrichinresources forestryminingagriculturefishingcenters landsupplies eastandwestcoasts rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 place luxemburg norway iceland danmark switzerland sweden america holand england finland austria australia canada gdp 102284 79154 70754 62976 58883 57035 56711 47069 45594 45429 45301 44912 44308 42738 42553 gatar ireland afterthesecondworldwar petroleumandnaturalgasaccountedforalargeproportionofcanada sexport withtheincreaseoftheshareofautomobilevehiclesinexport thetechnologyofautomobilemanufacturingisalsogreatlyenhanced indeed canadahasoneoftheworld shighestratiosofgoodsexportedtogdp 33 6percent inboththegoodssectorandtheservicesector canada simportsexceeditsexports jointheasia pacificeconomiccooperation apec toimprovethedevelopmentofeconomy businesstrade investmentandcooperationwithothercountries itwasfoundedinthe1989s andnowhas21members constitution therehasbeennocompletewrittenconstitutionincanada britishnorthamericaactof1867 coreoftheconstitution theconstitutionalamendmentspassedfrom1867to1975theconstitutionof1982 thecurrentconstitutioniscomposedof3mainparts thecanadianconstitution thecanadiancharterofrightsandfreedomseemstobeanimitationofthebillofrightsoftheu s constitution notonlyinheritsthebritishtraditionofunwrittenconstitution butalsoadoptstheamericanexperienceoflegislation thecharterguarantees 1 fundamentalfreedomstocitizens 2 therighttovoteandseekelection toenjoysecurityofperson andtocombatdiscrimination 3 itspecifiestheequalityofthefrench englishandindigenouslanguages twoprincipleofthecanadianconstitution1 thecentralgovernmentofcanadahasexclusivejurisdictionoveradministrationofcurrencyandcoinage taxation theprovincialgovernmentsareauthorityovereducation hospital civilrights taxationforlocalpurposesandlocalcommerce 2 thecanadianconstitutionisresponsiblegovernment thegovernmentisheldresponsibletothepeopleofcanada thecanadianconstitutionlaysspecialemphasisonnon violence socialreformandprogress peace orderandgoodgovernment themainreasonwhycanadiansocietyismoreharmoniousandstablethanitssouthernneighbor governmentorganisation thecanadiangovernmentisacombinationofparliamentarydemocracyandconstitutionalmonarchy governmentalpowersaredividedbetweencentralorfederalgovernmentandtheprovincialandterritorialgovernment unitedstates canada centralgovernmentisparalleltothelocalgovernments thecentralgovernmenthasmorepowersthanthelocalgovernments parliament primeminister supremecourtofcanada theparliament mainfunction makethelawsofcanada 1 thegovernorgeneral queenelizabeth 2 houseofcommons theprimeminister 3 anappointedsenate function signallthelawsmadebyparliamentopenseachsessionofparliamentreadsthespeechfromthethronetravelsacrosscanadaandtoothercountriestorepresentcanada itiselectedbythepeople soit sthemostpowerfularmofgovernmentincanada thereare308members function toraiseissuesinthehousethatareofspecialconcernintheirridingstohelppeopleintheirridingsiftheyhaveproblemwiththegovernment function tobalancethepoweroftheelectedhouseofcommonstoprotecttheinterestsofcanada sregions theparliamentbuildingsinottawa theprimeminister theleaderofthepartythatformsthegovernmentbecomestheprimeminister theprimeministeristheexecutiveheadofgovernment electionsareheldeveryfiveyears theprimeministerhasagreatdealofpowerandinfluence 1 tosetthepolicyofthegovernmentanddeterminewhatlegislationshouldbepassed 2 tocontrolallthefunctionsofthefederalgovernment includingbudgetallocations 3 tonamethecabinetministersandalsorecommendsappointeestothecivilservice senate andjudiciary thecurrentprimeministerincanada stephenharper partypolitics thedominantnationalpoliticalpartiesincanadaduringthe20thcenturyweretheprogressiveconservativesandtheliberals 1 progressiveconservatives generallyfavoredafreemarket fiscalresponsibility andlimitsonstatepower theleader stephenharper 2 liberalparty theopposition foundedin1873 generallyassociatedwithabiggovernment theyadvocategreatergovernmentinvolvementintheeconomy theyregardedasthepartymostopentoimmigration theleader paulmartin 3 newdemocraticparty wasevolvedfromcanadianlabourandsocialistmovements supportprogrammestoincreasesocialandeconomicequality theleader jacklayton 4 blocqu b cois wasformedtoprotectqu becinterestsandstriveforqu becindependence theleader gillesduceppe andtherearesomeotherpoliticalparties suchascanadianallianceandprogressivecanadians canada ssystemofpoliticalpartiesischaracterizedbyone partyrule itmeansthatonemajorpartyusuallycanwinmanyelectionsanddominatecanadianpoliticsforsolongthatitbecomesthemainrulingparty bilingualismandmulticulturalism canadiansocietyisregardedasa mosaic ofcultures why canadaisthefirstonetocarryoutmulticulturalpoliciesandoneofthefewbilingualcountries inmanyways canadiancultureisacombinationofeuropeanandnorthamericanheritage mostcanadiansareeitheroffrenchorbritishorigin mostofthemcanspeakbothenglishandfrench theofficiallanguageact 1969 statedthatbothenglishandfrenchweretobeofficiallanguagethroughoutcanada althoughcanadaisabilingualcountry ishasbeensettledbypeoplefromallpartsoftheworld manyofthesegroupshavemaintainedtheircustomsandlanguageincanada in1972 aministerformulticulturalismwasappointed sincethen numerouscommitteesandadvisorybodieshavebeensetupthroughoutcanadatoorganizemulticulturalprogrammes multiculturalism welfare canada swelfareprogramenjoygoodreputationaroundtheworld ithasamoreextensiveandexpensivesocialwelfaresystemthantheu s canadahasestablishedanewsystemofsocialrights asetofclaimsforprotectionfromtheinsecuritiesofmodernsociety herearesomepartsofsocialwelfare canadachildtaxbenefitemploymentinsurance unemploymentinsurancecanadapensionplanoldagesecurityguaranteedincomesupplementsocialassistancedisabilityprotectionmaternitywelfare healthcareisprimarilytheresponsibilityoftheprovince morethan90 ofthehospital sanddoctor scareisuniversalincanada itsmedicaresystemandmedicalfacilitiesarethebestintheworld education canada seducationisalsohighlydeveloped asafederalcountry canada sthirteeneducationsystemsareestablishedby13legislaturesoftheprovincesandterritories theprovincialgovernmentshavethepowertointerfere controlorguideeducationintherespectiveareasoftheprovince despitethelackofstrongfederaldirectionandthedifferentgeographic economicandsocialconditions thethirteeneducationalsystemsareuniqueintheirownways environment canadaiswell knownforitseffortstoprotecttheenvironment leadingtheworldinecologicalpreservation theattitudestowardenvironment first thecanadiangovernmentfocusedonprotectingforestsandgrasslands second landandculturalsitesbecamethetargetsofprotectioninsuccession since1960s canadahasconcentrateditsattentiononthebalanceofecology thechangescausedbythedevelopmentofthecountry ecoaction ecoagriculture ecoenergyforindustry ecotransport renewablefuelsforagreenerfuturethegovernment scomprehensivestrategyforrenew