跨文化交际教案英文版chapter8verbalinterculturecommunication.doc

Chapter VIII Verbal Intercultural Communication (I)Teaching Objectives1.To understand how language and culture closely linked 2.To perceive the vital role of verbal codes in intercultural communication as well as the important relationships among language, thought, culture, and behaviorLeading in Teaching Procedures Step1Have students listen to the lead-in case Meanings of Words Ask students warming-up questions: l What are connotational meanings?l Whats the connotation of the word “moon” in Chinese? l Whats the connotation of the word “moon” in English? l What is the relationship between language and culture? Step28.1 Language and culturel Verbal intercultural communicationVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.l Relationship between language and cultureMastering all those rules of language，such as phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, is still not enough for effective communication, for language and culture cannot be separated.They are intertwined, shaping each other.8.1.1 Culture and Word Meaning1. Word differences are obvious in various languages. The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary. For example, we live in a house in English, we also live in a casa in Spanish and we still live in a ban in Thai.2. Corresponding Chinese words cannot always explain the English words. a. Words with different associated meaningsLanguage reflects the environment we live in, history, custom, values and so on, which are diverse in different cultures. So words that refer to the same object may have different associated（联想的） meanings. The culturally-loaded words and expressions are good examples showing the cultural influence on the meanings of words.Chinese wordEnglish wordAssociated meaning in ChineseAssociated meaning in English 凤凰phoenixsymbol of fortune and queen symbol of renascence龙dragonsymbol of emperorsymbol of evil蝙蝠 batsymbol of fortunesymbol of evilPhoenix(凤凰)Dragon(龙)Bat(蝙蝠)EnglishChineseEnglishChineseEnglishChineselb. Words without counterpart in another languageLanguage reflects culture, and cultural diversity leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, concept equivalence and experience equivalence. Therefore, there are a lot of words that we fail to find the counterparts in another language. For example, the English word “hippies”, “motel”, we cannot find exact counterpart in Chinese. American Hippies in the 1960sAmerican Motelc. Confusing translationCultural distinctions lead to different connotations, so some expressions are really confusing when translated. For example: “单位” “unit”; “equalitarian” “平均主义/平等主义”, “materialism” “物质主义/唯物主义”.Chinese WordsConfusing translationEnglish words Connotation 单位unitA thing, person or group that is regarded as one single whole part of something larger.物质主义/唯物主义materialism(1) The belief that money and possessions rather than things of the mind such as art or religion. (2) The belief that only physical things really exist. 平均主义/平等主义equalitarianThe belief that everyone is equal and has the same chance to do something. d. ProverbsProverbs are fruits of wisdom. Proverbs reflect religion, morality, values, and life experience. Chinese culture has been greatly influenced by Confucian philosophy emphasizing the social relationships. In contrast, there are more proverbs describing the preference of independence, freedom and self-fulfillment in western culture. ConfuciusSelf-fulfillmentFreedom Independence8.1.2 Culture and the Way of Saying ThingsPeople, from different cultural backgrounds, speak different languages in different ways.1. Forms of addressThe forms of address in every language reflect social status of the speaker, of the addressee, or of the relation between them. Traditional Chinese culture is based on the family-based social structure. Under such cultural background, kinship terms have extended and generalized usage. Social status and hierarchy weigh greatly in Chinese culture. In that case, people use such way “surname+profession or title” as formal address, while the westerners seldom use these addresses. 2. Greetings and farewells Chinese culture is relation-oriented. Maintaining or promoting relation calls for something interpersonal, so it is quite acceptable in China to greet each other by asking private questions, while English people have a very strong sense of privacy.“Good-bye” or “Bye-Bye” is acceptable both in English and Chinese, and it is a very formal way. English people also say “See you”, “See you later”, “Good night”, and “Have a nice day”. Those expressions convey less personal concerns than Chinese routines such as “Walk slowly”, “Stay longer”. 3. Compliments and responses to compliments Compliments and praises are of great social functions. Concerning compliments and compliment responses, the pragmatic rules are various in different cultures. In American culture, the topic of compliments can be varied. Their response to compliments is positive. Chinese people are shy to compliment others and also shy to accept compliments. 4. Taboos and euphemismTaboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Case Analysis: Commonly-Believed Traditional British Superstitions and TaboosWhat are the differences between Chinese and British Superstitions and taboos in this case? Falling starFour-leaf cloverCricketMirrorBlack cat8.2 Culture and Communication StyleCulture influences the style of communication at great level. When we are in an unfamiliar country, it is wise to watch and learn the way native people communicate first. 8.2.1 Culture and Conversation Pattern1. When to talk2. What to say3. Turn-taking conventions8.2.2 Direct vs. Indirect Communication Style 1. Direct communication styleWith direct communication style, speaker expresses his intention（need and desire）openly and directly. Direct styles are often used in low-context, individualistic cultures. Verbal precision and self-expression are valued.2. Indirect communication styleIn an indirect communication style, which is often seen in high-context and collectivistic cultures, speakers usually hide or hint their intentions during interaction.Case Analysis: Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Communication stylel What are the interpretations of Michiko on Jims words?l Why do they have the conflicts during communication? 8.2.3 Elaborate, Exacting, and Succinct Communication StyleThe elaborate, exacting, or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and /or volume of talk.1. Elaborate communication style2. Exacting communication style3. Succinct communication style8.2.4 Personal and Contextual Communication StylePeople tend to use personal communication style in individualistic culture, while contextual style is employed more often in collectivist culture. 1. Personal communication styleThe personal communication style amplifies the individual identity of the speaker.2. Contextual communication styleA contextual style stresses ones role identity and status. The Japanese use a contextual style, and their language includes an elaborate system of honorifics. Honorifics are linguistic forms that communicate respect according to ones rank and the rank of the people they speak to.Case Analysis: Japanese Workers Get Word from on High :Drop Formality l What kind of communication style traditional Japanese workers use? l What causes the Japanese workers mentioned in the case to drop formality during communication with each other? Japanese tea ceremonyJapanese honorificsChrysanthemum & Vibrant blades 8.2.5 Instrumental and Affective Communication StyleIt is certain that communication is a way to realize communicators goal or mission. And communication is instrumental.1. Instrumental communication styleAn instrumental communication style as sender-based and goal-outcome based.2. Affective communication styleAn affective communication style is receiver and process oriented.Case Analysis: Instrumental and Affective Communication Style l Why did Mr. Benton want to get down to business directly?l Why did Mr.Yeh-Ching seem not to value time and work? l Can you analyze the communication styles of the two persons in this case? Step3Interpreting Culture Through Popular Sayings1 活动目的：通过常用语了解文化：学习英语习语，解析习语中反映的价值观念。增加语言知识，了解习语中暗含的文化价值观念；比较中、英差别，比较中英价值观的异同。2 活动过程描述步骤一：学习下列习语，解释习语反映的价值观念。Take a look at the popular sayings listed below. What might they suggest about U.S. American values and beliefs? Write your answer next to the statement on the right.Popular saying or impression What value(s) is being emphasized? 1. If at first you dont succeed, try, try again.2. God help the one who help himself.3. Make yourself at home.4. Dont blame me!5. The squeaky wheel gets the grease.6. Where theres a will theres a way.7. Talk is cheap.8. Its no big deal.9. Whats the bottom line?10. Whats up?参考答案常用习语、俗语和谚语汉语意思强调的价值观念和信仰1. If at first you dont succeed, try, try again.如果你最初没有成功，务必再试试；失败是成功之母要有百折不挠，坚持到底的信心。2. God help the one who help himself.天助自助者。个人主义，自力更生3. Make yourself at home.不必拘谨，随随便便，就像在你自己家里一样不拘礼仪，人人平等。有些其他文化的人听到这句话时不明白其含义，以至于不知所措。4. Dont blame me!不要责怪我；不是我的错美国文化强调个人的责任感，但是美国人也常常为出现在自己身上的问题找其他原因，然后说：“看，不是我的错！”5. The squeaky wheel gets the grease.吱吱叫的轱辘常上油；会哭的孩子有奶吃抱怨并指出问题受到鼓励，因为这可以改善我们的生活和生活用品。在美国，改善和改变受到高度重视，抱怨并提出建议的人会受到注意。如果你保持沉默、逆来顺受，你永远不会得到帮助。6. Where theres a will theres a way.有志者，事竟成坚持不懈非常重要，只要个人愿意努力，就可以成就大业。7. Talk is cheap.耍嘴皮子；说来容易，做起来难重要的是行动。8. Its no big deal.没什么大不了强调回避冲突和淡化问题。在美国各个地区这一点有不同的表现。9. Whats the bottom line?底线是什么？关注结果，通常是关于金钱。10. Whats up?有什么新鲜事吗？非正式的。当你看到某人或碰巧遇到某人时，结识他们的重要性。步骤二： 检查学生找到的答案，讨论答案中反映的价值观念。步骤三：教师鼓励学生找出更多的习语，写道黑板上并讲解含义，与同学讨论习语中蕴涵的文化价值观念。步骤四：教师引导学生思考：为什么习语反映的价值观会相互矛盾？例如：“Silence is golden.”与“The squeaky wheel gets the grease.”步骤五：教师引导学生找出中国文化中表达上述练习中相似意义的习惯用语，并与英语中相应的表达方式进行比较。步骤六：教师引导学生就下列问题进行讨论：（1） 你经常用到的习语有哪些？通过了解这些习语，你对其所在文化及这一文化中的人有何印象？（2） 你从这一课堂活动中学到了什么？Step4Homework and After-class activitiesl Write a paper describing the differences of communication style between Chinese people and American people.l Surf on the Internet to collect more culturally-loaded words. Step 5Test Your Socio-communicative Orientation/Style InstrumentThe following questionnaire lists twenty personality traits. Indicate the degree to which you believe each of these characteristics applies to you, as you normally communicate with others, by marking whether you (5) strongly agree that it applies, (4) agree that it applies, (3) are undecided, (2) disagree that it applies, or (1) strongly disagree that it applies. There are no right or wrong answers. Work quickly; record your first impression._1.Helpful_2.Defends own beliefs_3.Independent_4.Responsive to others_5.Forceful_6.Has strong personality_7.Sympathetic_8.Compassionate_9.Assertive_10.Sensitive to the needs of others_11.Dominant_12.Sincere_13.Gentle_14.Willing to take a stand_15.Warm_16.Tender_17.Friendly_18.Acts as a leader_19.Aggressive_20.CompetitiveScoring: Items 2,3,5,6,9,11,14,18,19 and 20 measure assertiveness. Add the scores on these items to get your assertiveness score. Scores above 40 indicate that you see yourself as assertive. Items 1,4,7,8,10,12,13,15,16, and 17 measure responsiveness. Add the scores on these items to get your responsiveness score. Scores above 40 suggest that you see yourself as responsive. Being assertive and responsive is not necessarily “good” or “bad”. Your socio-communicative style is a barometer of how you interact with others, not whether you are a good or bad person._Source: From McCroskey, J, C., & Richmand, V.P., Fundamentals of Human Communication: An lnterpersonal Perspective. Copyright 1996. Reprinted by permission of Waveland Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Supplimentary Materials1. Key Terms: 1. verbal code（语言代码）：it is a set of rules about the use of words in the creation of messages.在组织信息的过程中的一系列择词规则。2. symbol（符号） words, actions, objects that stand for or represent a unit of meaning. 可以表达一定含义的词汇、行为和物体。3. phonology（音位学）The basic sound units of a language are called phonemes, and the rules for combining phonemes constitute the phonology of a language. 一门语言中语音的基本单位叫做因素，组织因素的规则构成了该门语言的音位学。4. semantics（语义学）The study of the meaning of words is called semantic.5. denotative meaning（外延义）：It refers to the public, objective, and legal meanings of a word, which are those found in the dictionary or law books.6. connotative meaning（内涵义）: It refers to personal emotionally charged, private, and specific to a particular person.7. dialects（方言）Dialects are versions of a language with distinctive vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that are spoken by particular groups of people or within particular regions.8. accents（口音）Distinguishable marks of pronunciation are called accents.9. jargon （行话）refers to a set of words or terms that are shared by those with a common profession or experience.10. argot （暗语）refers to a specialized language that is used by a large group within a culture to define the boundaries of their group from others who are in a more powerful position in society.11.Taboo（禁忌）refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. 12.Euphemism（委婉语）means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh（严厉的）, blunt（生硬的）, or offensive.2. Additional Information: 1. Navajos（纳瓦霍族）A Native American people inhabiting extensive reservation lands in Arizona, New Mexico, and southeast Utah. The most populous of contemporary Native American groups in the United States, the Navajo are noted as stockbreeders and skilled weavers, potters, and silversmiths.（纳瓦霍族居住亚利桑那，新墨西哥和犹他州东南部的美洲印第安人。是美国同时期的美洲印第安人部落中人口最稠密的。纳瓦霍族人以豢养家禽，技术熟练的纺织者，制陶者和银匠而著名。）2. Hopi（霍皮人）：They are A Pueblo people occupying a number of mesa-top pueblos on reservation land in northeast Arizona. The Hopi are noted for their sophisticated dry-farming techniques, a rich ceremonial life, and fine craftsmanship in basketry, pottery, silverwork, and weaving.霍皮：占有亚利桑那州东北部居留地的若干平顶梯形城堡式构造的普韦布洛人。霍皮人因他们精湛的旱作技术，多姿多彩的仪式生活，以及在物品编织，制陶，银器和纺织等方面的精美工艺而闻名。8.3 Cross-cultural tips8.3.1 Chinese CultureConfucianismThe Ethical Principles of ConfucianismConfucianism had been regarded as an ethic-political system in ancient China. For more than two thousand years it has moulded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost one fourth pf the human race.Confucianism has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and Five Classics; The Great Learning (大学), The Mean (中庸), Analects (论语), and Mencius (孟子); Book of Change（易经）, Book of History (尚书), Book of Odes (诗经), Book of Rites (礼记) and Spring and Autumn Annals(春秋) For six centuries (13131905) these four texts became the elementary requirements of Chinese education in the feudal society and served as the basis of the civil service examination (科举考试) by which scholars were selected for official posts at various levels of the government.The ethical principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius offered the solution for the ills and evils of his day. That is the well-known Five Relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-and-younger brother, and friend-friend. The responsibilities ensuing from these relationships are mutual and reciprocal. A minister owes loyalty to his ruler, and a child filial respect to his parent. But the ruler must care for his subjects, and the parent for the child. Just as Confucius said of the doctrine of reciprocity and neighborliness: “Within the four seas all men are brothers.” ( 四海之内皆兄弟 ) Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. (己所不欲，勿施于人) Confucius central doctrine is that of the virtue of ren (仁). What is ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity, and human-heartedness. In short, ren means affection and love. A man of ren loves others (任者爱人) .Fan Chi asked about ren. Confucius said, Love all men.” (樊迟问任，子曰“爱人”)The ethical thought of Confucius can be summed up as the following five cardinal virtues;1. ren (仁), the will to show benevolence to others (the root)2. yi (义), righteousness by justice (the trunk)3. li ( 礼), moral ways of conduct (the branches)4. zhi (智), wisdom (the flower)5. xin (信), faithfulness (the fruit)In my opinion Confucianisms greatest contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of knowledge. Just as Dr. Sun Yat-sen said; Therefore the old morals of loyalty (忠) and piety (孝), affection and love (仁爱), faithfulness and righteousness（信义）, are superior to those of the foreign countries, let alone that of peace and harmony (和平). These high standards of morals are our national spirit. The complete system of knowledge is laid down in the book of Great Learning： The way of the Gre